Different theoretical approaches and interpretations offer diverse delineations and clusters of Enneagram type in terms of Horney’s interpersonal trends of moving toward, moving against and moving away from people. The present study reports the results of an empirical investigation into the relationship between Enneagram type and Horney’s interpersonal trends. A sample of 2 3 participants completed the Test of Object Relations (TOR) and 125 of these participants completed the Horney-Coolidge Tridimensional Inventory (HCTI). Two one-way, between-groups multivariate analyses of variance revealed differences between Enneagram types for each of the HCTI interpersonal trends of compliance, aggression and detachment and the TOR dimensions of separation anxiety, symbiotic merging, narcissism, egocentricity, social isolation and fear of engulfment. For each trend, an Enneagram type could be identified as a unique marker or benchmark of the trend. However, the empirical result does not offer clear support for one theoretical approach or viewpoint rather than another. / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology)

The purpose of this study was to examine whether differences were found in occurrence of three personality traits from the Dark Triad, Machiavellianism, narcissism and psychopathy, in regards to students within different educations in universities and colleges in Sweden. Previous research and findings have shown that students with different educations tend to show traits from the Dark Triad of varying degrees. Data to the study was collected through a self-assessment survey named Short Dark Triad (SD3). The survey was translated to Swedish, then sent to 22 different educations at 33 Swedish universities and colleges. 1055 participants were gathered in the study with a distribution of 709 women and 346 men. The results were mostly supported by previous research, however a few results were not supported by previous research. For example, economy students did not get higher scores on Machiavellianism when compared to students at law and political science.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka om det gick att finna skillnader i förekomst av personlighetsdrag från den mörka triaden, det vill säga, machiavellism, narcissism och psykopati mellan studenter inom olika utbildningar på högskole- och universitetsnivå i Sverige. Tidigare forskning visar att studenter på utbildningar inom olika ämnen tenderar att uppvisa drag från mörka triaden i olika hög utsträckning. Data till studien samlades in genom att en enkät med självskattningstest Short Dark Triad (SD3) översatt till svenska skickades ut till totalt 22 olika ämnen och utbildningar vid 33 av Sveriges lärosäten. Totalt hade studien 1055 deltagare fördelat på 709 kvinnor och 346 män. Studiens resultat visade flertalet signifikanta skillnader gällande alla de tre personlighetsdragen mellan utbildningarna. Resultaten stämde i stora delar överens med tidigare forskning. Ett resultat som dock gick emot tidigare forskning var att ekonomistudenter inte fick högre poäng på machiavellism jämfört med studenter som läser juridik eller statsvetenskap. / The purpose of this study was to examine whether differences were found in occurrence of three personality traits from the Dark Triad, Machiavellianism, narcissism and psychopathy, in regard to students within different educations in universities and colleges in Sweden. Previous research and findings have shown that students with different educations tend to show traits from the Dark Triad of varying degrees. Data to the study was collected through a self-assessment survey named Short Dark Triad (SD3). The survey was translated to Swedish, then sent to 22 different educations at 33 Swedish universities and colleges. 1055 participants were gathered in the study with a distribution of 709 women and 346 men. The results were mostly supported by previous research, however a few results were not supported by previous research. For example, economy students did not get higher scores on Machiavellianism when compared to students at law and political science.

Narcissism is a truly Janusian phenomenon, consisting of both narcissistic grandiosity, exhibitionism, admiration-seeking, boldness, and dominance on the one hand, and narcissistic vulnerability, introversion, withdrawal, hypersensitivity, and anxiety on the other hand. While there is broad consensus that these two seemingly contradictory faces of narcissism can be empirically discerned and have different implications for psychological functioning and mental health, there is not yet agreement on whether grandiose and vulnerable narcissism should be regarded as independent traits or as two manifestations of one personality trait. Previous research indicates that both views hold true when the level of grandiosity is considered a moderating factor: while grandiose and vulnerable narcissism are largely unrelated in the range of normal personality variation, they are correlated in the range of high grandiosity (Jauk et al., 2017b). Here, we replicate and extend this work in an independent sample (N = 891) using a more comprehensive narcissism inventory grounded in a new trifurcated model of narcissism. The trifurcated model partitions narcissism into three main personality dimensions: agentic extraversion, antagonism, and neuroticism. We found a significant breakpoint in the association between narcissistic grandiosity and vulnerability at 75% cumulative frequency of grandiosity. While grandiosity and vulnerability are unrelated below this breakpoint (r = 0.02), they are strongly correlated above (r = 0.45). In the lower range of grandiose narcissism, grandiosity draws more upon agentic extraversion and is largely associated with mental health. In the upper range, however, grandiosity is more strongly linked to antagonism and is substantially associated with fear, negative affect, and depression. These findings provide evidence for the view that grandiose and vulnerable narcissism are distinct traits at lower levels of grandiosity, but blend into an antagonistic core with signs of psychological maladjustment at higher levels. Implications for research on narcissism as a personality trait, as well as clinical practice, are discussed.

Titel: Normal narcissism och personlighetsegenskapers inflytande i yrket som fastighetsmäklare – En fingervisning av de mest fördelaktiga egenskaperna hos svenska fastighetsmäklare  Nivå: Examensarbete på Grundnivå (kandidatexamen) i ämnet företagsekonomi Författare: Henric Mattsson och Louise PedersenHandledare: Dr. Jonas KågströmDatum: 2021 – Juni  Syfte: Många fastighetsmäklare väljer att sluta inom yrket de första åren, vilket bidrar till en stor kostnad för företagen. Normal narcissism har tidigare studerats som oberoende variabel till ett flertal organisatoriska faktorer, men få studier finns angående dess påverkan på motivation. Vidare används ofta personlighetsegenskaper för att förklara psykologiska faktorer inom organisationer. Syftet med denna C-uppsats är därför att mäta hur normala narcissistiska drag respektive personlighetsegenskaper påverkar motivation, prestation och avsikten att lämna arbetsplatsen hos svenska fastighetsmäklare.  Metod: Ett deduktivt tillvägagångssätt har applicerats på studien, där enkätundersökning är den valda datainsamlingsmetoden. Dataanalysen utfördes i statistikprogrammet “JASP”, där primärt bivariata korrelationsanalyser utförts. Populationen i studien är fastighetsmäklare inom Stockholms kommun.  Resultat och slutsats: Data samlades in från 204 respondenter. Resultatet visar starka relationer mellan normal narcissism och alla typer av motivation. Big Five- egenskaperna å andra sidan kan endast förklara inre motivation. Inga samband återfinns till vare sig prestation eller avsikten att lämna arbetsplatsen. En viktig slutsats i studien är att normal narcissism är fördelaktigt i yrket som fastighetsmäklare.  Examensarbetets bidrag: Teoretiskt bidrar studien till att normal narcissism har en stark inverkan på inre- och yttre motivation hos svenska fastighetsmäklare. Praktiskt bidrar studien till kunskap som är användbar för främst ledare inom branschen, där det är viktigt att låta fastighetsmäklarna vara autonoma och få chans till att utvecklas inom yrket.  Förslag till vidare forskning: Eftersom personlighetsegenskaper har en låg förklaringsgrad till fastighetsmäklares motivation, prestation och avsikten att lämna arbetsplatsen - bör andra oberoende variabler undersökas. Ett förslag är därför att undersöka kulturen på kontoret, och hur denna påverkar motivation.  Nyckelord: The Big Five, personlighetsegenskaper, normal narcissism, inre motivation, yttre motivation, prestation, avsikten att lämna arbetsplatsen, fastighetsmäklare / Titel: The influence of normal narcissism and personality traits in the profession as a realtor - A hint of the most beneficial characteristic of Swedish realtors Level: Student thesis, final assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business Administration Authors: Henric Mattsson and Louise PedersenSupervisor: Dr. Jonas KågströmDate: 2021 - June  Aim: Many realtors choose to quit the profession in the early years, which is a great cost to companies. Normal narcissism has previously been studied as an independent variable to several organizational factors, but few studies exist regarding its impact on motivation. Furthermore, personality traits are often used to explain psychological factors within organizations. The purpose of this thesis is therefore to measure how normal narcissistic traits and personality traits affect motivation, performance and turnover intention on Swedish realtors.  Method: A deductive approach has been applied to the study, where a survey is the chosen data collection method. The data analysis was performed in the statistical program “JASP”, where primarily bivariate correlation analyzes were performed. The population in the study is realtors in Stockholm County.  Result and conclusion: Data were collected from 204 respondents. The results show strong relationships between normal narcissism and all types of motivation. Personality traits, on the other hand, can only explain intrinsic motivation. No correlations were found to either performance or turnover intention. An important conclusion in this study is that normal narcissism is beneficial in the profession as a realtor.  Contribution of the thesis: Theoretically, the study contributes to the fact that normal narcissism has a strong impact on intrinsic- and extrinsic motivation among Swedish realtors. In practice, the study contributes to knowledge that is useful mainly for leaders in the industry, where it is important to let realtors be autonomous and have a chance to evolve in their profession.  Suggestions for future research: Since personality traits appear to be a poor predictor of the dependent variables in this study, other independent variables should be investigated. One suggestion is therefore to examine the culture in the office, and how this affects motivation.  Key words: The Big Five, personality traits, normal narcissism, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, performance, turnover intention, realtor

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Объектом исследования явился феномен самозванца. Предметом исследования стала связь феномена самозванца с обычным (грандиозным) и сензитивным (уязвимым) нарциссизмом и самоотношением. Выпускная квалификационная работа состоит из введения, двух глав, заключения, списка литературы (67 источников) и приложений, включающих в себя бланки применявшихся методик. Объем ВКР 99 страниц, на которых размещены 19 рисунков и 19 таблиц. Во введении раскрывается актуальность проблемы исследования, разработанность проблематики, ставятся цель и задачи исследования, определяются объект и предмет исследования, формулируются гипотезы, указываются методы и эмпирическая база, а также этапы проведения исследования, научная новизна, теоретическая и практическая значимость работы. Первая глава включает в себя обзор иностранной и отечественной литературы по темам феномена самозванца, нарциссизма и самоотношения. Выводы по первой главе представляют собой итоги по изучению теоретического материала. Вторая глава посвящена эмпирической части исследования. В ней представлено описание организации и методов проведенного исследования и результатов, полученных по всем использованным методикам: «Шкале феномена самозванца» П. Кланс, «Нарциссическому опроснику личности» (NPI-16), «Шкале сензитивного нарциссизма» (HSNS) и «Опроснику самоотношения» В.В. Столина и С.Р. Пантилеева. Также в главе представлен сравнительный и корреляционный анализ результатов исследования. Выводы по главе 2 включают в себя основные результаты эмпирического исследования. В заключении в обобщенном виде изложены результаты теоретической и эмпирической частей работы, а также выводы по выдвинутым гипотезам и обоснована практическая значимость исследования. / The object matter of the study is impostor phenomenon. The subject of the study is the interrelation between the impostor phenomenon and ordinary (grandiose) and sensitive (vulnerable) narcissism and self-attitude. The master's thesis consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of literature (67 sources) and some appendixes, which includes the forms of the applied methodologies. The volume of the master's thesis is 99 pages, on which are placed 19 figures and 19 tables. The introduction reveals the relevance of the research problem, the development of the problematics, the purpose and objectives of the research are set, the object and the subject of research are determined, the basic and additional hypotheses are formulated, the methods and the empirical base are specified, as well as the stages of the research, the scientific novelty, the theoretical and practical significance of the work. The first chapter includes an overview of the domestic and foreign literature on the subject of impostor phenomenon, narcissism and self-attitude. Conclusions on the first chapter are the results of the study of theoretical material. The second chapter is devoted to the empirical part of the study. It provides a description of the organization and methods of the study and the results obtained using all the methods used: Clance Impostor Phenomenon Scale, CIPS; Narcissistic Personality Inventory - NPI-16; Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale, HSNS; Self-Attitude Questionnaire developed by V.V. Stolin and S.R. Pantileev. Also, the chapter presents a comparative, correlation of the study. The findings of Chapter 2 are the main results of the empirical study. In conclusion, brief results of the theoretical and empirical parts of the work are presented, as well as conclusions on the hypotheses. The practical significance of the study is substantiated and possible prospects for further development of the problematics are described.

L’être filial vit l’aban/don, bloqué dans l’avoir qui fixe le Moi, et l’échange malmène la Différence de génération et de sexe. La menace pèse sur la filiation en hyper/modernité, et la cruauté pulsionnelle d’appropriation dé/filialise le nom propre. L’infans est paradoxal et appelle la culture comme nature, il affronte la violence de celui qui donne sous couvert de gratuité, par l’acte de nomination. Dans la chose donnée, Mauss dégage un tiers, un autre, et Derrida déconstruit ce qui assimile le don à l’échange. Le don est engagement responsable et non pas sacrifice ni oblation douteuse, reçu, approuvé du legs des générations précédentes, et transmis par une mémoire trans/générationnelle. Lacan sépare le sujet du leurre du Moi, et valorise l’imaginaire retrouvé dans le rêve, reflet de ce que le sujet aurait accumulé d’angoisses et d’espérances, déguisées personnages et objets d’amour ou de haine auxquels les affects s’attachent. Ils font son symptôme, jouissance et symbole. La fiction, vérité du sujet-en-dette, identité mouvante, n’est pas reconnue tant qu’il vit le drame du narcissisme. Interpréter ce qui m’arrive, ouvre à la parole, à l’amour dans la défaite du désir et dans la distance, quand la vérité d’un par/don, redoublement du don premier, sur/vient. Le sujet retrouve le style qui préserve la promesse, qui seule, attire. Le Négatif (l’excès, la sur/prise, la mort d’autrui, l’Absent) fonde-t-il une anthropologie du don ? Le traduire en récit, est Vie : le symptôme, chair du sujet, répond à la Voix qui résonne dans le temps de l’histoire et qui le convoque : « Me voici ». / The filial being is captured by the ego’s possessiveness and left to its own devices. The Difference in generation and sex is exposed to exchange. In hyper-modern times, filiation is threatened and the drive of appropriation dis/owns the proper noun. The infans is paradoxical and naturally turns to culture for help. He faces the violence of those who donate, under cover of gratuitousness, via the act of naming. Mauss speaks of “another other” involved in giving and Derrida deconstructs the notion that assimilates donation to exchange. Giving is a responsible commitment. It is neither a sacrifice nor a suspicious oblation, but that which is received and approved from the legacy of former generations, and transmitted by Memory across the generations. Lacan separates the subject from the deceptive ego and enhances the value of dreams, reflecting accumulated fears and hopes in the guise of characters, objects of love or hate, to which the subject is attached. They are his symptom, jouissance and symbol. Fiction, the truth of the in/debted subject, an identity that is far from static, is unrecognized as long as he is trapped by narcissism. Interpreting what befalls us opens us up to the word, to love, as desire fails and distance sets in. Then and only then, for/giving, a new form of the first gift, a/rises unexpectedly, and the subject can find the style that preserves the promise which, alone, attracts. Does the Negative (excess, surprise, the other’s death, the Absent) set the cornerstone of an anthropology of giving? Trans/lating, or re/telling is Life. The Voice echoing in the temporality of history, calls the symptom, or the flesh of the subject, and it answers: “Here I am.”

The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between masculine gender role conflict, attachment variables, narcissism, and adjustment. It was expected that men who reported higher masculine gender role conflict would also report unhealthy attachment, have a greater degree of narcissism and poorer adjustment. This study employed a sample of undergraduate males who completed self-report questionnaires measuring masculine gender role conflict, narcissism, adjustment, and attachment. Hypotheses were tested using canonical correlation techniques. Results indicated that healthy attachment was related to low masculine gender role conflict; however, unhealthy attachment was not related to high masculine gender role conflict. In terms of narcissism, higher amounts of narcissism were related to high amounts of gender role conflict, but in a subset of results individuals who reported low masculine gender role conflict also reported higher narcissism in areas that are assumed to relate to positive self regard. Results related to adjustment indicated that high masculine gender role conflict was related to less psychological well-being replicating past studies. Theoretical and methodological issues were discussed in light of these findings.

Le corps moderne est à la fois l’objet de rêves et d’interdits, un lieu de conflits, d’inégalités et d’investissements, mais il représente avant tout la quête contemporaine de la beauté ainsi que le rêve scientifique de la jeunesse et de l’immortalité. Le corps en Californie tient une place tellement importante qu’il n’est pas exagéré de parler de religion. La religion du corps crée dans un premier temps un lien vers le Divin puisque le corps est soit opposé à l’esprit soit il constitue un moyen d’accéder à la divinité, comme chez les orientaux. De la conception grecque antique à la version orientale, sans oublier de parler de la place du corps dans l’histoire californienne et de sa relation à un Dieu, nous nous rendrons compte que le corps considéré comme lien vers le Divin cède petit à petit sa place à une appropriation personnelle poussée à la fois par le narcissisme des années soixante puis par des impératifs normatifs. Le californien est alors à la quête de nouvelles expériences dont le médium est le corps, tout en étant à la recherche d’une perfection physique. Cela a donné vie à un vaste marché, créant ainsi une compatibilité entre la religion du corps et son aspect mercantile. Ce lien ne s’arrête pas seulement aux produits, ni à l’industrie que génère un tel marché, car le corps est devenu un investissement à capitaliser. Comme dans toute religion, il y a une part de fanatisme et de dérive dont il faut mesurer l’impact. L’ultime question est celle du rôle de la science dans l’évolution du corps. Cette nouvelle religion du corps, remplace doucement le lien premier vers le Divin, amenant l’homme vers plus de maîtrise, de connaissance et de contrôle sur son destin. / The body’s new frontier is both an esthetic and scientific quest, with the wild dream of reaching an ideal beauty and immortality - or at least living better and longer. In California, the body and its cult are so important therefore we can safely say that it is a religion. This religion of the body is primarily linked to the Divine since in the classical point of view, the body is either linked to sin or is a way to reach God, as the oriental religions believe. From ancient Greece to the oriental influences, not forgetting how the body is perceived in California’s history and its relationship to the Divine, we will slowly become aware that this link is somehow being overshadowed by a personal appropriation of the body both triggered by the 1960’s narcissism and social norms. The typical californian seeks experiment and pushes boundaries using the body as a medium, while striving to reach physical perfection. Of course this cannot go without the growing of a massive market, hence the connexion between the religion of the body and its mercantile aspect. That link not only reflects the amount of products and services as well as the whole industry behind them, it also brings forward the fact that the body is considered as an object one has to invest in and capitalize on both the future and the present moment. As in all types of religion, there is a part of fanaticism and going astray. Its impact cannot be overlooked. The ultimate question is the role of science in the body’s evolution. What has become the new scientific religion of the body slowly replaces the initial link to the Divine, bringing mankind towards more knowledge, mastery, and control over its destiny.