The purpose of this study was to analyze for oral presentation a selected body of poetry by Langston Hughes. Because Hughes read his own poetry in lecture recitals throughout his career, which spanned more than four decades, it is appropriate that he be considered for such a study.

A linguagem científica é multimodal, isto é, faz uso de diversos modos de comunicação para desenvolvimento do conhecimento científico. Entre eles, e de particular interesse para esta pesquisa, se encontram as inscrições, as quais se encaixam nos modos visuais de comunicação e são as representações visuais materiais elaboradas inerentemente durante o fazer científico, tais como gráficos, fotografias, tabelas, equações, mapas, esquemas etc. Dada a importância das inscrições tanto para a comunicação científica, quanto para o ensino de ciências, e a sua forte presença em livros didáticos e na sala de aula, o fato de diversos estudantes apresentarem dificuldades no seu uso e interpretação chamou a atenção de alguns educadores, os quais têm voltado seus estudos para entender os fatores que interferem na produção de leituras adequadas de inscrições e elaboração de propostas que desenvolvam o letramento gráfico dos alunos. Este seria o conhecimento relativo para lidar com os modos visuais de comunicação, em especial as inscrições. Nessa perspectiva, o presente trabalho investiga a extensão do letramento gráfico de estudantes de Bacharelado em Química em uma disciplina de comunicação científica durante a realização de exposições orais produzidas a partir de artigos originais de pesquisa. As obras de Woff-Michael Roth e colaboradores foram adotadas como referencial teórico durante a análise, a qual se consistiu em: classificar as funções das inscrições na exposição oral em decorativa, ilustrativa ou complementar; descrever a produção de sentidos a partir das leituras de inscrições, utilizando um Modelo Semiótico de Leitura de Inscrições; e classificar os tipos de leituras de inscrições em leitura competente, transparente ou problemática. Observa-se que a produção de sentidos se relaciona com a função da inscrição, onde inscrições decorativas e ilustrativas requerem uma participação mais ativa da audiência. Já as complementares, dependem mais dos recursos semióticos disponibilizados pelo aluno expositor. A partir disso, a interpretação das inscrições pode ser descrita em termos de elementos e processos do Modelo, o que revela se o que foi disponibilizado era adequado ou não para a produção de sentidos. Em relação à extensão do letramento gráfico dos grupos investigados, um deles se encontra na dimensão analítica, na qual os alunos veem e utilizam as inscrições prioritariamente como dados científicos. É notável também o amplo contato com diversos tipos inscrições e o desenvolvimento de diversas habilidades relacionadas ao letramento gráfico. Os dois demais grupos, se encontram na dimensão elementar, na qual os alunos utilizam e veem as inscrições prioritariamente como ilustradores do conhecimento científico, com um o contato restrito com os diversos tipos de inscrição, assim como, desenvolvimento inadequado de habilidades relacionadas ao letramento gráfico e uma produção de sentidos que não revela o papel das inscrições para a ciência. A leitura competente foi predominante em todas as apresentações, o que era esperado e adequado, devido ao contexto e situação comunicativa da exposição oral. Foi possível ainda identificar um novo tipo de leitura de inscrições, denominada leitura competente inversa. Ademais, o trabalho contribui com o delineamento de ações que promovem o letramento gráfico e com aportes teóricos para a inclusão da discussão dessa temática nos cursos de formação docente. / Scientific language is multimodal, that is, it makes use of several modes of communication to develop scientific knowledge. Among them, and of particular interest for this research, are inscriptions, which fit into the visual modes of communication and are the material visual representations created inherently in scientific tasks, such as graphs, photographs, tables, equations, maps, schemes, etc. Given the importance of the inscriptions both for scientific communication and science teaching, as well as their strong presence in textbooks and the classroom, the fact that students find it difficult to use and interpret them has drawn the attention of educators, who have focused their studies on understanding the factors that interfere in producing adequate readings of inscriptions and drawing up proposals that develop students\' graphicacy. This would be the relative knowledge to deal with visual modes of communication, especially inscriptions. In this perspective, this study investigates the extent of Chemistry undergraduates\' graphicacy in a scientific communication course, while giving oral presentations produced from original research articles. Researches carried out by Wolff-Michael Roth et al was adopted as a theoretical reference during the analysis, which consisted of: classifying the functions of the inscriptions in oral presentations into decorative, illustrative or complementary; describing the production of meanings from the inscription readings using a Semiotic Model to the Reading of Inscriptions; and classifying types of inscription readings into competent, transparent, or problematic reading. It can be observed that the production of meanings is related to the function of the inscription, which decorative and illustrative inscriptions require a more active participation from the audience. The complementary ones depend more on the semiotic resources offered by the student giving the presentation. Based on this, interpreting the inscriptions can be described in terms of the elements and processes of the Model, which reveals whether or not what was made available was adequate for the production of meanings. Concerning the extent of the graphicacy of the groups investigated, one of them can be found in the analytical dimension, in which the students see and use the inscriptions as scientific data. It is worth mentioning the wide range of contact with several types of inscriptions and the development of various skills related to graphicacy. The other two groups are in the elementary dimension, in which the students use and see the inscriptions primarily as illustrators of scientific knowledge, having restricted contact with the various types of inscription. In this case, the development of few skills related to graphicacy and a production of meanings can be observed that does not reveal the role of inscriptions for science. Competent reading was predominant in all presentations, which was expected and appropriate due to the context and communicative nature of the oral presentation. A new type of reading for inscriptions was identified called reverse competent reading. In addition, this study contributes to designing actions that promote graphicacy, as well as theoretical contributions to include the discussion of this theme in teacher training courses.

The purpose of this study is to examine the teachings of rhetoric’s in schools, more specifically within the Swedish subject; furthermore it examines how Swedish teachers work with rhetoric in the Swedish subject on a practical basis. The study also highlights teachers' approaches to the curriculum for high school. The method I have used to conduct this study, have been to use interviews and inductive ethnography.   The teachers whom have been interviewed in my study have similar understandings of what oral presentations actually are, but their idea of what the term rhetoric stands for however differs. Teachers have received similar training in rhetoric; however, they have different experiences within it. This has contributed to the difference in teachers' approaches to rhetoric. However, teachers' education in rhetoric is not sufficiently comprehensive in relation to the requirements of the curriculum considering rhetoric. A reason to this is that neither rhetoric nor oral preparation has been a required subject in the education of the teachers. Many teachers have on their own studied rhetoric to complete the requirements of the curriculum.   Generally, these teachers work with rhetoric as independent parts of the Swedish subject. But there is a desire that rhetoric must also be integrated into other subjects. Thus, students will have more opportunities to come into contact with rhetoric and can translate the theory of rhetoric into practice in different contexts. Shared by all six teachers is the opinion that they work with rhetoric in a way that they attach both oral and written parts in rhetoric. Through various methods, exercises and facts, students can thus achieve a sense of self-confidence, which they could use when they speak to different audiences in different contexts. Students also become aware of the power of the spoken word. This also contributes to language learning and language development with the students.

In this study, we investigate pupils’ perceptions in Swedish 3 of the allocation of time of the Canons of Rhetoric when working with oral presentations. We also investigate which relations that exist between pupils’ perceptions of the allocation of time of the Canons of Rhetoric and perceptions of knowledge of the Canons of Rhetoric as well as perceptions of their oral presentation. The study was conducted via a questionnaire and carried out among 245 pupils. Raw data has been analysed to determine the descriptive statistics of the allocation of time of the Canons of Rhetoric and tests for statistical significance have been performed to determine the effects that the allocation of time has on pupils’ perceptions of their oral presentation. We have analysed our results by the use of the cognitive and the socio-cultural perspective. Results show that pupils feel that no phase is given sufficient time and that they believe the three first phases to be higher prioritised than the remaning phases. The amount of class hours is of importance to the perceived knowledge of the Canons of Rhetoric, how easy pupils find it creating a presentation, their sense of preparation and the perceived development as a speaker. Regarding response, emendatio, the time for teacher response does not show any significant correlation to pupils’ perceptions of their oral presentation. If peer response is given before presentations, it has a positive effect on pupils’ satisfaction with the presentation, but has otherwise no influence. In addition, teachers’ scaffolding seems to have a larger effect on pupils’ perceptions of their oral presentation than teacher and peer response. Finally, self-assessment occurs to a low extent and is shown to affect the knowledge of the Canons of Rhetoric and how easy it is creating a presentation in a positive manner.

The aim of this study was to take a closer look at attitudes concerning education using oral presentations as the main activity in Swedish language studies in a Swedish secondary school. To accomplish this, the study aimed to answer the following questions: • In what way do four groups of secondary school students talk about oral presentations in Swedish language studies? • Which preconceptions and attitudes to oral presentations do the student express? • Which discourses are actualized in the discussions and how are these constructed? Secondary school pupils were used as a primary source of knowledge here through the use of four semi-structured focus group discussions. Students were asked questions about their understanding of what the essence of oral presentations is, as well as their experiences, feelings and what expectations they felt were placed on them by their teachers. The material shows a discourse composed of a mixture of excitement and fear. The pupils attribute to the creative side to planning presentations and using esthetic or even electronic media to excitement but also express anxiousness regarding the permanence of spoken word and the stress of potentially making a fool of oneself in front of their peers.

The purpose of this study is to investigate student progression in oral presentations. During almost an entire academic year, the students have read the course Swedish 3. To be able to examine their development, their self-efficacy, attitudes and speech anxiety ub these situations are measured. Both general and gender-related developments are intended to be discerned, while the results of a parallel study form part of the study. The second study is made by abother student and examines exactly the same thinds as in this study, altough students who have read the course Rhetoric during the academic year. Thanks to this, a comparative study was akso made possible between the students who have read the respective course, ans this gives an insight into the impact of the courses on the students and their self-efficacy, attitudes and the speech anxiety for oral presentations.  The results regarding all the Swedish 3-student's self-efficacy, attitudes and speech anxiety showed that the students developed maginally in all three areas. Otherwise, from a static perspective, the results also showed that student's mental speech anxiety, ehich inculdes factors such as shaking, palpitations and redness. The gender-related result showed that women develop more than men, but that men's level is more static and is at a higher level from the beginning regarding the self-efficacy, the attitudes and the speech anxiety. This result alsp showed that women's speech anxiety us significanlty higher than men's and it also showed than women prefer to talk about personal things to a greater extent than men, although borh men and women seem to prefer to talk about more impersonal things during the course. Finally, the comparative study between Swedish 3 and rhetorical students showed that the rhetoric students self-efficacy regarding discussions in the classroom and the speech anxiety develops most, while Swedish 3 students attitudes to oral representations develop more than the rhetoric students. / Syftet med den här studien är att undersöka elevers progression inom muntliga framställningar. Eleverna har under nästan ett helt läsår läst kursen Svenska 3. För att kunna undersöka deras utveckling mäts deras självskattning, attityder och talängslan inför dessa situationer. Både en generell- och en genusrelaterad utveckling ämnas att skönjas, samtidigt som en parallell studies resultat utgör en del av studien. Den andra studien är gjord av en studiekamrat och undersöker exakt samma saker som i den här studien, fast på elever som under läsåret har läst kursen Retorik. Tack vare detta möjliggjordes även en komparativ studie mellan eleverna som har läst respektive kurs, och detta ger en insyn i kursernas inverkan på elevernas självskattning, attityder och talängslan inför muntliga framställningar. Resultatet gällande alla Svenska 3-elevernas självskattning, attityder och talängslan visade att eleverna utvecklades marginellt inom alla tre områden. I övrigt, utifrån ett statiskt perspektiv, visade resultatet också att elevernas mentala talängslan, som bland annat innefattar rädsla, oro och nervositet, är betydligt högre än den fysiska talängslan, som innefattar faktorer som skakningar, hjärtklappning och rodnad. Det genusrelaterade resultatet visade att kvinnor utvecklas mer än männen, men att männens nivå är mer statisk och ligger på en högre nivå från början gällande självskattningen, attityderna och talängslan. Detta resultat visade även att kvinnors talängslan är påtagligt högre än männens och det visade även att kvinnor föredrar att prata om personliga saker i större utsträckning än männen, även om både män och kvinnor under kursens gång verkar föredra att prata om mer opersonliga saker. Slutligen visade den komparativa studien mellan Svenska 3- och retorikeleverna att retorikelevernas självskattning gällande diskussioner i klassrummet och talängslan utvecklas mest, samtidigt som Svenska 3- elevernas attityder till muntliga framställningar utvecklas mer än retorikelevernas.

This study aims to understand how Swedish upper secondary school teachers adapt the teaching for students with speaking anxiety. The questions include which strategies and methods teachers use to help these students, which factors influence students' speaking anxiety, and what teachers believe that students with speaking anxiety need. The results were analyzed through qualitative interviews with teachers. The results show that the teachers use different strategies, but that several of them include common methods. A common strategy is for the students to speak in front of smaller groups and for the teachers to work on creating a sense of security in the classroom. These efforts are considered important to support students' oral presentation and reduce their anxiety about it. By using such strategies, teachers can effectively support students with a desire to speak in the Swedish subject at upper secondary school.

As a Portuguese language teaching professional, we have noticed the difficulty of High School students in using oral language appropriately in different formal communicative events which they are exposed to. Due to this fact, we have become interested in analyzing how the oral mode of the Portuguese language, in its standard school register, has been developed in High School. In order to elaborate this study, we have begun with the hypothesis that oral genres are not formally addressed in the educational context, especially in High School, since teachers do not have a theoretical and pedagogical approach to support their practice. If (and when) this occurs, there is no previous planning for its execution. Because of the variety and scope of oral genres in the school space, we have narrowly defined as a goal for this research to describe and analyze the application of oral presentations in the context of High School in two state high schools from the city of Patrocínio, state of Minas Gerais. Based on the collected corpus, we describe and analyze: (a) the conditions for production in which the students presentations occurred; (b) the internal construction of the presentations performed by them; (c) the mechanisms of textual articulation which are present in their oral production and (d) some non-verbal communication elements which are judged relevant for the understanding of the genre. The corpus was collected during two months, and is comprised of five presentations given in classes of Portuguese (Literature), Biology, Geography and Physics. The study was based principally on the theoretical perspective of Schneuwly & Dolz et al. (2004), Rojo (2000, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2007) and Marcuschi (1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005). We have found in our analysis that the genre oral presentation is not formally addressed in the classroom referring to form, probably because teachers regard verbosity only as a vehicle to conduct language. For these teachers, tasks with oral presentation had as a focus mainly content transmission. We have also verified that tasks with the oral modality of language are conducted with frequency in the classroom, but without pedagogical interventions related to the way in which students perform their oral presentations. When it comes to the teachers, we have noticed, through semi-structured interviews, that the majority are not aware of and view as new the possibility of teaching discursive genres. In this regard, they lack theoretical and pedagogical foundation. Nevertheless, they acknowledge this deficiency and are willing to welcome the application of the genre oral exposition as a new practice with their students. Therefore, this study may contribute not only for the teachers to recognize the relevance of oral presentation in the educational context and in the students social life, but also for them to develop a systematic set of tasks in the classroom, which may enable teachers to competently employ this genre in the several situations of formal communication. / Como profissional do ensino da Língua Portuguesa, percebemos a dificuldade dos alunos do Ensino Médio em utilizar adequadamente a língua oral nas diferentes situações comunicativas formais a que estão expostos. Em função disso, interessamo-nos em analisar de que forma a modalidade oral da Língua Portuguesa, na sua variedade padrão escolarizada, tem sido trabalhada no Ensino Médio. Para elaborar este estudo, partimos da hipótese de que os gêneros orais não são trabalhados formalmente no contexto escolar, em especial, no Ensino Médio, porque os professores não têm uma forma de abordagem que sustente sua prática. Se (e quando) isso ocorre, não há planejamento prévio para sua execução. Em decorrência da variedade e da abrangência dos gêneros orais no espaço escolar, delimitamos como objetivo desta pesquisa descrever e analisar a aplicação da exposição oral ao contexto do Ensino Médio em duas escolas estaduais de Ensino Médio da cidade de Patrocínio-MG. A partir do corpus coletado, descrevemos e analisamos: (a) as condições de produção em que ocorreram as exposições dos alunos; (b) a construção interna das exposições realizadas por eles; (c) os mecanismos de articulação textual presentes em suas produções orais e (d) alguns elementos não-verbais da comunicação julgados pertinentes para a compreensão do gênero. O corpus foi coletado durante dois meses, constou de cinco exposições apresentadas nas aulas de Língua Portuguesa (Literatura), Biologia, Geografia e Física. O estudo foi baseado, principalmente, na perspectiva teórica de Schneuwly & Dolz et al. (2004), Rojo (2000, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2007) e Marcuschi (1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005). Constatamos, nas análises, que o gênero exposição oral não é trabalhado formalmente na sala de aula, no que tange aos procedimentos formais, provavelmente porque os professores veem a oralidade apenas como um veículo condutor da linguagem. Para esses professores, o trabalho com a exposição oral teve como foco primordial a transmissão de um conteúdo. Verificamos, também, que o trabalho com a modalidade oral da língua é realizado com frequência em sala de aula, mas sem que se realizem intervenções didáticas em relação à forma pela qual os alunos apresentam as suas exposições orais. Com relação ao professores, observamos, pelas entrevistas semiestruturadas, que a maioria deles desconhece o trabalho com os gêneros discursivos, o que foi visto como novidade. A esse respeito, falta-lhes embasamento teórico e pedagógico. No entanto, eles têm conhecimento dessa defasagem e apresentaram-se receptivos ao trabalho e à possível aplicação do gênero exposição oral em seus trabalhos com os alunos. Sendo assim, este estudo pode contribuir para que os professores não só reconheçam a importância da exposição oral no contexto escolar e na vida social do aluno, mas também desenvolvam um trabalho sistemático em sala de aula, o que pode possibilitar aos discentes empregar esse gênero com competência nas diversas situações de comunicação formal. / Mestre em Estudos Linguísticos

Abstract In this study, we investigate pupils’ perceptions in Swedish 3 of the allocation of time of the Canons of Rhetoric when working with oral presentations. We also investigate which relations that exist between pupils’ perceptions of the allocation of time of the Canons of Rhetoric and perceptions of knowledge of the Canons of Rhetoric as well as perceptions of their oral presentation. The study was conducted via a questionnaire and carried out among 245 pupils. Raw data has been analysed to determine the descriptive statistics of the allocation of time of the Canons of Rhetoric and tests for statistical significance have been performed to determine the effects that the allocation of time has on pupils’ perceptions of their oral presentation. We have analysed our results by the use of the cognitive and the socio-cultural perspective. Results show that pupils feel that no phase is given sufficient time and that they believe the three first phases to be higher prioritised than the remaning phases. The amount of class hours is of importance to the perceived knowledge of the Canons of Rhetoric, how easy pupils find it creating a presentation, their sense of preparation and the perceived development as a speaker. Regarding response, emendatio, the time for teacher response does not show any significant correlation to pupils’ perceptions of their oral presentation. If peer response is given before presentations, it has a positive effect on pupils’ satisfaction with the presentation, but has otherwise no influence. In addition, teachers’ scaffolding seems to have a larger effect on pupils’ perceptions of their oral presentation than teacher and peer response. Finally, self-assessment occurs to a low extent and is shown to affect the knowledge of the Canons of Rhetoric and how easy it is creating a presentation in a positive manner.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur pedagoger arbetar med muntliga framställningar och retorik i årskurs 1-3. Detta valdes dels för att det fångade mitt intresse samt egna erfarenheter. Förhoppningar finns att jag efter detta arbete tillägnats mer kunskap kring muntliga framställningar och retorik och hur dessa kan användas som en naturlig del i undervisningen.  När det kommer till metoden för detta arbete valdes kvalitativa intervjuer. Anledningen till det är för att fokuset ska vara på pedagogen och dennes erfarenheter och tankar. Skulle fokus varit på att få fram faktabaserade svar hade valet istället fallit på kvantitativa intervjuer.  Resultatet av arbetet visade att retorik används i stor utsträckning i dagens skola, dock benämns det oftast inte som retorik utan det kallas istället för muntlig framställning. De flesta informanterna menar att syftet med att arbeta med muntlig framställning är att få eleverna att våga uttrycka sig. Något som även speglar delar av retoriken, både när det gäller att berätta något eller uttrycka sina åsikter. När det kommer till att beskriva själva arbetet ingår mycket diskussions- och samtalsövningar. När det kommer till intervjuernas resultat kontra vad forskningen tar upp finns det både olikheter och likheter. Dessa kommer redovisas i arbetets diskussionsdel. / The purpose of this study is to investigate how teachers work with oral representations and rhetoric in grades 1-3.This was chosen partly because it caught my interest and my own experience. Hopefully, after this work, I will have more knowledge about oral representation and rhetoric and how it can be used as a natural part of the teaching is given. When it comes to the method of this work, qualitative interviews were chosen. The reason for this is because the focus should be on the pedagogue and its experiences and thoughts. If the focus had been on obtaining fact-based responses, the choice instead had fallen on quantitative interviews. The results of the work showed that rhetoric is used to a large extent in today's school. However, it is usually not referred to as rhetoric, but it is instead called oral presentation. Most informants argue that the purpose of working with oral presentation is to make students dare to express themselves. Something that also reflects parts of rhetoric, both in terms of telling something or expressing their views. When it comes to describing the work itself, there are many discussion and conversation exercises. When it comes to the results of the interviews versus what the research addresses, there are both differences and similarities. These will be reported in the discussion section of the work.