When are aerial bombing strategies effective in coercing target states? According to the recent research debate there is a consensus that denial strategies may be an effective instrument for coercing states to change their politics. This study is based on Belkin’s theory which argues that the effectiveness of denial strategies may depend in part on the domestic legitimacy of the target states’ regimes. From a political standpoint, aerial denial effectiveness can be considered more likely to coerce when political leaders of target states lack domestic legitimacy rather than when they are legitimate.     The purpose of this study is to contribute an explanation of a condition where denial strategies are more likely to succeed. The study has a two-sided focus where the first focus lies on Pape’s work on denial strategies in order to investigate how the Allies used their air power during Operation Desert Storm. The second focus is on legitimacy theory which will be used to investigate whether Iraq lacked legitimacy during the time of the war and what consequences that might have had in a denial perspective.   The study concludes that Iraq lacked legitimacy and may therefore have been vulnerable to a sub-category of denial called operational interdiction. Thus, the study provides a possible development of Belkins theory into: Operational interdiction may be an effective instrument for coercing states to charge their policies.

The 2011 military intervention in Libya relied solely on air and naval assets and is considered a great success. In some contexts the intervention is even seen as a model for future military interventions, despite some studies highlighting circumstances that makes the conflict in Libya unique. This thesis analyses the underlying dynamics that might be able to explain the NATO-coalition’s success in Libya. More specifically this thesis investigates whether the domestic legitimacy of the Gaddafi regime might have affected the Libyan armed forces’ ability to withstand aerial denial. This in turn, may have made the regime vulnerable to coercion. Using a case study-approach and a qualitative method, the purpose of this thesis is to give military decision-makers further basis for decision-making in terms of when a similar concept might be effective in the future.  Conclusions drawn from the analysis show that the Libyan armed forces might have been a weakened organisation even before the conflict began, due to elements relating to domestic legitimacy. Further conclusions show that despite the intervention being a coercive failure, the use of aerial denial might have enabled the rebel victory on the ground.

In today’s modern conflicts air power has proven to be a major contributing factor towards success.Whether the conflict is of regular or irregular nature, air power has many positive attributes that canplay a crucial role in the result of the battle. However there are cases where air superiority wasachieved but the outcome of the conflict didn’t result in success. Which indicates that air power isn’talways the key to success. To examine this further it is necessary to test an air theory on two separatecases that are similar but different in one aspect, the outcome. The theory that is used to examinethe two cases is Robert Pape´s theory “Coercive by denial”, because this theory has been criticizedthat it does not function on modern and irregular conflicts. The purpose of this thesis is to implement Pape´s air theory “Coercive by denial” to see if this theorycan explain the differences in the outcome between the two battles of Fallujah in Iraq 2004 by usinga comparative case study. Although air superiority was achieved in both battles the first is considereda failure, the second a success. The results of the research show that the theory cannot explain why the second battle was successfuland the first one was a failure. The result shows that Pape´s statement about what to target first inan irregular conflict to have the highest effect against insurgents isn’t always right. The result showsthat the second battle was more focused on attacking the enemy’s logistics then the first battle. Thatcould be a reason why the second battle was a success but it is against Pape´s own statement in histheory. The main conclusion of the thesis is that “Coercive by denial” cannot explain the variationin the outcome of the battles of Fallujah, and Pape´s theory can be questioned. This indicates thenecessity of further studies on Pape’s theory on irregular conflicts

There is a debate on how air power should be employed to attain success in war and conflicts. Although scholars do not fully agree on the subject, there is a consensus that attacking the opponents military forces’, a course of action referred to as denial, can contribute to a positive outcome on the battlefield. This thesis investigates the utility of denial in air operations against regular and irregular opponents. The purpose of this study was to examine Robert Pape’s Denial Theory in a focused and structured comparative case study of Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan and Operation Iraqi Freedom in Iraq. The investigation reveals that denial contributed to the ground offensives in both cases, specifically by providing air support in the theatre, which led to the collapse of Saddam Hussein’s regime in Iraq and drew the opponents out of several cities in Afghanistan. The use of operative interdiction made freedom of action possible and resulted in the final collapse of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan. In conclusion the investigation shows that denial may be a suitable modus operandi against both regular and irregular opponents. / <p><strong>Uppsatsen skriven VT 2017 under Termin 4 Officersprogrammet 15-18 med inriktning</strong><strong>mot flyg. Examen genomförs VT 2018.</strong></p>

Robert A. Pape, an American political scientist, have created a universally known theory about how to successfully conduct military coercion. In his comprehensive quantitative research from multiple cases of coercion Pape’s conclusion is that the denial strategy of air power is what historically have been working. From his cases where he draws his conclusion there is one case missing. Pape has excluded the case of the Falklands war. According to some researchers, the Falklands war which was won by Great Britain, had a successful outcome due to their utility of the air power. This essay aims to test if Papes theory of military coercion has the potential to explain the victory of Great Britain in the Falklands War. By conducting a single case study by means of a qualitative text analysis, the answer is to be found. The results shows that Great Britain mainly used a denial strategy with the air powers. The Falklands war could have been predicted by this usage. Although it is a conventional conflict, involving both the navy, army and the airforce, it is hard to believe it was only because of the air powers the war was won. The use of a denial strategy can therefore not explain the victory for Great Britain, but it can be a part of the explanation. / <p><strong>Uppsatsen skriven VT 2017 under Termin 4 Officersprogrammet 15-18 med inriktning</strong><strong>mot flyg. Examen genomförs VT 2018.  </strong></p>

The debate amongst theorists on how to best utilize airpower is still ongoing. There is some consensus among scholars that attacking military targets directly is an effective strategy, one of those theorists is Robert A. Pape. Most research on the subject only examine historical cases and does not factor in more contemporary difficulties. The purpose of this study is to examine Robert A. Pape’s airpower theory of denial in a comparative case study. The two cases, Operation Odyssey Dawn and Enduring Freedom, are succesful contemporary operations where airpower played a major role in a military intervention with the intent to examine which part of Pape’s theory is still curant in modern and dynamic conflicts. The results show that the denial strategy contributed to the success in both cases for the most part by providing air support to ground troops. The effect of operational interventions differed between the cases and the reasons why may have several explanations. Strategic intervention had neither effect nor occurrence in either case which may be due to the operations reaching objectives in a short amount of time and to restrictions on collateral damage. Further research is required to cement the conclusions.

The theory of deterrence has not changed much over time but the strategy of using it has. There are two types of deterrence: Deterrence by punishment and Deterrence by denial. The first is a more offensive kind of deterrence and the second a more defensive one. The Cold War set the perimeter for deterrence strategy and how it was used and has been the overall used strategy since. The same strategy however cannot be implemented in the cyber domain and therefore requires a suitable cyber deterrence strategy. This study aims to determine whether the Swedish cyber strategy is built on the components that are required for successful cyber deterrence.  The study will conduct a theory consuming method to establish the components required for successful and effective cyber deterrence, and then undertake a text analysis on Swedish strategy for cybersecurity using those components. The results show that Sweden is focused mainly on the defensive side of deterrence with better systems and protocols. According to the components in the theory both offensive and defensive methods are required for deterrence to work. This may therefore explain why the Swedish cyber deterrence strategy is not as effective as it could be.

Syftet med studien är att skapa kunskap om hur förskollärare beskriver skriftlig dokumentation med fokus på möjliggörandet av barns medgivande och nekande. Frågeställningen i denna studie går på djupet kring förskollärarnas uppfattningar, vilket gör studien kvalitativ. Två gruppintervjuer har genomförts med sammanlagt åtta förskollärare. I intervjuerna uttryckte förskollärarna att de använder sig av olika arbetssätt för att ge barn möjlighet att påverka sitt deltagande i dokumentationspraktiken. Förskollärarnas roll är avgörande och under intervjuerna uttryckte pedagogerna att det finns potential för förbättringsåtgärder inom förskolepedagogiska området för att möjliggöra för barns agentskap. Resultatet visar även att förskollärarna använder skriftlig dokumentation mer än de tror. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten är barndomssociologi och vi har använt oss av begreppet agentskap för att undersöka barnens möjlighet till inflytande och påverkan.

The two battles for Fallujah took place in 2004. Earlier research states that air power was a key reason for the success following the second operation, and as a critical omission during the first operation. Following this statement that air power changed the way urban operations should be conducted it should be possible to use an air power theory to explain the different outcomes of the battles. The purpose of this study is to see if Robert Pape’s theory of denial strategy is applicable as an explanation for the two operations differences of outcome.   The method used for this study is a comparative case study of the two operations in which the operations are compared by analysing then using the framework of Pape’s theory.    The result of this study shows that the outcomes partly can be explained from Pape’s theory, but the results differ between the two components which leads to a discussion of what this means for the theory. The result contributes to the existing research and gives reason for criticism of the earlier research which states that it was Close Air Support (CAS) that was successful during the second operation. This study shows that CAS was mostly used during the first operation and only partly used during the second, successful, operation. This study states that it was the use of operative interdiction, one of the three components of Pape’s theory, which led to the second operations success.

“Vi använder cookies för att förbättra webbplatsen och din användarupplevelse”, är troligtvis en mening som många känner igen. Idag är det svårt att använda internet utan att stöta på små pop-up-meddelanden som vill ha ditt samtycke kring datainsamling, så kallade cookies. Medvetenhet och förståelse kring cookies är en grundläggande del i EU´s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Den infördes för att ge användare makt över sin personliga data, delvis genom informerat samtycke. Trots lagen godkänner majoriteten av användarna cookies utan att reflektera. Att inte ge samtycke till datainsamling genom cookies tillhör ovanligheten, vilket gör det intresseväckande att undersöka vilka faktorer som samspelar med valet att faktiskt neka cookies. Studien syftar till att undersöka hur tre faktorer; ålder, kunskap och oro, påverkar internetanvändares inställning till att neka cookies. En kvantitativ metod, i form av en besöksenkät har använts för att samla in empiri. Insamlingen har skett utanför mataffärer i tre olika kommuner i Västra Götalandsregionen, och resulterade i sammanlagt giltiga 200 svar. Resultaten från studien visar att ålder och oro är faktorer som kan leda till att internetanvändare nekar cookies; en tredje faktor kunskap visar däremot inget samband med nekandet. Både internetanvändare som lämnar ifrån sig data, och aktörer som hanterar personlig data kan dra nytta av resultatet från studien. / "We use cookies to improve your experience on the website". This is most likely a phrase that you may recognize. Today, it is difficult to use the internet without encountering small pop-up messages asking for your consent regarding data collection through so-called cookies. Awareness and understanding regarding cookies are two fundamental parts of the EU's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The law exists to provide internet users with control over their own personal data, through informed consent. Despite the law, the vast majority of users accept cookies without reflecting. Denying consent to data collection through cookies is an unusual choice among users, which makes it interesting to investigate which factors affect the choice to reject cookies. The study aims to investigate three factors; age, cookie knowledge and privacy concern, and how they affect internet users' attitudes towards rejecting cookies online. A quantitative method, in the form of a public survey, was conducted in three cities in the Swedish region Västra Götaland. Empirical evidence was collected outside grocery stores where a total of 200 responses were collected. The results from the study show a connection between rejecting cookies and the factors age as well as privacy concerns. No correlation between cookie knowledge and cookie rejection could be provided. Internet users who provide data, as well as actors who handle personal data could benefit from this study. The study is conducted in Swedish.