A Teoria das curvas algébricas sobre corpos finitos é de fundamental importância para a matemática e tem aplicações essenciais em muitas áreas, tais como Geometria Finita, Teoria dos Números, Teoria de Grafos e Teoria de Códigos. Neste trabalho tratamos do segmento algébrico desta teoria, isto é, corpos de funções algébricas, inicialmente sobre qualquer corpo, apresentando propriedades fundamentais. Depois nos restringimos aos corpos de funções algébricas sobre corpos finitos, e são apresentados resultados referentes à estimativa do gênero e número de lugares racionais, além de propriedades que conectam estes dois números e a característica do corpo, sendo o principal resultado dado por: Para q uma potência de um número primo e N inteiro não negativo, existe uma constante inteira não negativa g0 (dependendo de q e N) tal que, para todo g maior ou igual a \'g IND. 0\', existe um corpo de funções sobre \'F IND. q\' de gênero g tendo exatamente N lugares racionais / The Theory of algebraic curves over finite fields is of fundamental importance to mathematics and has essential applications in many areas, such Finite Geometry, Number Theory, Graph Theory and Coding Theory. In this work we treat the algebraic part of this theory, ie, algebraic function fields, initially over any field, presenting fundamental properties. Then we restrict to algebraic function fields over finite fields, and presented results for the estimation of the genus and the number of racional places, as well as properties that connect these two numbers and the characteristic of the constant field, being the main result given by: For q a prime power and N a non-negative integer, there is an integer non-negative \'g IND. 0\' (that depends of q and N) such that for all \'g > or =\' \'g IND. 0\' , there exists a function field over \'F IND. q\' with genus g having exactly N racional places

Este trabalho, sobre lugares e territórios camponeses com iniciativas turísticas, tem, como área de estudo, quatro comunidades rurais situadas nos municípios de Uberlândia-MG: Tenda do Moreno, Martinésia e Cruzeiro dos Peixotos, e de Araguari-MG: a comunidade do Salto. Procura-se compreender como alguns camponeses foram envolvidos na possibilidade de praticar, em suas propriedades, um turismo receptivo, criando condições para abarcar a pluriatividade já praticada em suas pequenas propriedades familiares, sobretudo combinando, em distintas proporções, a produção agropecuária com a visitação em suas propriedades. Essas mudanças vão sendo concretizadas, legitimadas e, por vezes, encaradas como uma possibilidade de diversificação dos ganhos, em benefício da família. Tais mudanças ocorrem num espaço (re)ocupado para a geração de energia pelo grande capital com estímulo e parceria do estado. A reorganização do espaço social devido a essas grandes obras, influenciou, significativamente, a organização dos territórios e das territorialidades camponesas. Este estudo discute, também, as mudanças nas relações sociais causadas pelas possibilidades de usa do patrimônio material e imaterial (as festas de santo) das comunidades por um grande número de visitantes. Analisa-se a complexidade dos lugares vividos e as interações da família camponesa, das suas comunidades e de seus patrimônios culturais, materiais e imateriais, com o turismo, com os visitantes, clientes do turismo ofertado pelos camponeses. Procura-se a compreensão de como os camponeses superam os seus estágios produtivos e se lançam em novas atividades. Os produtores camponeses, sujeitos ativos, com os seus saberes, suas iniciativas e estruturas produtivas, são a referência para se compreender as mudanças territoriais. Estuda-se a condição sócio-cultural do camponês que vive na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Araguari, em seu baixo curso e sua capacidade de se flexibilizar, de se adaptar e de se (re)territorializar, de acordo com as mudanças sócio-espaciais causadas pela construção das usinas Hidrelétricas Amador Aguiar I e II. As adaptações, os ajustes e as estratégias camponesas se dão a partir do seu próprio modo de vida e de relações de pertencimento e de identidade com o lugar. A partir das festas, procurou-se compreender qual seria a consciência territorial dos camponeses, suas contradições e como as manifestações dos sujeitos sociais envolvidos poderiam proteger, manter a festa, o território e as territorialidades, frente às multidões que vão aos eventos comunitários. Procurou-se analisar a condição desse camponês, pensando os seus vínculos territoriais. Desse modo, o estudo dos territórios e das territorialidades camponesas permitiu analisar as práticas sociais e as representações que o camponês, bem como a criança camponesa, fazem da sua permanência no campo, das suas comunidades, das suas festas, da presença do turista em um espaço que reúne múltiplas possibilidades de ganhar a vida, num mundo de trocas e de formação de novos territórios. / The work on territories peasants and tourist initiatives has as study area four communities, situated in the city of Uberlândia-MG: the community of Tenda do Moreno, Martinésia and Cruzeiro dos Peixotos; and in the city of Araguari-MG, the community of the Salto, is looked to understand as some peasants had been involved in the possibility to practice, in its properties, a receptive tourism, creating conditions to accumulate of stocks the practiced pluriactivity already in the unit of familiar production, over all combining, in distinct ratios, the agricultural production with the visitation, in its properties. These changes are being implemented, legitimate and sometimes seen as an opportunity to diversify earnings, profits for the benefit of the family. Such changes have its contiguities in a space a space (re)occupied for power generation, at a moment where it is possible to identify the action of the State in the reorganization of social space and, for intermediary of these great workmanships to influence significantly, the organization of the territories and the territorialities peasants. The paper also discussed the social relations from the possibilities of using the existing socio-spatial resources, mainly from the hydroelectric plants. For this way it is looked to analyze the complexity of the lived places and the interactions of the family peasant, its cultural, material and incorporeal communities and its patrimonies with the tourism; as the visitors, customers of the tourism offered for the peasants are received and as the proper peasants surpass its productive periods of training and if they launch in new activities. In considering the peasant producers as active, with their knowledge, initiatives and productive structures, we explored the references to understand the territorial changes. It studies the socio-cultural condition of the peasant who lives in River Basin Araguari flexibility and ability to adapt and (re) territorialize within the socio-spatial changes arising from the hydro and the adjustments, adjustments peasant and strategies to fix and strengthen their potential in a given place. From the parties, it was looked to understand which would be the territorial conscience of the peasants, the tourist possibilities, its contradictions and with the manifestations of the involved social citizens they could protect, keep the party, the territory and the territorialities front the multitudes that go to the communitarian events. We sought to examine the condition of this peasant, thinking their vehicles territorial. It was looked to analyze the condition of this peasant, thinking its territorial vehicles. In this manner, the study of the territories and the territorialities peasants it allowed to analyze the social practices and representations that peasants, including peasant child makes of his stay in the field, their communities, their festivals, the presence of a tourist in space which brings many possibilities to earn a living in a world of exchange and training of new territories.

Esta pesquisa busca analisar as dinâmicas espaciais a partir de conceitos e concepções oriundos da Geografia e das Ciências Jurídicas. Discutir a parcela de autonomia que é atribuída aos Municípios dentro do federalismo fiscal à luz do período atual. A forma como se organiza a federação brasileira constitui um arranjo político e fiscal que confere a cada ente autonomia, característica essa que produz no território consequências positivas e negativas. O federalismo brasileiro possui uma trajetória de avanços e retrocessos em um movimento pendular, ora um modelo de Estado mais centralizador, ora um modelo mais descentralizado. Com o advento da Constituição Federal de 1988 houve um novo ciclo de descentralização em que os municípios são reconhecidos como entes federados autônomos recebendo parcela constitucional de competência para instituir e cobrar tributos. Essa possibilidade assume características específicas causando distorções como as trazidas pela guerra fiscal municipal. Os conflitos e as tensões no âmbito fiscal têm suas repercussões e efeitos nas mais diversas dimensões, entre elas no território. O federalismo fiscal surge na guerra fiscal como um componente eminentemente territorial, a compreensão dessa dinâmica e as suas nuances no território constitui o nosso objetivo. / This research seeks to analyze the spatial dynamics using concepts and ideas resulting from the Geography and Legal Sciences and discuss the amount of autonomy that is allocated to the municipalities within the fiscal federalism in the light of the current period. The way it organizes the Brazilian federation is a political and fiscal arrangement that gives each entity autonomy, a characteristic that produces negative and positive consequences in the territory. Brazilian federalism has a path of progress and setbacks in a pendulum motion, or in a more centralized state model, or in a more decentralized model. With the advent of the Federal Constitution of 1988 there was a new decentralization cycle in which municipalities are recognized as autonomous entities receiving federal constitutional portion of the power to impose and collect taxes. This possibility takes on specific characteristics causing distortions as brought by the municipal tax war. Conflicts and tensions in the tax field have its repercussions and effects on several dimensions, including in the territory. Fiscal Federalism arises in the fiscal war as an eminently territorial component, understanding this dynamic and its nuances in the territory is our goal.

The theoretical part of the thesis outlines the entire topic from the broad perspective created namely by foreign publications. Then the thesis presents the theories of two American sociologists whose conclusions represent the anticipation of the subject analysed here. This is followed by the definition of coworking and its brief history, the perspectives on it that management has adopted by comparing coworking to clusters as defined by Michael Porter. The purpose of the practical part of the thesis is to describe the functioning of coworking in real life situations, this from the perspective of the managers (or owners) of coworking centres, and their users. The data was obtained by quality and quantitative research, namely by multicase analysis and questionnaires data analysis. Individual chapters of the thesis describe conclusions reached from this research. The conclusion of the thesis summarizes the most important facts and results obtained by the research, it also confirms the hypothesis which was the basis of the thesis.

Le cas des post apprentis inscrits dans un dispositif de mobilité Erasmus +.Dans les discours et les actions des instances européenne et nationale, la mobilité des apprentis est promue comme un enjeu économique et politique majeur. Elle favoriserait le développement de compétences interculturelles et professionnelles dans une perspective de formation tout au long de la vie et d’insertion sur le marché du travail européen. Elle est aussi très fortement reliée aux configurations d’emploi des toutes prochaines années, avec l’agilité et la plasticité comme compétences clés. Celui qui est mobile et conscient des enjeux de sa mobilité serait capable, plus qu’un autre, de développer une forme d’entrepreneuriat de soi dans un contexte mouvant et incertain et former par la mobilité correspondrait aux attentes d’une économie mondialisée. Pour autant, cette équation ne va pas de soi. Le vécu de la mobilité des apprentis et les apprentissages qu’ils en ont retirés demeurent mal connus. Cette thèse analyse la mobilité comme un espace de transition biographique et de reconfiguration identitaire. Elle considère que la mobilité est un double mouvement, dans le temps et l’espace. Elle s’inscrit dans le courant des histoires de vie dans une perspective interactionniste. Elle fait appel, sur le plan théorique, à la notion de modernité, à la socialisation et à l’expérience comme cadres de mise à l’épreuve, aux constructions identitaires et au concept de transition. Pour saisir cette expérience inédite du point de vue de ceux qui la vivent, la recherche mobilise un dispositif qualitatif, constitué d’entretiens auprès de post–apprentis ayant effectué une mobilité de six mois et de dessins des lieux investis durant le stage en mobilité. Différents profils apparaissent en fonction des mouvements de continuités-ruptures qui s’opèrent, avec le métier, la mobilité ou la formation. Pour tous cependant, la mobilité est une période de formation à part entière. Des apprentissages professionnels ont été certes réalisés, mais les sujets mobiles ont surtout revisité leur projet existentiel. Avant d’être un espace de formation professionnelle, la mobilité est un espace d’apprentissage de soi et de reconfiguration. Les lieux choisis ont participé à cette prise de conscience, ils correspondent au projet de soi construit durant l’expérience. Cette mise en évidence de la reconfiguration d’un nouveau rapport au monde et au-delà, d’un nouveau rapport à soi, au travers du retravail et de la représentation du lieu, offre également de nouvelles perspectives pour penser l’accompagnement des dispositifs de mobilité. / Erasmus post-apprentices studyIn speeches and actions of the European and French authorities, mobility of apprentices is promoted as a major economic and political issue. It would promote (it would develop) the development of intercultural and professional skills with a view to longlife training and integration into the European labor market. It’s strongly linked to the employment patterns of the next few years with “agility” and “plasticity” as key skills. If he is mobile and aware of the issues of his mobility, he would be able to develop a form of “self-entepreneurship” in a changing and uncertain world. Trained by mobility, he would fit to the expectations of a globalized economy. However, this equation is not evident. The experience of the apprentices’ mobility and the apprenticeships they have learned remain poorly known. This thesis analyzes the mobility of apprentices as a space of biographical transition and identity reconfiguration. It considers that mobility is a double movement: in time and space. It fits into life stories in interactionist perspective. It is theoretically appealing to the notion of modernity, to socialization and experiences a frame of proof, to constructions of identity and to the concept of transition. In order to grasp this new experience from the point of view of those who live it, research mobilizes a qualitative survey (etude au lieu de dispositive) based on interviews and drawings. The sample survey is composed of “post apprentices” that have lived a six-months-mobility. The drawings represented the places they lived in during their mobility. Different profiles appear according to the continuity-rupture movements which are exploited with the trade, the mobility or the formation. For all, however, mobility is a training period. Mobility is a space for self-learning and reconfiguration. This highlighting of the world’s report reconfiguration, and also of a new self-report, offers new perspectives for thinking about the accompaniment of mobility devices.

Through a national collection, the Swedish Police identify and classify vulnerable neighborhoods. Areas are assessed through police perceptions regarding high concentrations of certain problems and criminal activity, such as public acts of violence with risk of harming third parties, open drug markets and organised crime structures. The purpose of this study has been to see whether it is possible to statistically discover these neighborhoods based on socioeconomic and demographic data. Initially, in a national comparison, areas that are defined as vulnerable neighborhoods by the national collection, was compared with other areas in the country. This was done based on a statistical grid consisting of squares with the dimension of 250 x 250 meters, with each square holding information about socio-demographic data. The main aim has been to identify a statistical model that more objectively can identify squares that are vulnerable or not, compared to the police's more subjective assessment. Result from logistic regression analyses implies that vulnerable neighborhoods from the national collection show greater odds at having high concentrations of residents with foreign background, higher unemployment rates and more households with single parents. Lastly, the best fitted regression model for explaining these areas by the means of pseudo R2-value, were used to calculate a prediction value for each square. This value was then analysed using a GIS-software, to discover any areas that in the national collection was classified as vulnerable, but according to the model no longer met the criteria, and then vice versa. The overall result indicate that it is possible to discover areas with higher concentrations of certain characteristics seen in vulnerable neighborhoods, using spatial analyses and logistic regressions of micro-places, to more objectively classify these areas. By aggregating crime data, the result of this study can in the future mean a more effective implementation for police authorities.

This diploma thesis describes the fundamentals of the Android framework for the future development of mobile applications. The reader will be introduced to existing applications for the support of physically disabled people. It will also describe the design and implementation of a new mobile application, displaying information on selected buildings and giving the possibility of marking obstacles in the public space near the city centre of Brno. Finally, the principle of the chosen procedure of finding potentially barrier-free routes, during which the state of the obstacle database is taken into account, will be explained.

This diploma work analyzes the problems of unemployment in the district of Prostějov from 2003 till the end of the first half of 2007. It contains the structure analysis of unemployed people in relation to the lenght of unemployment, age and education. Next, the work drala with profiling of the problem groups and active policy of employment. There are suggestions of suitable measures, which should lead to reduction of the unemployment rate in the region.

This diploma work deals with the problem of unemployment in Opava district, where analyzes problem of unemployment in the years 2004 - 2007. The structure of the applicants of unemployment is described according to the sex, education, age and time of unemployment. This work includes proposed solution and measures that should lead to reducing the level of unemployment in this region.

I paint parks- places for trips, the terrains and spaces. I depict its structure, which is composed from various elements. I am interested in humane touch and movement and especially in their look. I am interested in the by human kind build environment or moved places. Moreover hove it influence humane being. Parks are places created for touch, for extraordinary feelings, for fulfill perceptions. Nevertheless I try to describe that sort of places and recreate them in my paintings.