La version intégrale de ce mémoire est disponible uniquement pour consultation individuelle à la Bibliothèque de musique de l’Université de Montréal (www.bib.umontreal.ca/MU). / Nous nous sommes ici intéressé à la médiation musicale en tant qu’activité professionnelle et comme outil pédagogique. Dans un premier temps, nous avons voulu mettre en lumière les principaux acteurs de ce phénomène en Allemagne, en France, en Grande-Bretagne, aux États-Unis et au Québec. Nous nous sommes également penché sur la réalité professionnelles de trois musicologues québécois s’adonnant régulièrement à des activités de médiation musicale : Pierre Vachon, Guy Marchand et Dujka Smoje. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons préparé cinq notes de programme et deux interventions orale pour cinq concerts donnés par des organismes musicaux montréalais : les Grands vents de Montréal, Clavecin en concert, Pentaèdre, Portmantô Ensemble et la Société de musique contemporaine du Québec. Ces notes de programme et interventions orales ont servi à tester auprès du public la pertinence de quatre modèles de médiation musicale que nous avons spécialement conçu pour l’occasion. Ces modèles portaient chacun sur une dimension particulière des œuvres commentées : leur sens (modèle A), leur structure (modèle B), leur réception historique (modèle C) et leur exécution (modèle D). Les réponses des 156 auditeurs, obtenues par le biais de questionnaires que nous avons distribué avant les prestations, ont révélé que les modèles B et C contribuèrent particulièrement à améliorer leur expérience esthétique. / The object of this study is to explore musical popularization as an activity and a pedagogical tool. In the first place, we identified the major figures in this field from Germany, France, Great Britain, the United States, and Quebec. We also interviewed three Quebec musicologists (Pierre Vachon, Guy Marchand and Dujka Smoje) in order to better understand their professional reality. In the second place, we prepared two oral presentations and wrote program notes for five concerts given by musical societies from Montreal, namely Les Grands vents de Montréal, Clavecin en concert, Pentaèdre, Portmantô Ensemble, and Société de musique contemporaine du Québec. The program notes and oral presentations were used to test the relevance of four musical popularization models especially conceived for this study. These models each addressed one particular dimension of the works: their meaning (model A), structure (model B), historical reception (model C), and execution (model D). The listeners’ answers to questionnaires that we distributed to them prior to the performance showed that models B and C were particularly effective in enhancing their aesthetic experience.

Syftet med detta självständiga arbete är att beskriva hur åtta lärare arbetar med elevers muntliga framställning. Arbetets fokus är att belysa vilka metoder och strategier dessa lärare använder, för att vägleda och stötta eleverna i processen kring muntlig framställning. Vilken inverkan klassrumsklimatets har på muntliga framställningar kommer att beröras i studien samt hur lärarna arbetar med det.   Utifrån syftet ställdes tre frågeställningar Hur arbetar lärarna med processen kring muntlig framställning? Vilka strategier arbetar lärarna med för att skapa ett gott klassrumsklimat? Hur arbetar lärarna med återkoppling? Uppsatsens resultat baseras utifrån intervjuer med åtta lärare, vid tre olika skolor på låg- och mellanstadiet. Intervju som metod har valts för att söka lärares uppfattningar kring arbetsprocessen med elevers muntliga framställning. Resultatet visar en skillnad mellan de lärare som har kunskap inom retorik och dess arbetsmetoder, jämfört med de lärare som saknar den kunskapen. Elever till lärare som arbetar medvetet med muntliga framställningar undervisas i strategier och tekniker för hur de kan gå tillväga. Det visar sig att de på skoltid får stöd av läraren under hela processen, från förberedelse till genomförande, vilket bidrar till ökat självförtroende. Elever, vars lärare inte arbetar medvetet med muntliga framställningar, lämnas ofta åt sig själva i förberedelsen, i skolan eller i hemmet. Denna uppsats belyser vikten av att arbeta medvetet och strukturerat med elevers muntliga framställning, från förberedelse till genomförande och efterarbete. / The purpose of this independent work is to describe how eight teachers work with pupils oral presentations. Focus of the study is to illustrate teachers’ working methods and strategies, to guide and support pupils throughout the process. The classroom climate´s effect on oral presentations and how teachers work with it, will also be clarified in this study. Based on the purpose of this work, three questions were asked: How do teachers work with the process of oral presentation? What strategies are used by the teachers to create a good classroom climate?How do teachers provide feedback? I conducted the survey based on interviews as a method. I interviewed eight teachers at three different schools, to seek their opinions about how they work with the process of oral presentation. The result shows a difference between teachers having knowledge of rhetorics and its working methods, as compared to teachers who lack the knowledge. Pupils whose teachers work consciously with oral presentations are taught strategies and techniques. It turns out that they are supported by the teacher throughout the process, from preparation to implementation, which contributes to increased self-confidence. Pupils, whose teachers do not consciously work with oral presentations, are often left alone in the preparatory work, at school or at home. This independent work highlights the importance of working consciously and systematically with pupils’ oral presentation, from preparation to implematation and post-production.

In my study I will examine how students in grades 4-6 experience oral presentations, howteachers understand the students´ experiences and which factors they think affect these experiences.Finally I will look at how teachers teach about oral presentation and what adjustmentsthey make in relation to the studens´needs.I have used questionnaire forms that includes both multiple choice answers and open questions.These questionnaire forms have been given out to 36 students in grades 4, 5 and 6 attwo different schools. I have also had one on one interviews with three teachers who teachSwedish in grades 4-6.The results shows that the majority of the participating students experience negative feelingsconnected to oral presentations. The other participating students felt positive or neural aboutoral presentations. The factors that affects the experience of oral presentations for students´according to my study is: students´ earlier experiences, the class climate, how the audience actduring the presentation and how much time and teaching time is being directed towards thetools that students need to make a good presentation. The teachers teach in different ways buthave some elements in common. They all use examples to show good and bad presentations,then let the students practice different presentation skills and they try to give all the studentspractice in talking in front of the class as often as possible. The teachers make adjustments bytelling the students that many people find oral presentations challenging but with practice youcan feel better about this. They also make adjustments in how many and which people someof the students have to make the presentations in front of. The teachers worked with the wholeclass about how you are a good audience. / Min studie har som syfte att undersöka hur elever upplever muntliga redovisningar. Hur lärare uppfattar elevers upplevelser av muntliga redovisningar, vilka faktorer som påverkar deras upplevelser samt hur lärarna undervisar och anpassar sin undervisning till elevernas behov. Jag har använt mig av enkäter med flervalsfrågor där deltagarna hade möjlighet att ge egna kommentarer. Dessa enkäter har jag delat ut till 36 elever i årskurserna 4-6 på två olika skolor. Jag har också haft enskilda intervjuer med tre lärare. Resultaten från studien visar att majoriteten av eleverna upplever negativa känslor kopplade till muntliga redovisningar. Resterande upplever dem som positiva eller okej. Lärarna bekräf- tar detta genom sina iakttagelser. De faktorer som lärarna anser påverka eleverna upplevelser är elevernas tidigare erfarenheter, klassklimatet, hur åhörarna beter sig under redovisningarna samt hur mycket tid och undervisning som läggs på verktygen som behövs för att genomföra en bra redovisning. Lärarna arbetar olika, men några gemensamma nämnare är att visa visu- ella exempel på bra och mindre bra redovisningar, att träna olika delar och att stegvis bygga upp elevernas kunskaper. Anpassningarna som görs är bland annat att medvetandegöra elever om att många tycker att detta är jobbigt, anpassa gruppen som lyssnar eller låta eleven göra redovisningen för bara läraren. Vidare arbetar lärarna mycket med hela klassen om hur man är en bra och respektfull publik. Sammanfattningsvis görs vissa anpassningar för hela gruppen och andra görs på individnivå.

Based on the democratic values that the Swedish curriculum wants to mediate, the aim of thisstudy is to investigate what support pupils with speech anxiety receive and wishes to receivein grade 4-6. This study is a multi-method research - a research that combines qualitative andquantitative methods within the same project. The qualitative method is used to answer thefirst two research questions directed at the teachers. These are “How do three teachers planthe oral parts considering pupils with speech anxiety?” and “What kind of support isparticularly favorable according to the teacher's experience?” The quantitative method is usedto answer the last research question addressed to pupils which is “What support do theteachers’ pupils want if they have speech anxiety?” The theoretical framework used for this study is Pauline Gibbons' understanding of theconcept scaffolding which was originally founded by Lev Vygotsky and is a branch of hissociocultural theory. The results of this study show that some teaching methods andadaptations are particularly effective. These include: language development strategies, givingpupils time for preparation and to practice at home/with friends, present orally only for theteacher or a small group, join the group that presents without speaking, have a friend standingwith them at presentations, record a video as an alternative and to plan oral sub-goals in thedevelopment talks. Another key part is the teacher's behavior towards and relationship withthe pupils, which can play a crucial role in their development. Pupils with speech anxiety tendto not tell the teacher about it unless they have a good relationship, which can lead to notgetting the help that they need. The classroom climate is also addressed as an importantaspect. Overall, the teachers and pupils agree on which support is most successful. Theconclusion of this study is that pupils with speech anxiety performs better in environmentsthey experience as safe and with people they feel safe with.

En los programas de pregrado de Traducción e Interpretación, el inicio en la interpretación puede resultar intimidante para algunos alumnos. En el Perú, dichos programas incluyen la enseñanza del inglés. En el contexto del aula de ILE, las presentaciones orales promueven la habilidad de los estudiantes de utilizar la lengua para comunicarse de manera eficaz y los aprendices emplean estrategias que los ayudan a lograr dicho objetivo. Asimismo, las presentaciones orales son un componente importante en la formación de intérpretes. El presente estudio explora las estrategias empleadas por un grupo de estudiantes de pregrado para la preparación y realización de una presentación oral de manera exitosa en un aula de ILE e identifica aquellas estrategias que podrían facilitar su desempeño al inicio de su formación en interpretación. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas para recopilar información sobre las estrategias que utilizaron los estudiantes para cumplir la tarea de aprendizaje y se identificaron tres estrategias que los ayudaron a comprender, recordar y comunicar la información relevante de manera eficaz. Los resultados del estudio indican que realizar una investigación pertinente, organizar la información y gestionar las emociones de manera eficaz podrían ayudar a los participantes a desarrollar las habilidades cognitivas y comunicativas que requiere la interpretación. / Students in undergraduate Translation and Interpreting programmes may find initiation to interpreting intimidating. In Peru, these programmes include English language enhancement courses. In EFL classrooms, oral presentations promote the development of students’ ability to use the language to communicate effectively and students use strategies that help them achieve this goal. Oral presentations are also an important component in interpreter training. This study explores the strategies used by a group of undergraduate interpreting students to prepare and deliver an oral presentation successfully in an EFL course and identifies the strategies that might facilitate their good performance at the beginning of their interpreter training. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect data about the strategies used by the participants to complete the learning task and three strategies which helped them to understand, remember and communicate relevant information effectively were identified. The results of the research show that conducting relevant research, organizing information, and managing emotions effectively might help participants develop the cognitive and communication skills required for interpreting. / Tesis

Selma Lagerlöf (1858-1940) is to many a known writer, a member of the Swedish Academy and a Nobel prize winner in literature. Her life has been studied and is well documented both by herself and others mainly from a literary point of view. We know that she spent time as a teacher in the southern swedish city of Landskrona (1885-1891). A missing piece in the study of the life of Selma Lagerlöf has been of how she was as a teacher in the society in the late 1880’s, written from the perspective of a teacher. The aim of this study has been to seek a deeper knowledge about Selma Lagerlöf as a teacher and the pedagogical means of her teaching, as well as the society that she was a member of. The different parts of Selma Lagerlöfs life, the actions and her words may contribute to the aiming result as a holistic view. The following overarching questions have been used in the study:  How is Selma Lagerlöf described as a student at the School of Education? (in swedish: Högre Lärarinneseminariet). Who may have contributed to her role as a teacher? What was the spirit of the times connected to Selma Lagerlöf at the School of Education? What factors may have influenced her as a person and a teacher? How is Selma Lagerlöf described as a teacher/educator? How are her pedagogical means expressed? How is Selma Lagerlöf described as a teacher by her students? A hermeneutical perspective has been used as a method and a theory, mainly as explained by the philosopher Dilthey. The analysed literature includes adequate texts, books and articles and the found details are woven into a full picture together with the foundation of context. When writing the biography of a person as well known as Selma Lagerlöf there is a need to balance the sense of her presence making certain to keep an, at the same time, ethical, respectful and critical attitude towards her. As working with the study, also a context is surfaced and by the context it is possible to understand the details. The person and her ideas have been studied by sympathetic empathy and understanding, to see the person not as dead, but as a person who once lived and is still inspiring. A conclusion can be made that Selma Lagerlöf was a teacher with a compassionate and methodological way of teaching. The findings to the overarching questions in the aim may guide us through the pedagogical ideas of the person who was forced by economic and social reasons to work as a teacher. She enjoyed giving lessons which made the eyes of the students glow of interest. A method using compassion and trust between educator and pupils leads to pleasurable learning. It also leads to a foundation for the responsibility of all citizens' upbringing and education in a democratic society, a pedagogical perspective known from the philosopher and educator Pestalozzi, a responsibility also relevant to the education of today.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:25:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4743.pdf: 1215681 bytes, checksum: 4422300d0b07c05dd1bfa96d9f3767ac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-16 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The seminar, a discursive activity predominantly oral and a literacy practice, is a genre of discourse usually used in the academic community as a method of student assessment, which receives peculiar shapes, according to the area of knowledge that it takes place. In this context, first-year university students often participate in this activity intuitively. Based on the social-interactionist and socio-rhetorical language studies, and through qualitative research method we followed the oral presentations of new incoming undergraduate students, who belong to three distinct areas of knowledge (Agricultural Science, Exact Science and Humanities Science) of a public university in the State of São Paulo, with the purpose of examining how university students acquire the discursive seminar gender. By the analysis of audio and image recordings of the students‟ presentations, semi-structured interviews withteachers, field notes and journal, we concluded that students acquire this discursive activity based on oral presentations previously known or following other literacies practices presented in the academic context. / O seminário, atividade discursiva preponderantemente oral e prática letrada, é um gênero do discurso usualmente empregado na comunidade acadêmica brasileira como método de avaliação estudantil e que assume formatos peculiares, de acordo com a área do saber em que se realiza. Nesse contexto, estudantes recém-ingressos na universidade muitas vezes participam dessa atividade de forma intuitiva. Com base nos estudos linguísticos sociointeracionistas e sociorretóricos, e por meio do método de pesquisa qualitativo acompanhamos apresentações expositivas de estudantes recém-ingressos na academia, pertencentes a três áreas distintas do saber (Ciências Agrárias, Exatas e Humanas) de uma universidade pública do interior paulista, com o objetivo de analisar de que modo esses universitários de apropriam do gênero seminário. Mediante a análise de gravações de áudio e imagem de apresentações realizadas pelos estudantes, entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas com professores, notas e diário de campo, concluímos que os estudantes se apropriam de tal atividade discursiva, baseando-se em práticas letradas de exposição oral por eles conhecidas ou pautando-se em gêneros presentes no contexto acadêmico.

Studiens syfte är att jämföra sex grundskollärares förberedelsearbete inför muntlig framställning i svenskämnet. Studien tar sin teoretiska utgångspunkt i det sociokulturella perspektivet på lärande, där begreppen proximal utvecklingszon och stöttning är centrala. Den metod som användes vid insamling av studiens material var kvalitativ forskningsintervju. Materialet analyserades sedan med hjälp av innehållsanalys. Resultatet visar att lärare ser förberedelsearbete inför muntlig framställning som betydelsefullt men att fokus främst läggs på genomförandet. Det förberedelsearbete som sker visarsig oftast organiseras i helklass och individuell förberedelse begränsas på grund av tidsbrist. Resultatet visar även att lärare anser det goda klassrumsklimatet som gynnsamt för elever inför en muntlig framställning och att det därför fokuseras mycket på skapandet av ett sådant. Slutsatserna av studien är att lärare bör prioritera ett noggrant och väl anpassat förberedelsearbete och erbjuda eleverna individuell stöttning inför muntlig framställning. Ytterligare slutsatser är att lärare behöver arbeta kontinuerligt för att skapa relationer och upprätthålla ett gynnsamt klassrumsklimat för att främja elevers säkerhet inför momentet.