<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>The novel <em>Berlin Alexanderplatz</em> by Alfred Döblin was published in 1929. It has subsequently been widely recognized as an important part of German Modernism due to its new conception of the hero, as well as its innovative narrative structure. The aim of this essay is both to determine the innovatory details in the concept of the hero and to describe the narrative structure, which is essential for a comprehensive understanding of the hero Franz Biberkopf. Hence, not only direct utterances by the hero and other narrative techniques are dealt with in the analysis, but also a wider context, including social interaction and the impact of the metropolis. In <em>Berlin Alexanderplatz</em> the concept of the hero is based on a fundamental criticism of the bourgeois view of the human being, a view which derives from the classical Homeric epic, stretching over the Enlightenment and into Döblin's time. However, the narrative innovation in <em>Berlin Alexanderplatz</em> is not only to be seen as the personal result of Döblin's critical reflections on the narrative tradition of the ʻbourgeois epicʼ, but also as one manifestation among others within the framework of Modernist criticism.</p>

The objective of this paper – Trusting the reader: On impressionistic narrating in Stig Claesson's writings with the novel Brev till en hembygdsgård as starting point – is to examine narrative techniques used by the Swedish author Stig Claesson, specifically some which fall within the broad field known as literary impressionism: e.g. omission, repetition, juxtaposition, episodic narration and how access to the narrator’s as well as individual characters' consciousness is handled. The method used for the study will be that of illustrative comparison. The analysis will seek its theoretical grounds in the works by Gerard Genette and Jonathan Culler. In the major parts of the study, narrative techniques used by Claesson in the novel Brev till en hembygdsgård (1974), is examined with the help of Robert Paul Lamb and James Nagel, and their studies concerning the crafts of Ernest Hemingway and Stephen Crane. In addition, other novels by Claesson are used in order to find, illustrate and then compare his craftsmanship with techniques already studied and described by scholars and critics. The main result from the analysis is that a need to trust the reader follows from Claesson’s choice of narrative techniques; by having the narrating instance mainly represent perception – without allowing the narrator, or the characters of the narrative, to interpret what’s rendered – the reader is left to experience sensation on her own. To assist the reader, Claesson binds together his episodic narration with a frequent use of juxtaposition, in which colors, objects and scenes already used, are re-used – hence having one scene charge the next, and so on, with previously evoked emotions. Furthermore, Claesson frequently uses omission in conjunction with repetition as a narrative technique; often when the narrator returns to an already used scene, she is excluding some of the information given to the reader earlier in exchange for some previously omitted information or for elements belonging to other scenes. The study finds that a consequence of Claesson’s combination of the above mentioned techniques, is that his texts calls for a reader to take an active part in creating meaning both from the text and from their own experience. Finally, the study suggests that Claesson, like any craftsman, recognized that once the work is done and delivered, it is up to the recipient to use it according to their own ability, imagination and discretion.

The nineteenth century was a time of rapid change, brought about by increasing industrial development and changing patterns of thought and belief. Dickens's attitude to industrialism was ambivalent. He was not averse to progress, but feared that the ills of society would remain overshadowed. This dissertation explores representations of loss in Bleak House and examines some of the challenges the subject presents. The first chapter concentrates on examples of the wide range of losses with which Dickens deals in the novel to create the cumulative impression of individuals and a nation existing in a state of chaos and decay. Chapter Two focuses on the loss of physical life and the state of death-in-life. Chapter Three deals with the narrative techniques which Dickens uses to represent loss in the novel. / English Studies / M.A.

Detta kandidatarbete undersöker och skapar en djupare förståelse för olika narrativa strukturer och tekniker som finns i litteratur, film och digitala spel. Detta har gjorts genom att besvara frågan hur man kan applicera narrativa strukturer och tekniker från litteratur och film i ett digitalt spel. För att svara på denna fråga har vi utvecklat en gestaltning som består av ett digitalt spel som använder sig av olika narrativa strukturer och tekniker som är mer vanliga inom litteratur och filmer. Till hjälp för detta har vi använt oss av metodologin MDA-ramverket samt berättelseskrivarmetoderna Snöflingemetoden och The Fantasy Fiction Formula. Undersökningen visar hur en berättelse i ett digitalt spel, med hjälp av ett antal narratologiska begrepp, kan använda sig av narrativa strukturer och tekniker från litteratur och film. Snöflingemetoden visade sig vara användbar, men inte anpassad för denna typ av skrivande. På grund av tidsbrist kunde vi inte använda oss av så många tekniker och strukturer från film som vi ville. / This Bachelor Thesis aims to explore and create a deeper understanding of various narrative structures and techniques found in literature, film and digital games. This has been done by answering the question how one can apply narrative structures and techniques from literature and film in a digital game. To answer this question, we have developed a digital game that uses different narrative structures and techniques that are more common in literature and films. For this, we used the MDA-framework methodology as well as the story writing methods The Snowflake Method and The Fantasy Fiction Formula. This thesis shows how a story in a digital game, using a number of narratological concepts, can make use of narrative structures and techniques from literature and film. The Snowflake Method proved useful, but not adapted for this type of writing. Due to time limitations we were not able to use as many structures and techniques from films as we wanted to.

Abstract The novel Berlin Alexanderplatz by Alfred Döblin was published in 1929. It has subsequently been widely recognized as an important part of German Modernism due to its new conception of the hero, as well as its innovative narrative structure. The aim of this essay is both to determine the innovatory details in the concept of the hero and to describe the narrative structure, which is essential for a comprehensive understanding of the hero Franz Biberkopf. Hence, not only direct utterances by the hero and other narrative techniques are dealt with in the analysis, but also a wider context, including social interaction and the impact of the metropolis. In Berlin Alexanderplatz the concept of the hero is based on a fundamental criticism of the bourgeois view of the human being, a view which derives from the classical Homeric epic, stretching over the Enlightenment and into Döblin's time. However, the narrative innovation in Berlin Alexanderplatz is not only to be seen as the personal result of Döblin's critical reflections on the narrative tradition of the ʻbourgeois epicʼ, but also as one manifestation among others within the framework of Modernist criticism.

Since its development, critics of electronic literature have touted all that is “new” about the field, commenting on how these works make revolutionary use of non-linear structure, hyperlinks, and user interaction. Scholars of digital narrative have most often focused their critiques within the paradigms of either the text-centric structuralist model of narrativity or post-structuralist models that implicate the text as fundamentally fluid and dependent upon its reader for meaning. But neither of these approaches can account completely for the unique modes in which digital narratives prompt readerly progression, yet still exist as independent creative artifacts marked by purposive design. I argue that, in both practice and theory, we must approach digital-born narratives as belonging to a third, hybrid paradigm. In contrast to standard critical approaches, I interrogate the presumed “newness” of digital narratives to reveal many aspects of these works that hearken to print predecessors and thus confirm classical narratological theories of structure and authorship. Simultaneously, though, I demonstrate that narrative theory must be revised and expanded to account for some of the innovative techniques inherent to digital-born narrative. Across media formats, theories of narrative beginnings, endings, and authorship contribute to understanding of readerly progress and comprehension. My analysis of Leishman’s electronically animated work Deviant: The Possession of Christian Shaw shows how digital narratives extend theories of narrative beginnings, confirming theoretical suitability of existing rules of notice, expectations for mouseover actions, and the role of institutional and authorial antetexts. My close study of Jackson’s hypertext my body: a Wunderkammer likewise informs scholarship on narrative endings, as my body does not provide a neatly linear plot, and thus does not cleanly correspond to theories of endings that revolve around conceptions of instabilities or tensions. Yet I argue that there is still compelling reason to read for narrative closure, and thus narrative coherence, within this and other digital works. Finally, my inquiry into Pullinger and Joseph’s collaboratively written Flight Paths: A Networked Novel firmly justifies the theory of implied authorship in both print and digital environments and confirms the suitability of this construct to a range of texts.

The purpose of the study was to get a better understanding of how players’ engagement is affected by the narrative techniques which are used in the game Dark Souls II. The four most prominent narrative techniques that were analyzed in Dark souls II were cutscenes, item descriptions, NPC’s and environmental storytelling. Qualitative and Quantitative data was collected in a questionnaire that was posted on the forum/ “subreddit” Dark souls II. The answers from 100 questionnaires were analyzed using content analysis methodology. It could be concluded in this thesis that narrative techniques that interfere with the players sense of freedom will reduce their engagement within the game. An example in Dark souls II is when the player is forced to summon NPC’s to boss fights in order to progress in the NPC’s storyline. This also works the other way around: i.e. the player experiences increased engagement if the narrative techniques allow the player to decide over their own actions. An example in Dark Souls II is when the player is given the opportunity to kill friendly NPC’s. / Syftet med denna studie var att få en bättre förståelse för hur spelarens engagemang påverkas av de narrativa tekniker som används i spelet Dark Souls II. De fyra mest framstående narrativa tekniker som identifierades i Dark Souls II var Cutscenes, föremålsbeskrivningar, NPC’s och miljöberättande. Kvalitativ och kvantitativa data samlades genom en enkät som lades upp på Dark Souls II forum/ ”subreddit”. Svaren från 100 deltagare tolkades med koder samt kategorier genom metodologin innehållsanalys. I denna studie kunde det konstateras att narrativa tekniker som negativt påverkar spelarens frihet, kommer reducera deras engagemang i spelet. Detta noterades bland annat när spelare var tvungna att kalla på NPC’s till bossfighter för att kunna fortsätta denna NPC’s uppdrag. Det angavs även att detta fungerade åt andra hållet, när spelarens förmåga att kunna ta egna beslut tilläts så ökade även spelarens engagemang i spelet. Detta noterades i spelmekaniken att spelaren bland annat tilläts döda fredliga NPC’s.

The primary goal of my study was to explore the possible ways in which postmodern career facilitation can be utilized to improve the achievement motivation of a traditionally disadvantaged adolescent. The study was conducted by means of a case study in which the achievement motivation of a traditionally disadvantaged adolescent was measured by the Achievement Motivation Profile test (Friedland, Mandel&Marcus, 1982) prior to, and on completion of the postmodern career facilitation process. The inquiry into the participant’s motivation to achieve was dependent on a qualitative integration of psychometric test results and information obtained from narrative techniques. The study was motivated by previous research indicating that traditional disadvantagement does not support the development of sufficient achievement motivation beliefs. Sufficient achievement behaviour appears to be preceded by both the will, and the skill, to achieve. / Dissertation (MEd(Educational Psychology))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Educational Psychology / MEd / unrestricted

This essay deals with the fantasy aspects that exist in work of Julio Cortázar. It is knownthat Cortázar frequently uses certain narrative tools in order to make a story to one of thefantastic kind. The purpose of the study is therefore to plunge into some of the fantasyaspects that are included in his work. The questions that the thesis answers are: which narrative techniques does the author use in the chosen stories to make these storiesfantastic? How does he utilize these techniques in the three stories? The corpus consistsof a short synopsis of the plots of the stories “Axolotl”, “Noche boca arriba” and“Continuidad de los parques” from the compilation Final del juego (1956). The methodof analysis used for the three stories consists of a reading that focuses on narrative aspects,including the characteristics of the fantasy genre. The results show role of the aspects of fantasy such as animalization, anthropomorphism, and identity change in “Axolotl”. Inaddition, the narrating voice is revealed to be an important literary aspect in this story. When it comes to "Noche boca arriba" and "Continuidad de los parques" the presence ofparallel realitiesis noticeable. Both of those story worlds are equally possible andimportant, according tothe theory of possible worlds (PW-theory). In "Continuidad de los parques", we can clearly see two worlds that experience a fusion in the moment they collide. Again, according to the theory of possible worlds, both are equally important. As a theoretical tool, Tzvetan Todorov's theory of the fantastic is used. The application of Todorov's theory is useful for the study as it serves as the basis in order to define the threestories aspart of the fantasy genre. / Este ensayo aborda los aspectos fantásticos que existen en la obra de Julio Cortázar. Essabido que Cortázar utiliza con frecuencia ciertas herramientas narrativas que hacen elcuento fantástico. El propósito del estudio es, por lo tanto, profundizar en algunos de losaspectos fantásticos incluidos en su obra. Las preguntas que la tesina responde son: ¿Quétécnicas narrativas utiliza el autor en los cuentos elegidos para hacerlos fantásticos?;¿Cómo utiliza estas técnicas en los tres cuentos? El corpus consiste en una breve sinopsisde las tramas de los cuentos “Axolotl”, “Noche boca arriba” y “Continuidad de losparques” de la compilación Final del juego (1956). El método de análisis utilizado paralos tres relatos consiste en una lectura que se enfoca en aspectos narrativos, inclusive enlas características de lo fantástico. Los resultados muestran el papel de los aspectosfantásticos como la animalización, el antropomorfismo y el cambio de identidad en “Axolotl”. Además, se revela que la voz narradora es un aspecto literario importante en este cuento. En cuanto a “Noche boca arriba” y “Continuidad de los parques” se nota la presencia de realidades paralelas. Ambos de estos universos narrativos son igualmenteposibles e importantes, deacuerdo con la teoría de mundos posibles. En "Continuidad delos parques", podemos verclaramente dos mundos que experimentan una fusión en elmomento en el que colisionan.Otra vez, de acuerdo con la teoría de mundos posibles,ambos son igualmente importantes. Como herramienta teórica se utiliza la teoría sobre lo fantástico de TzvetanTodorov. La aplicación de la teoría de Todorov es útil para el estudioya que sirve de basepara definir a los tres relatos como parte del género fantástico.

German text / Die Frage nach der Bedeutung Elias hat schon viele Ausleger beschäftigt. Von ihm wird zwar nur innerhalb des Königebuches berichtet, aber Wundertaten und Himmelfahrt machen sein Wirken außergewöhnlich. Außerdem sind seine Nachwirkungen im Alten und Neuen Testament, sowie in Judentum und Christentum bemerkenswert. Der Großteil der Elia-Forschung liegt im Bereich der historisch-kritischen Methodik. Die Ergebnisse sind dabei nicht einheitlich. Größere Abschnitte als Gesamtheit wurden bisher nur selten untersucht. In dieser Arbeit wird der Frage durch eine literarisch-exegetische Analyse des Textabschnitts 1. Könige 16,29 – 2. Könige 2,25 nachgegangen. Dabei wird deutlich, dass auf Grundlage des vorliegenden Endtextes die Bedeutung Elias in seiner Funktion als Vertreter JHWHs liegt, der für die Rückkehr Israels zum Bund mit JHWH eintritt. Es zeigt sich eine theologische Linie von Mose über Elia hin zu Jesus. Die Nachwirkungen Elias sind aber nicht allein darauf zurückzuführen. Sie hängen auch mit dem Bericht über Wundertaten und Himmelfahrt zusammen. / The question of Elijah’s significance has piqued the interest of many scholars. Although his story is reported only in Kings, the miracles he performed and his ascension to heaven make his ministry extraordinary, and the effects of his ministry in the OT, the NT, Judaism and Christianity are noteworthy. Most research of Elijah is carried out with a historical-critical methodology. The results of this research are not consistent. This work approaches the topic through a literary-exegetical analysis of 1 Kings 16,29 – 2 Kings 2,25. On the basis of this text it becomes apparent that Elijah’s significance lies in his function as YHWH’s representative who attempts to bring Israel back to her covenant with YHWH. A theological continuum from Moses through Elijah to Jesus reveals itself. The repercussions of Elijah’s ministry are traced back not only to this, but also to the report of his miracles and ascension to heaven. / Old Testament & Ancient Near Eastern Studies / M. Th. (Old Testament)