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« La más dificultosa y trabajosa de todas las demás » : l’ambassade d’Espagne à Rome sous Philippe III (1598-1621) Rome, centre spirituel de la chrétienté, capitale diplomatique de l’Europe, était d’une importance cruciale pour la Monarchie Catholique. Cette thèse est consacrée à l’étude de la représentation diplomatique de l’Espagne à Rome durant une période singulière à plusieurs égards. Le règne de Philippe III correspond en effet à un renouveau de la présence française à Rome, capable de rivaliser, après la fin des guerres de religion, avec la puissance espagnole. Le monarque inaugura, en outre, un nouveau type de gouvernement avec l’émergence d’un favori tout puissant, le valido, auquel il consentait à déléguer une grande partie de son pouvoir. Enfin, ce règne est caractérisé par l’instauration d’une période de paix, connue sous le nom de Pax Hispanica, par laquelle Philippe III mit fin aux conflits ouverts que son prédécesseur avait engagés avec l’Angleterre et avec les Pays-Bas, tandis qu’il devait mettre en application la paix de Vervins signée avec la France peu avant son accession au trône. Ce travail s’attache à analyser de quelle façon ces circonstances affectèrent la pratique diplomatique de l’Espagne à Rome et dans quelle mesure le Saint-Siège intervint dans le maintien de la paix en Europe. Il s’agit de pénétrer au cœur même de l’ambassade d’Espagne près le Saint-Siège pour en comprendre, dans un premier temps, le fonctionnement, dans ses aspects institutionnels et matériels. Cette analyse permet d’appréhender la multiplicité des figures de la représentation espagnole à Rome parmi lesquelles se distingue celle, encore mal connue, du cardinal protecteur du royaume de Castille. En s’intéressant à l’activité des six ambassadeurs ordinaires du monarque, ce travail met aussi en évidence leurs réseaux de renseignement et de clientèle et les stratégies déployées par chacun d’entre eux pour faire valoir les intérêts de l’Espagne et consolider la faction espagnole du Sacré Collège. Cette thèse contribue enfin à mettre en lumière l’articulation entre les objectifs internationaux de la monarchie espagnole et ceux du Saint-Siège durant la période singulière de la Pax Hispanica. / « La más dificultosa y trabajosa de todas las demás »: the Spanish Embassy in Rome in the reign of Philip III of Spain (1598-1621) Rome, spiritual centre of Christianity, modern Europe’s diplomatic capital, was crucial for the Catholic Monarchy. This thesis studies the Spanish diplomatic representation in Rome during this very specific period, in several aspects. The reign of Philip III of Spain matches with a charismatic renewal of the French presence in Rome, its capacity to compete with the Spanish power after the end of Wars of Religion. This reign will indeed usher in a new type of government thanks to the emergence of a powerful favourite, the valido. The monarch will agree to delegate him most of his power. Eventually, this period’s characteristic is the instauration of a peaceful period, known as Pax Hispanica, through which Philip III will end the conflicts its predecessor had opened with England and the Netherlands, whereas he must implement the Peace of Vervins he had signed with France before he sat on the throne. This thesis is focused on the analysis of the impact of such circumstances on the Spanish diplomacy in Rome and explains how the Holy See intervened in maintaining peace in Europe. This thesis accesses the Spanish Embassy close to the Holy See in order to understand how it works, its institutional aspects and materials. This analysis enables to understand the Spanish multiplicity of represented figures in Rome, among which we can distinguish, though very quite unknown, the Cardinal Protector of Castille Kingdom. Focusing on the activity of the six ordinary Ambassadors of the Monarch, this work highlights its information and clientele networks, and the strategies implemented to enforce Spain’s interests and to strengthen the Spanish faction of the College. Eventually, this thesis contributes to highlight the difference between the Spanish and Holy See international intentions during the specific period of Pax Hispanica.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:20:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gilvaldo Mendes Ribeiro.pdf: 445996 bytes, checksum: bc8cf4a48755c6beeb9ecb867d1ad747 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This dissertation investigates the narrative of the apocalyptic vision found in Ap 13,1-18. Its starting point is a question about the reality which influenced the author at the time of writing by using baffling language. The hypothesis is that John s Apocalypse which is an important source of the experiences of primitive Christianity at the end of the first century offers a strong criticism of the demands of adoration offered to the Roman authorities by means of the Imperial Cult. The images of the beasts described in Ap 13,1-18 express this theme by using provocative language grounded in the force of the word and mythical tradition of the Ancient Near East. In this way, the author demonizes and stigmatizes the expressions of official religion that treat the governors as divine beings as well as the promoters of the Imperial Cult in Asia Minor.(AU) / Esta dissertação investiga a narrativa de visão apocalíptica encontrada em Ap 13,1-18. Ela parte da pergunta sobre a realidade que influenciou o autor no momento da composição, utilizando-se, assim, de uma linguagem provocativa. Nossa hipótese indica que o Apocalipse de João, importante fonte das experiências do Cristianismo primitivo no final do primeiro século, proporciona uma dura crítica às exigências de adoração dirigidas às autoridades romanas através do Culto Imperial. As imagens das bestas descritas em Ap 13,1-18 expressam este tema através de uma linguagem provocativa, fundamentada na força da palavra e na tradição do mito do antagonista encontrado no Antigo Oriente Próximo. Neste sentido, acreditamos que o autor demoniza e estigmatiza as expressões da religião oficial, as quais tratam os governantes como seres divinos, e os promotores do Culto Imperial na região da Ásia Menor.(AU)

Besättning ombord ro-pax-fartyg ansvarar för lastning och lossning när fartygen ligger ihamn. Lasten består till mestadels av lastbilar som körs ombord av lastbilschaufförer. Rederier har tidigare bjudit dessa yrkeschaufförer på gratis alkohol ombord och det har förekommit berusade lastbilschaufförer under lastning och lossning vid ett flertal tillfällen. Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur fartygsbefäl och matroser ombord påro-pax-fartyg upplever att arbetsmiljön på bildäck påverkas, under lastning ochlossning, med avseende på misstänkt berusade chaufförer. Arbetet har således gått ut på att undersöka hur fartygsbefäl och matroser upplever att den personliga säkerhetenpåverkas av misstänkt berusade chaufförer samt undersöka vilka skillnader det finns ombord gällande arbetsmiljö på olika ro-pax-fartyg. De relevanta regelverken,förordningar, lagar och tidigare forskning framställdes och analyserades med en kvalitativ ansats. Utifrån analysen av teorin arbetades en intervjuguide fram somanvändes till intervjuer med fartygsbefäl och matroser som arbetar på ro-pax-fartyg. Resultatet visar att misstänkt berusade chaufförers närvaro på bildäck påverkar besättningen i olika omfattning. Generellt upplevs de berusade chaufförerna som en riskhöjande faktor som kan leda till last- och personskada under lastning och lossning.

L’apparition de l’image du Mongol dans les peintures italiennes est un phénomène particulier et marginal aux XIIIe et XIVe siècles. Notre thèse s’interroge et analyse comment les artistes représentent cette nouvelle image de l’autre, si étrangère et siimpensable, et considère la formation et la transformation des images dans différents contextes. L’image du Mongol s’inscrit dans l’histoire transculturelle qui correspond à la période de la Pax Mongolica s’étendant entre 1250 et 1350. Après la conquête mongole, l’Empire mongol construisit une période de paix dans le vaste territoire de l’Eurasie. L’autorité mongole fit un grand effort pour faciliter les routes commerciales, elle construisit un réseau de routes qui permit aux marchands, ambassadeurs et missionnaires de circuler facilement entre l’Europe et l’Asie. A partir de ce moment, les figures mongoles, comme image d’altérité, pénètrent, d’une manière anachronique, dans les narrations évangéliques, comme l’Adoration des mages, la Crucifixion, la Pentecôte et la Résurrection. Elles ne jouent pas toujours un rôle péjoratif, mais changent leur image selon les contextes et les moments : elles ont été représentées comme Gog et Magog à la fin des temps, soldat partageant la tunique du Christ, spectateur et témoin devant le martyr et la Crucifixion, et rois orientaux adorant l’enfant Jésus. Tout cela constitue, dans une certaine mesure, une image oscillatoire qui crée une tension entre la terreur et l’espoir. Notre thèse tente de penser cette complexité du contexte dans la représentation de la figure mongole et dans ce processus, de démontrer comment l’image donne, à son tour, une visibilité des mentalités de la fin du Moyen Âge. / The appearance of Mongol images in Italian paintings is a particular and marginal phenomenon in the late 13th and 14th centuries. My thesis examines and analyses how artists represent this new image of the Other, so foreign and so unthinkable, and considers the formation and transformation of images in different contexts. The Mongol image inscribed in a transcultural history corresponds to the period of the Pax Mongolica between 1250 and 1350. After the Mongol conquest, the Mongol Empire built a period of peace in the vast territory of the Eurasia. The Mongolian authority made a great effort to facilitate the trade routes, and built a network of roads that allowed merchants, ambassadors and missionaries to circulate easily between Europe and Asia. From this moment, the Mongol image, as an image of otherness, penetrates into evangelical narrations in an anachronistic way, such as the Adoration of the Magi, the Crucifixion, Pentecost and the Resurrection. The role of Mongol is not univocally negative. It changes according to the moments and contexts: they were represented as Gog and Magog at the end of time; as soldier dividing the tunic of Christ; as spectator and witness watching the crucifixion or martyrdom scenes; as oriental kings worshiping the newborn Christ-child. All of this constitute, to some extent, an oscillating image that creates a tension between terror and hope. My thesis aims to consider the complexity of the context in the representation of the Mongol image and to demonstrate how, in this process, the image gives, in turn, a visibility of the mentalities of the end of the Middle Ages.

The EU has set up the target of cutting GHG emissions by at least 55% by 2030 and becoming climateneutral by 2050. Accordingly, the IMO has launched initiatives to reduce CO2 emissions per transportwork by at least 40% by 2030, however the CO2 emissions generated from the ferry operations arecontinuously increasing. Although the research focussing on carbon emission reduction technology isgrowing as well, the emission allocation, the prerequisite for emission measuring and reporting as wellas evaluating emission reduction effects, is still an area that hasn’t been explored in depth especiallyfor the ferry industry. This study explores and evaluates the way of allocating CO2 emissions betweenthe passenger and freight for Ro-Pax ferry. Firstly, the emission allocation methods from differentsectors and modes of transportation have been reviewed, revised and developed into the allocationmethods suitable for Ro-Pax transport. Afterwards, the case study of ferry companies with part or all ofthe routes in the Baltic Sea has been carried out to compare and evaluate the performance of differentemission allocation methods. The study suggests that the weight allocation method has the tendencyto assign large amounts of carbon emissions to the freight, while the passenger accounts for moreemissions when applying area, volume and alternative production methods. Furthermore, the practiceshows that foot passengers could contribute to CO2 emission reduction by choosing ferry travel insteadof the airplane, and the car passengers could generate less CO2 emission by sharing the car withothers. The study provides valuable insights for decision makers, standard setters and ferry companies,and could be the solid groundwork for further research on carbon emission allocation for other transportmodes or deeper exploration of a specific allocation method. / EU har satt upp målet att begränsa ökningen av växthusgasutsläpp till 2030 och IMO har lanseratinitiativ för att leda minskningen av växthusgasutsläpp, men de växthusgasutsläpp som genereras frånfärjetrafiken ökar kontinuerligt. Även om forskningen som fokuserar på teknik och åtgärder för attminska utsläppen av växthusgaser också växer, är utsläppsallokering, grunden för utsläppsminskning,fortfarande ett område som inte har utforskats på djupet, särskilt inte för färjeindustrin. I denna studieundersöks en lämplig metod för att fördela växthusgasutsläpp mellan passagerare och gods för Ro-Pax-färjor. För det första har utsläppsallokeringsmetoder från olika sektorer och transportsätt granskats,reviderats och utvecklats till allokeringsmetoder som är lämpliga för Ro-Pax-transporter. Därefter haren fallstudie av färjerederier med en del av eller alla rutter i Östersjön genomförts för att jämföra ochutvärdera prestandan hos olika utsläppsallokeringsmetoder. Studien visar att viktfördelningsmetodenhar en tendens att tilldela stora mängder koldioxidutsläpp till frakten, medan passagerarna står för merutsläpp när man tillämpar yta, volym och alternativa produktionsmetoder. Dessutom visar praxis attfotpassagerare kan bidra till minskade växthusgasutsläpp genom att välja färja istället för flygplan, ochbilpassagerare kan generera mindre växthusgasutsläpp genom att dela bilen med andra. Studien gervärdefulla insikter för beslutsfattare, standardsättare och färjerederier, och kan utgöra en solid grundför vidare forskning om fördelning av växthusgasutsläpp för andra transportsätt eller djupare utforskningav en specifik fördelningsmetod.

Syftet med denna studie är att forska i hur olika rederier och besättningar förhåller sig till avsaknaden av regelverk gällande transport av fordon med litiumjonbatterier. Tidigare forskning visar att bränder i litiumjonbatterier skiljer sig från bränder i konventionella bilar då det finns risk för att termisk rusning initieras i cellerna vilket medför att återantändningsrisken är stor och branden svårsläckt med begränsade mängder vatten. Metoden som har använts är semistrukturerade intervjuer i syfte att få en dialog med välutvecklade svar mellan respondenten och forskarna genom en intervjuguide. En rederirepresentant och en befälhavare från tre olika ro-ro rederier som vartdera trafikerar tre olika fartområden intervjuades. Resultatet visar att det råder delade meningar från branschen om regelverk och risken med att transportera elbilar beroende på vilket fartområde och typ av ro-ro fartyg som transporten bedrivs på. Fortsatt forskning inom effektiva släckmetoder med fokus på släckning av elbilar ombord på ro-ro fartyg rekommenderas. / The purpose of this study is to research how different shipping companies and crews relate to the absence of regulations. Previous research shows that fires in lithium-ion batteries differ from fires in conventional cars because there is a risk of thermal runaway being initiated in the cells, which means that the risk of re-ignition is high, and the fire is difficult to extinguish with limited amounts of water. The method used is a semi-structured interview aimed at creating a dialogue with well-developed responses between the respondent and the researchers through an interview guide. A shipping company representative and a captain from three different ro-ro shipping companies with three different trafficked zones were interviewed. The results show that there are differing opinions within the industry regarding regulations and the risk of transporting electric cars depending on the speed range and type of ro-ro vessel used for transportation. More research on how to effectively extinguish fires in electric cars onboard ro-ro ships is recommended.

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Thesis advisor: David Hollenbach / Transnational Catholic nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) are among the most active agents in the promotion of the global common good as they seek to overcome the structures of sin that divide the human family. This dissertation investigates the theological and ethical significance of Catholic NGOs by developing a critical framework that uncovers the relationship between these organizations and the church's mission. Part One considers the global context and theoretical foundations of Catholic NGO action by examining social scientific literature (Chapter One) and modern Catholic teaching on the relationship between mission and justice (Chapter Two). Part Two places the theoretical foundations into dialogue with two case studies--the International Movement of Catholic Students-Pax Romana (Chapter Three) and the Jesuit Refugee Service (Chapter Four). This critical investigation of both theory and praxis illuminates several missiological, pneumatological, and ethical conclusions that are addressed in the final part (Chapter Five). This dissertation asserts three conclusions regarding the theological signifigance of Catholic NGOs. First, in contrast to some interpretations of the role of the church in the world, the actions of Catholic NGOs for the global common good are an integral part of the church's mission. Second, these organizations can be described as structures of grace as they embody charity and charism in their efforts to overcome the divisive effects of structural sin. Finally, a more robust awareness of the theological dimensions of their work can aid these and other organizations respond more effectively and ethically to the demands of the global common good today. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2013. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Theology.

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