Recently, there has been increasing recognition of the threat of fatigue on safety. Nursing has been slow to recognize this threat. Workplace napping is a fatigue management strategy that is used in some nursing workplaces, although often hidden. This feminist interpretive phenomenological study explored the lived experience of night shift fatigue and the use of workplace napping among critical care nurses. An understanding of the meaning of night shift fatigue, the concern for safety as embodied by fear, was illuminated by exploring the phenomenological commonalities within the nurses’ historical, social and cultural world. Five main themes were identified within this overarching understanding. There is a need to recognize oppressive constraints, and share the responsibility for managing fatigue among individuals, professions and organizations. In education, practice and research, nurses must be supported through validated evidence-informed strategies to manage what is a normal consequence of shift work, thus leading to enhanced safety for both the patient and nurse.

Throughout public discourse, sleep, despite being a physiological function and an important facet of an individual's health, is frequently utilized as a rhetorical device to comment on an individual's productivity within society. As Antje Richter (2003:34) explains, to consider someone early to rise yet late to bed is less a comment on their sleeping behavior and more an assessment of their dedication to their business. Too often productivity is conveyed as existing in the absence of sleep, an idea that has contributed to the association of sleep with laziness (Yi 2003:60) and a general misuse of time (Richter 2003:36). The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between sleep and personal perspectives of productivity within a college population. Utilizing in depth, ethnographic semi-structured interviews, and working with 25 college students from the University of Central Florida, it was found that the standards and expectations students have internalized regarding their productivity are influencing the way in which they are practicing in their daily sleeping behaviors and ultimately influencing the amount of sleep they get each night.

L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est d’amener des éléments de réflexions méthodologiques autour du Napping®. Le premier chapitre de ce manuscrit rappelle aux lecteurs ce qu’est le Napping®, à travers une description de la tâche et des données qu’elle fournit, telles qu’elles ont été imaginées initialement par Jérôme Pagès (2005). C’est dans ce même chapitre que le lecteur peut réaliser à quel point il est important de prendre en compte le comportement du sujet lors de la tâche, tant pour la compréhension des données que pour leur traitement. Le deuxième chapitre de ce manuscrit propose un modèle du comportement du sujet dans le cas où le nombre de stimuli est relativement élevé, une situation couramment rencontrée en pratique.Ce modèle et ses limites amènent le lecteur au chapitre 3, dans lequel il est présenté une méthode originale de recueil de données de Napping® appelée digit-tracking. Cette méthode permet d’observer le comportement du sujet au cours du temps par l’enregistrement du positionnement relatif des stimuli tout au long de la tâche et non plus seulement lors de l’étape finale. Enfin le dernier chapitre du manuscrit présente l’outil qui a été développé au cours de cette thèse et qui permet de recueillir des données de Napping® au cours du temps. Cet outil est une plateforme collaborative, appelée Holos, couplée à un logiciel de recueil de données sur tablette tactile, qui permet aux chercheurs de partager une partie ou l’ensemble de leurs résultats. / The objective of this dissertation aims to bring the methodological reflection elements around the Napping® method. Chapter 1 provides the concept of Napping® via a description of its procedure and data format, as it was originally conceived by Jérôme Pagès (2005). This chapter also discussed the importance of taking into account the subject's behaviour during the task for a better understanding of the data collected and their analysis. Chapter 2 proposes a model of the subject's behaviour in which the number of stimuli is relatively high, a situation commonly encountered in practice. This model and its limitations lead to Chapter 3, where a new technique for collecting Napping® data, named digit-tracking, is presented.This new technique of data collection allows to observe the subject’s behaviour over time by recording the relative positioning of all stimuli throughout the task rather than solely her/his final configuration. Finally, Chapter 4 presents a tool devoted to collecting Napping® data over time. This tool is a collaborative platform that works together with an android application for collecting data on tactile tablet devices – Holos environment, which enables researchers to share totally or partially their study resources.

Rapid technological change and increasing traffic volumes worldwide are adding to the safety challenges for air traffic control. The night shift has traditionally been a period of low workload and work practices have evolved to reflect this. Thus, despite the exemplary safety record, there is a need to consider further systemic defences for maintaining performance and safety on the night shift. One possible strategy is the provision of a scheduled nap at work. In order to investigate the consequences of a scheduled nap on the night shift, 28 operational air traffic controllers were monitored across four roster cycles. Each roster cycle included one of two night shifts. Air traffic controllers were given a nap opportunity on one night shift of each type, and did not nap on the other. Information on the timing, quantity, and quality of sleep during the work week and days off was collected using actigraphy, and supported with logbook data. Sleep during the nap was measured using polysomnography, and the EEG and EOG were further utilised to determine neurophysiological alertness over the latter part of the night shift. Reaction time performance was measured three times across the night shift (beginning, middle, and end) with the psychomotor vigilance test.Actigraphy data indicated that the backward, rapidly-rotating work schedule of air traffic controllers resulted in a progressive loss of sleep across the work week. The reduction in sleep lead to an increasing cumulative sleep debt that was at a maximum prior to the night shift. This sleep debt was not related to reaction time performance at the end of the night shift, but was found to influence neurophysiological alertness.It was determined that the large majority of air traffic controllers were able to sleep during the scheduled 40 minute nap opportunity. However, the latency to sleep onset was long, the sleep short, and of relatively poor quality. Circadian and homeostatic factors increased the likelihood of entry into, and waking from, slow wave sleep (SWS). They were also found to influence reaction time performance and neurophysiological alertness. More variable performance and lowered alertness were seen at the end of the later starting (and finishing) night shift, possibly due to the combined influence of circadian and time-on-task factors. Homeostatic variables had less influence on performance at the end of the night shift, but greater acute sleep loss and higher cumulative sleep debts were related to increased neurophysiological sleepiness.performance and greater neurophysiological alertness in a dose-dependent manner, with even small amounts of stage 1 sleep effecting a performance improvement. Performance improvement was consistent across a range of reaction time measures and consistent improvements were also evident in the neurophysiological data, with the occurrence of SEMs declining, and lower spectral power evident in all frequency bands and single frequencies.These findings clearly demonstrate that a minimal quantity of sleep benefits the performance and alertness of air traffic controllers despite the "noise" of a field setting, thus providing a link between laboratory studies of napping and the actual work environment. The findings also fully support management endorsing a 40 minute napping opportunity for air traffic controllers working the night shift.The short nap sleep had no measurable effect on sleep subsequent to the night shift. However, the amount of sleep obtained in the nap was related to improved reaction time.

[EN] Orange production is one of the main fruit crops worldwide. It is particularly important in Concordia (Salto Grande region), where it is considered a key resource to regional economy. This implies that the development of value added products from oranges represents a strategic approach and needs further research. Orange sparkling wine could be both a novel biotechnogical alternative and a way to diversify the supply of citrus derived products, thus increasing and maintaining their incomes in local economy. Secondary fermentation performed to an orange wine is based on the sparkling wine rapidly growing market due to changes in consumer habits. Even though there is a commercial Spanish sparkling wine made from oranges, no scientific studies have been found in the literature regarding the manufacture of this product. The first objective of this thesis was to develop an "orange sparkling wine" from Valencia Late orange fresh juice. For this purpose, Champenoise method was adapted. Special emphasis was laid on clarification stage, due to its direct impact on sensory attributes. Main enological parameters of base wines and orange sparkling wines were also characterized. The second objective was to identify the free aromatic composition of both base orange wines and sparkling orange wines, as well as to detect potential modifications derived from secondary fermentation, wine lees contact time and selected treatments for its clarification. Solid phase extraction methods were used, with subsequent compounds determination (identification and quantification) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Finally, product acceptability and sensory characterization were assessed by means of consumer perception methodology. The aim was to determine the orange sparkling wine profile through sensory descriptors defined by consumers. This would eventually allow modifying technological parameters in search of the "ideal product". The proposed experimental design for orange sparkling wine production showed that values of both physical and chemical parameters were within the expected range for this type of product. From a technological perspective, a shorter lees contact time (6 months) could have advantages in sparkling wines, such as lower colour intensity than that observed for greater periods (9 months) due to an increase on browning index. However, it was observed an increase in the aroma complexity when sparkling wines were maintained to longer lees contact time (9 months) and clarified only with bentonite. This is mainly due to an increase in some compounds concentrations, such as ethyl lactate and diethyl succinate. These compounds are considered aging markers and exert influence on aroma profile, wine texture and density, therefore providing them body and consistency. Sensory assays carried out to characterize orange sparkling wines revealed that a higher lees contact time and sugar addition to expedition liquor increased consumer acceptability, as shown by consumer trends. Projective mapping allowed similarities and differences identification among sparkling wines. This method, in combination with sensory descriptors obtained from the Open Question, facilitated their understanding. Additionally, CATA (Check-All-That-Apply) assay complemented products sensory description. It can be concluded that it is possible to develop a sparkling wine from a different raw material, such as Valencia Late oranges, using an adaptation of the Champenoise method, with appropriate sensory attributes and adequate consumer acceptability. / [ES] Uno de los principales cultivos de fruta a nivel mundial es el de la naranja; la región de Salto Grande y Concordia, se destacan por la producción de esta fruta cítrica y el sector es considerado clave para la economía del lugar. Por lo que el agregado de valor a través del desarrollo de nuevos productos a partir de esta materia prima, represente un enfoque estratégico necesitado de aportes en investigación y desarrollo. El producto "Vino espumante de naranja" se puede pensar como una alternativa biotecnológica novedosa y una opción para diversificar la oferta de productos derivados de las frutas cítricas, esta idea se sustenta en que el sector de los vinos espumosos ha crecido en los últimos años y esto se debe principalmente a cambios en los hábitos de consumo de la población. El primer objetivo de esta tesis fue desarrollar el "Vino espumante de naranja" utilizando jugo natural de la variedad Valencia Late adaptando el método Champenoise, con énfasis en la etapa de la clarificación, debido a su relación con las características organolépticas que definen la calidad; caracterizando además los parámetros enológicos del vino base y los espumantes de naranja. El segundo objetivo fue conocer la composición de la fracción aromática libre del vino base y los espumantes, e identificar posibles modificaciones producidas por la segunda fermentación, el tiempo de contacto con las borras y los tratamientos seleccionados para su clarificación. Para el cumplimiento de este objetivo se utilizó cromatografía gaseosa acoplada a la espectrometría de masa (GC-MS). Por último, se planteo evaluar la aceptabilidad del producto y caracterizarlo sensorialmente, utilizando métodos basados en la percepción de los consumidores y de esta forma conocer el perfil que tienen los "Vinos espumantes de naranja" a través de los descriptores sensoriales a los que fueran asociados. Esto permitiría actuar, sobre los parámetros tecnológicos en busca del "producto ideal". Atendiendo al diseño propuesto para la obtención de los vinos espumantes de naranja se pudo determinar que los parámetros físico-quimicos evaluados presentaron valores dentro de lo establecido para este tipo de productos. Desde el punto de vista tecnológico, el empleo de menores tiempos de contacto con las borras (6 meses), podría tener ventajas para la obtención de vinos espumantes con menor intensidad de color, ya que a mayor tiempo de contacto (9 meses) los vinos espumantes exhibieron un aumento en el Índice de Amarronado. En relación al perfil aromático de los espumantes se vio que el mismo se complejiza cuando los espumantes permanecen un mayor tiempo en contacto con las borras de las levaduras (9 meses) y son tratados únicamente con bentonita en el licor de tirage, esto principalmente por aumento en la concentración de algunos compuestos como el lactato de etilo y el succinato de dietilo, compuestos que son considerados marcadores de crianza de los vinos espumantes, que influyen en el perfil aromático y en la textura y densidad, otorgando cuerpo y consistencia a los mismos. Los ensayos sensoriales utilizados para la caracterización de los "Vinos espumantes de naranja" con consumidores permitieron establecer que un mayor tiempo de contacto con las borras y un agregado de azúcar en el licor de expedición aumenta la aceptabilidad por parte de los mismos. La aplicación del mapeo proyectivo permitió identificar diferencias y similitudes entre los espumantes y junto con los descriptores obtenidos como respuesta de la Pregunta Abierta, comprender a que se debieron las mismas. El ensayo Check-All-That-Apply complementó la descripción sensorial de los productos. A partir de esto podemos decir que es posible desarrollar un vino de tipo espumante usando una materia prima diferente, como es la Naranja de la variedad Valencia Late, adaptando el método Champanoise, obteniendo un producto final de apropiadas características sensoria / [CA] El principal cultiu de fruita a nivell mundial és el de la taronja; la regió de Salto Grande i Concòrdia, es destaquen per la producció d'aquesta fruita cítrica i el sector és considerat clau per a l'economia regional. Per lo que l'agregat de valor a través del desenvolupament de nous productes a partir d'aquesta matèria prima, representi un enfocament estratègic necessitat d'aportacions en investigació i desenvolupament. El desenvolupament del "Vi espumós de taronja" es pot pensar, com una alternativa biotecnològica innovadora i com una opció per diversificar l'oferta de productes derivats de les fruites cítriques. Aquesta idea es sustenta en que el sector dels vins espumosos ha crescut en els últims anys i això es deu a canvis en els hàbits de consum per part de la població. El primer objectiu d'aquesta tesi va ser desenvolupar el "Vi espumós de taronja" utilitzant suc natural de la varietat València Late adaptant el mètode Champenoise, amb especial èmfasi en l'etapa de la clarificació, per la seua relació amb les característiques organolèptiques que defineixen la qualitat d'aquest tipus de productes; caracteritzant ademés els paràmetres enològics del vi base i els espumants de taronja. El segón objectiu va ser conèixer la composició de la fracció aromàtica lliure del vi base i els espumants, e identificar possibles modificacions produïdes per la segona fermentació, el temps de contacte amb les borres i els tractaments seleccionats per a la seua clarificació; per al compliment d'aquest objectiu es va utilisar la cromatografia gasosa acoplada a l'espectrometria de massa (GC-MS). Finalment, es va plantejar evaluar l'acceptabilitat del producte i caracteritzar-ho sensorialment, utilitzant mètodes basats en la percepció dels consumidors i d'aquesta manera conèixer el perfil que tenen els "Vins espumants de taronja" a través dels descriptors sensorials als que foren associats. Això permetria actuar sobre els paràmetres tecnològics a la recerca del "producte ideal". Atenent al disseny proposat per a l'obtenció dels vins espumats de taronja es va poder determinar que els paràmetres físico-químics evaluats van presentar valors dins del que s'estableix per a aquest tipus de productes. Des del punt de vista tecnològic, l'ocupació de menor temps de contacte amb les borres (6 mesos), podria tindre avantatges per a l'obtenció de vins espumosos amb menys intensitat de color, a causa de la ràpida evolució exhibida pels mateixos en un curt període de temps (augment de l'Índex de Amarronado). No obstant això en relació al perfil aromàtic dels espumants es va vore que el mateix es torna complex quan els espumants permaneixen major temps en contacte amb les borres dels llevats (9 mesos) i són tractats únicament amb bentonita per a la seua clarificació, això principalment per augment en la concentració d'alguns compostos com el lactat d'etil i el succinat de dietil, compostos que són considerats marcadors de criança dels vins espumants, que influeixen en el perfil aromàtic i en la textura i densitat, otorgant cos i consistència als mateixos. Els assajos sensorials utilitzats per a la caracterització dels "Vins espumants de taronja" en termes de consumidors va permetre establir que un major temps de contacte amb les borres i un agregat de sucre en el licor d'expedició augmenta l'acceptabilitat per part dels mateixos. L'aplicació del mapatge projectiu va permetre identificar diferències i similituds entre els espumants i juntament amb els descriptors obtinguts com a resposta de la Pregunta Oberta, comprendre a que es deuen les mateixes. L'assaig Check-All-That-Apply va complementar la descripció sensorial obtinguda dels productes. A partir d'això podem dir que és possible desenvolupar un vi de tipus espumós usant una matèria prima diferent com és la Taronja de la varietat València Late, adaptant el mètode Champenoise; obtenint un producte final de apropiades caracter / Stefani Leal, A. (2015). Desarrollo de Vino espumante de naranja (var. Valencia). Estudio de su fracción aromática libre y caracterización sensorial con consumidores [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/59385

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Introdução: A privação do sono noturno decorrente da atuação dos profissionais de enfermagem em plantões noturnos pode levar a queixas de fadiga e a dificuldade de recuperação após trabalho. No entanto, a permissão para dormir durante a jornada noturna, tem sido comum entre as equipes de enfermagem. Objetivo: Verificar se a ocorrência dos cochilos no trabalho, bem como a sua duração, eficiência, latência, alocação e qualidade subjetiva, estão associadas à necessidade de recuperação após o trabalho e à percepção de fadiga entre profissionais de enfermagem de plantões noturnos. Métodos: Esse estudo transversal foi realizado em um hospital público da cidade de São Paulo, onde o cochilo durante o trabalho noturno é permitido. Profissionais de enfermagem do sexo feminino que trabalhavam há mais de um ano em plantões noturnos (19:00h-07:00h) e não referiram queixas em relação ao sono responderam o questionário (n=49) com dados sociodemográficos, informações sobre o trabalho (profissional e doméstico) e sintomas de saúde (percepção da fadiga, com escore que variava de 30 a 150 pontos, e necessidade de recuperação após o trabalho, com escore de 0 a 100 pontos). Elas também utilizaram o actímetro e preencheram o diário de atividades por até 10 dias consecutivos, para avaliação do ciclo vigília-sono. Resultados: A maioria das participantes (87%) apresentou episódios de sono no trabalho em todas as noites trabalhadas. A duração média do sono noturno no trabalho foi de 136 minutos (dp=39,8 minutos). A maior duração do sono noturno no trabalho foi encontrada entre as trabalhadoras que cochilaram na primeira metade da noite (00:00h-03:00h), quando comparadas àquelas que cochilaram entre 03:00h-06:00h. A qualidade subjetiva do sono noturno durante o trabalho foi significativamente inferior à qualidade do sono noturno em casa, nos 27 dias de folga. Já a latência do sono noturno no trabalho não apresentou duração média significantemente distinta quando comparada aos demais episódios de sono. A eficiência do sono noturno no trabalho foi semelhante à do sono noturno no dia de folga, porém superior quando comparada à eficiência do sono diurno. A maior duração do sono noturno no trabalho esteve associada às longas horas de trabalho doméstico e à maior sobrecarga doméstica. A média da necessidade de recuperação após o trabalho e da percepção de fadiga foi de 43,6 pontos e 63,5 pontos, respectivamente. As trabalhadoras mais jovens, aquelas que realizavam menor jornada de trabalho doméstico e as enfermeiras referiram maior percepção de fadiga. A ocorrência dos cochilos no trabalho, bem como a sua duração, latência, alocação e qualidade não foram associadas à necessidade de recuperação e à fadiga. No entanto, observou-se que entre os participantes que trabalhavam 6 ou mais noites/quinzena, houve maior eficiência do sono noturno no trabalho entre os mais fatigados e com maior necessidade de recuperação. Conclusões: Embora as diferentes durações do cochilo noturno no trabalho não tenham se mostrado associadas à fadiga e à necessidade de recuperação, sua ocorrência se mostrou benéfica para as participantes do presente estudo no que tange à eficiência do sono e às demandas da vida social. / Introduction: Sleep deprivation due to night work among nursing professionals can compromise their health. Fatigue complaints are often mentioned, as well as difficulty to recover from work. Aim: To evaluate if napping during night work (duration, latency, allocation and quality) is associated with need for recovery from work, and fatigue perception among nursing professionals. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among nursing professionals in a public hospital of the city of São Paulo, Brazil. At this hospital, napping was allowed during night work. Female nurses and nursing assistants who worked night shifts (19:00h 7:00h) and did not report sleep complaints (N = 49) filled in a questionnaire. The questionnaire included sociodemographic data, aspects of professional and domestic work and health (need for recovery from work - the total score ranged from 0 to 100 - and fatigue perception - the total score ranged from 30 to 150). As a second step, they used an actigraph for 10 consecutive days that allow us to evaluate their wake-sleep cycle. Activity diaries were also filled out during this period of time. Results: The majority of participants (87%) nap during all working nights. The mean duration of napping at work was 136 minutes (sd= 39.8 min). Those who nap in the first half of the night (00:00h-03:00h) showed the longest napping duration, compared to those who nap between 03:00h-06:00h. The perception of sleep quality during night work (napping) was lower compared to night sleep at home during off-days. The sleep latency, either at work, or at home did not show significant differences. The sleep efficiency at work was similar of night sleep efficiency at home, but was higher 29 when compared with sleep efficiency of day sleep at home. The longest duration of napping was associated with long hours of domestic work and higher domestic overload. The mean need for recovery from work was 43.6 points and perception of fatigue was 63.5 points. The younger workers, those who performed short hours of domestic work and registered nurses reported a higher perception of fatigue. There were no associations between sleep during night work (duration, latency, allocation and quality) and need for recovery from work and fatigue perception. However, among participants who worked six or more nights every 15 days, the higher the perception of fatigue and need for recovery from work, the higher the efficiency of sleep during night work. Conclusions: In spite of different napping durations were not associated with fatigue and need for recovery, napping showed positive effects to participants in relation to sleep efficiency and social aspects of their lives.

Introdução: A privação do sono noturno decorrente da atuação dos profissionais de enfermagem em plantões noturnos pode levar a queixas de fadiga e a dificuldade de recuperação após trabalho. No entanto, a permissão para dormir durante a jornada noturna, tem sido comum entre as equipes de enfermagem. Objetivo: Verificar se a ocorrência dos cochilos no trabalho, bem como a sua duração, eficiência, latência, alocação e qualidade subjetiva, estão associadas à necessidade de recuperação após o trabalho e à percepção de fadiga entre profissionais de enfermagem de plantões noturnos. Métodos: Esse estudo transversal foi realizado em um hospital público da cidade de São Paulo, onde o cochilo durante o trabalho noturno é permitido. Profissionais de enfermagem do sexo feminino que trabalhavam há mais de um ano em plantões noturnos (19:00h-07:00h) e não referiram queixas em relação ao sono responderam o questionário (n=49) com dados sociodemográficos, informações sobre o trabalho (profissional e doméstico) e sintomas de saúde (percepção da fadiga, com escore que variava de 30 a 150 pontos, e necessidade de recuperação após o trabalho, com escore de 0 a 100 pontos). Elas também utilizaram o actímetro e preencheram o diário de atividades por até 10 dias consecutivos, para avaliação do ciclo vigília-sono. Resultados: A maioria das participantes (87%) apresentou episódios de sono no trabalho em todas as noites trabalhadas. A duração média do sono noturno no trabalho foi de 136 minutos (dp=39,8 minutos). A maior duração do sono noturno no trabalho foi encontrada entre as trabalhadoras que cochilaram na primeira metade da noite (00:00h-03:00h), quando comparadas àquelas que cochilaram entre 03:00h-06:00h. A qualidade subjetiva do sono noturno durante o trabalho foi significativamente inferior à qualidade do sono noturno em casa, nos 27 dias de folga. Já a latência do sono noturno no trabalho não apresentou duração média significantemente distinta quando comparada aos demais episódios de sono. A eficiência do sono noturno no trabalho foi semelhante à do sono noturno no dia de folga, porém superior quando comparada à eficiência do sono diurno. A maior duração do sono noturno no trabalho esteve associada às longas horas de trabalho doméstico e à maior sobrecarga doméstica. A média da necessidade de recuperação após o trabalho e da percepção de fadiga foi de 43,6 pontos e 63,5 pontos, respectivamente. As trabalhadoras mais jovens, aquelas que realizavam menor jornada de trabalho doméstico e as enfermeiras referiram maior percepção de fadiga. A ocorrência dos cochilos no trabalho, bem como a sua duração, latência, alocação e qualidade não foram associadas à necessidade de recuperação e à fadiga. No entanto, observou-se que entre os participantes que trabalhavam 6 ou mais noites/quinzena, houve maior eficiência do sono noturno no trabalho entre os mais fatigados e com maior necessidade de recuperação. Conclusões: Embora as diferentes durações do cochilo noturno no trabalho não tenham se mostrado associadas à fadiga e à necessidade de recuperação, sua ocorrência se mostrou benéfica para as participantes do presente estudo no que tange à eficiência do sono e às demandas da vida social. / Introduction: Sleep deprivation due to night work among nursing professionals can compromise their health. Fatigue complaints are often mentioned, as well as difficulty to recover from work. Aim: To evaluate if napping during night work (duration, latency, allocation and quality) is associated with need for recovery from work, and fatigue perception among nursing professionals. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among nursing professionals in a public hospital of the city of São Paulo, Brazil. At this hospital, napping was allowed during night work. Female nurses and nursing assistants who worked night shifts (19:00h 7:00h) and did not report sleep complaints (N = 49) filled in a questionnaire. The questionnaire included sociodemographic data, aspects of professional and domestic work and health (need for recovery from work - the total score ranged from 0 to 100 - and fatigue perception - the total score ranged from 30 to 150). As a second step, they used an actigraph for 10 consecutive days that allow us to evaluate their wake-sleep cycle. Activity diaries were also filled out during this period of time. Results: The majority of participants (87%) nap during all working nights. The mean duration of napping at work was 136 minutes (sd= 39.8 min). Those who nap in the first half of the night (00:00h-03:00h) showed the longest napping duration, compared to those who nap between 03:00h-06:00h. The perception of sleep quality during night work (napping) was lower compared to night sleep at home during off-days. The sleep latency, either at work, or at home did not show significant differences. The sleep efficiency at work was similar of night sleep efficiency at home, but was higher 29 when compared with sleep efficiency of day sleep at home. The longest duration of napping was associated with long hours of domestic work and higher domestic overload. The mean need for recovery from work was 43.6 points and perception of fatigue was 63.5 points. The younger workers, those who performed short hours of domestic work and registered nurses reported a higher perception of fatigue. There were no associations between sleep during night work (duration, latency, allocation and quality) and need for recovery from work and fatigue perception. However, among participants who worked six or more nights every 15 days, the higher the perception of fatigue and need for recovery from work, the higher the efficiency of sleep during night work. Conclusions: In spite of different napping durations were not associated with fatigue and need for recovery, napping showed positive effects to participants in relation to sleep efficiency and social aspects of their lives.

A hermeneutic study about how preschool teachers cater for children’s need of sleep, rest and recovery in cooperation with parents. This study aims to explore how preschool teachers view the term care. The questions posed are designed to inquire how preschool personnel view the care needs of children in the area of sleep, rest and recovery, and how communication with caregiver functions. Furthermore, the study explores how preschool personnel creates conditions for sleep, rest and recovery for children. The material basis for the study consists of a quantitative survey of 33 answered questionnaires, and a qualitative survey of eight interviewed preschool personnel. Pre-existing studies have been used to clarify the term “care” and how the body and brain is affected by sleep, rest and recovery. The study proceeds from the ecological theory of development and takes a hermeneutic approach with the goal to understand how different systems effect how children´s need for care is met. The results of the study suggest that preschool personnel view “care” as a fundamental condition for the children´s ability to fully assimilate the education that the preschool offers. Furthermore, some of the questioned suggests that “care” ought to incorporate caregivers, and the communication between caregivers and the preschool. It is discovered that it is not always enough to share scientific knowledge regarding sleep with the caregivers, but rather that, how the children need of care in mentioned area is communicated, determines if the caregivers are reached or not. It further seems important for preschool personnel to be able to meet the care demands of the caregivers, so to create a long-term trust and collaboration between them and the preschool in order to cater to the individual needs of the child. Preschool personnel highlight the importance of creating conditions for sleep, rest and recovery, that are both spontaneous and structured in nature, so to best see to children's needs. However, some factors seem to challenge the ability for preschool personnel to create conditions for the full range of individual needs of children. The study also shows how higher levels of preschool management, such as principals or politicians indirectly effect how teachers actualize the term “care”. / Denna empiriska studie syftar till att undersöka hur pedagoger i förskolan skildrar begreppet omsorg. Frågeställningarna avser att undersöka hur pedagoger ser barns omsorgsbehov gällande sömn, vila och återhämning, samt hur kommunikationen kring ämnet fungerar med vårdnadshavare. Vidare undersöker studien hur pedagoger skapar förutsättningar för vila och återhämtning i förskolan. Det insamlade materialet består av en kvantitativ förundersökning med 33 enkätsvar, samt åtta kvalitativa intervjuer från pedagoger med olika befattningar. Tidigare forskning har använts för att belysa begreppet omsorg samt hur hjärnan och kroppen påverkas av sömn, vila och återhämtning. Studien grundar sig i den utvecklingsekologiska teorin samt en hermeneutisk forskningsansats som avser att skapa förståelse för hur olika system påverkar hur barnens omsorgsbehov tillgodoses. Resultatet i studien skildrar att pedagoger i förskolan ser omsorg som en grundläggande förutsättning för att barnen ska kunna tillgodose sig den utbildning förskolan erbjuder. Vissa av de intervjuade pedagogerna anser att begreppet omsorg bör inkorporera vårdnadshavare och kommunikationen mellan dem och förskolan. Det har framkommit att det inte alltid räcker med att förmedla vetenskaplig kunskap om sömn till vårdnadshavare. Det är snarare en fråga om hur barnets behov av sömn kommuniceras som avgör om pedagoger når fram till vårdnadshavare eller inte. Det verkar sedermera vara betydande för pedagoger att kunna bemöta vårdnadshavarnas behov av trygghet för att skapa ett långsiktig förtroende och samarbete mellan förskola och hem om hur barnets individuella behov skall tillgodoses. Pedagogerna som deltog i studien belyser vikten av att skapa tid och plats både planerat och spontant, samt på ett varierat sätt, för att kunna tillgodose barns behov av vila och återhämtning. Dock framkommer olika faktorer som utmanar arbetet med att skapa förutsättningar som tillgodoser alla barns behov. Studien belyser även att förskolans högre befattningar som rektorer och politiker indirekt påverkar hur pedagoger omsätter begreppet omsorg i praktiken.

研究背景:成人午睡對於認知與情緒影響的正面效益，已獲得許多研究證實，不過兒童夜間各睡眠期所占比例與成人不同，而且至今少有兒童午睡效益的研究，因此，本研究旨在探討短暫午睡對於國小學童認知功能、學習表現與情緒狀態的影響。 實驗設計與方法:以研究一實驗室情境，配合研究二教室現場實地研究兩種方式進行探討。研究一採組內設計，以30名國小五年級學童，在睡眠實驗室分別接受單日20分鐘的午睡與清醒的實驗，並以五種神經心理測驗，進行前測與後測，並以相依樣本t考驗進行比較兩種實驗情境在五種神經心理測驗表現的差異，並以性別×情境×時間三因子變異數分析，比較睏睡度與情緒的分數差異，並以皮爾森積差相關統計分析午睡睡眠參數資料與神經心理測驗分數的相關性。研究二採組內設計，以67名五年級學童，在兩週分別接受三日教室現場的午睡以及三日清醒情境的安排，並實施國語、數學、社會教學，作為午睡效益的評量依據，並以重複樣本t考驗比較兩種實驗情境國語科、數學科、社會科學習成效測驗分數是否有所差異，另以午睡習慣×實驗情境×時間三因子變異數分析，比較睏睡度與情緒量表分數的差異性。 研究結果:研究一發現受試者經歷20分鐘的午睡後，在專心度表現顯著比清醒好，不過午睡後的抑制刺激干擾的錯誤率卻顯著比清醒時高；至於在工作記憶、敘述性記憶、程序性動作記憶的表現，兩種情境則無顯著差異。另外，發現午睡後13:10的主觀睏睡度明顯比清醒時要低，在其他情緒狀態上則無顯著差異。而且發現睡眠第一期時間與抑制刺激干擾能力表現達顯著負相關；睡眠第二期時間與敘述性記憶表現成正相關:睡眠第三期時間則與敘述性記憶表現成負相關;:研究二則發現午睡後學生睏睡度顯著比沒午睡時要低，而且三日內15:30的睏睡度皆比剛睡醒13:10時要低，且第三日15:30睏睡度有顯著降低，但其他情緒則無顯著影響。另外，國語、數學、社會三科的學習成效，在兩種實驗情境皆無顯著差異。 結論:兒童午睡過程睡眠期與成人不太相同，且從兒童夜間睡眠與認知相關研究，也可以發現兒童似乎能夠補償短暫午睡缺乏，造成對認知功能損害或情緒的負面影響，因此，短暫午睡似乎對於兒童的正面顯著效益，並不如成人ㄧ般，不過，本研究實驗室或教室研究情境，皆ㄧ致發現兒童午睡仍能減少受試者主觀睏睡度，而且也發現隨著午睡日數增加所帶來的正面效益。未來，進行實地研究可以更嚴謹的睡眠偵測及判讀工具，來確認受試者午睡情況，減少主觀判斷與檢核所產生的誤差。 / Background: It has been confirmed by many researches that taking the afternoon nap has positive effects on adult cognition and emotion. However, the proportion of children’s sleep stages at night is quite different from that of adults. Since there are few studies on the effects of children’s afternoon nap, this paper aims to discuss the effects of short nap on cognitive ability, academic performance and emotional state of elementary school pupils. Experimental Design and Methods: The study mainly adopted two methods--------- laboratory situation and field study in the classroom. The first method was conducted among 30 fifth-grade pupils from the elementary school, with each one dealing with 20-minute long nap and sober status respectively in a day. Besides, five neuropsychological tests were carried out to pre-test and post-test their performance with the paired sample t-test to compare their difference. Based on the variance analysis of gender, situation as well as time factors, sleepiness degree and emotional difference were compared and the relationship between nap parameters and neuropsychological test scores was analyzed with Pearson's correlation analysis method. The second method was conducted among 67 fifth-grade pupils from the elementary school, dealing with afternoon nap and sober situation respectively for three days in two weeks. Besides, Chinese, Mathematics and Sociology were taught as the basis to assess the effects of afternoon nap with the paired samples t-test. Based on the variance analysis of nap habits, environmental situation and time factors, sleepy degree and emotional difference were compared. Research Result: The first study showed that concentration degree of pupils after 20-minute afternoon nap was much higher than that before sleeping, so was the error rate to inhibit stimulation’s interference. As for the performance in working, declarative and procedural motor memory, there was no significant difference. In addition, we found that the subject sleepiness degree after 13:10 was lower than that when awake and there was no significant difference in other emotional states. The duration of stageⅠwas significantly negative-related to the performance to inhibit stimulation’s interference, and the duration of stageⅡwas positive-related to declarative memory performance; while the duration of stageⅢwas negative-related to declarative memory performance. The second study showed that subjective sleepiness degree of pupils after afternoon nap was much lower than that before nappinging, so was the sleepiness degree of 15:30 much lower than that of 13:10 in three days. In particular, the sleepiness degree of 15:30 in the third day decreased significantly, while other emotional states were not affected greatly. What’s more, there was no significance between these two experimental situations on study effects of Chinese, Mathematics and Sociology Conclusion: Children have a different afternoon nap course from adults. Related researches on children’s night sleep and cognition show that children seem to be able to .compensate for the lack of a short nap, resulting in cognitive impairment or emotional impact of negative.Therefore, the positive benefit of short nap of children is not as significant as that of adults. However, both laboratory and classroom situation showed that children’s afternoon nap could still reduce the subjective sleepiness. As the napping days increased, the positive effect was much more evident. In the near future, more rigorous sleep state detection and scoring tools for field study can be used to identify the nap situation and to reduce subjective misunderstanding and detection errors.