Background: Participation is a fundamental concept within healthcare. Specifically vulnerable are patients who are about to undergo surgical procedures. The environment and care within a surgical ward, which is of a highly technogical nature, puts large demands on efforts to create participation for the patient. Aim: The purpose of this research was to investigate how the staff created participation in the care of the patients from when they arrived at the surgery unit until general anesthesia was conducted. Methods: A qualitative observational study was chosen to investigate the aim of the study. A total of twelve observations were performed. Data was collected with field notes and analyzed with qualitative content analysis. Results: The results consisted of four main themes; Participation through information, participation through fellowship, participation through encouragement and unestablished or lacking participation. Information were given to make the care and circumstances meaningful and comprehensible. The staff confirmed the patients’ needs and feelings in order to establish a fellowship. Encouraging the patient to use their own knowledge, experiences and physical resources also helped them to participate in their care. Conclusions: Information and fellowship were the dominating factors behind creating participation for the patient in their stay at the surgery unit. More time for planning and preparation before the patient arrives at the surgery unit will help optimize the patients participation until general anesthesia has been conducted / Bakgrund: Delaktighet är ett grundläggande begrepp inom sjukvården. Särskilt utsatta är patienter som ska genomgå kirurgiska ingrepp. Vården och miljön på en operationsavdelning är av en i hög grad teknologisk natur, vilken sätter stora krav i arbetet med att skapa delaktighet för patienten. Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka hur vårdpersonalen skapade delaktighet i omvårdnaden av patienter från mottagandet på operationsavdelningen, tills generell anestesi inletts. Metod: En kvalitativ observationsstudie genomfördes för att svara på studiens syfte.Totalt genomfördes tolv observationer. Datainsamlingen gjordes med fältanteckningar och analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Resultatet delades in i fyra huvudkategorier; delaktighet genom information, delaktighet genom gemenskap, delaktighet genom uppmuntran och utebliven delaktighet. Patienterna fick information för att göra vården och dess omständigheter meningsfull och förståelig. Vårdpersonalen bekräftade patienternas behov och känslor i syfte att skapa gemenskap. Patienterna uppmuntrades att använda sina egna kunskaper, erfarenheter och fysiska resurser vilket hjälpte dem att vara delaktiga i sin vård. Slutsats: Resultatet i studien visar hur delaktighet för patienten kan skapas på en operationsavdelning innan generell anestesi inletts. Information och gemenskap var de främsta faktorerna i att skapa delaktighet i en högteknologisk miljö som kan vara svår att begripa. För att förbättra patienternas delaktighet i det perioperativa skedet kan tid för förberedelser och planering utökas för att inte försätta vårdpersonalen i intern konflikt mellan olika lojaliteter.

Bakgrund: Regional anestesi innebär att patienten är vaken men bedövad under det kirurgiska ingreppet. Detta blir allt vanligare då metoden innebär flertalet fördelar, både medicinsk och ur ett patientperspektiv. Det är anestesisjuksköterskans uppgift att se till att patienten känner sig trygg under det kirurgiska ingreppet. Tidigare forskning visar på att sjuksköterskan under regional anestesi bör vara närvarande, engagerad och hela tiden ha kontakt med patienten. Genom att aktivt lyssna och kommunicera samt ge god information uppnås en bra kontakt.   Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka patientens perioperativa upplevelse vid regional anestesi.   Metod: För denna studie valdes en kvalitativ inriktning med deskriptiv ansats. Ett lämplighetsurval gjordes på en ortopedavdelning med patienter som genomgått en operation i regional anestesi. Tio patienter inkluderades i studien. Semistrukturerade intervjuer med delvis öppna frågor användes. Intervjuerna analyserades med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys.   Resultat: Analysen resulterade i fyra teman samt sex kategorier. Dessa teman var; Att uppleva negativa känslor, Preoperativa tankar, Perioperativ kommunikation samt professionellt bemötande. Kategorierna bestod av upplevelse av smärta och obehag, känslan av nervositet och övergivenhet, förväntningar, önskemål och delaktighet, information, känsla av säkerhet och trygghet samt att få ett bra bemötande.   Slutsats: Denna studie, i enlighet med tidigare forskning visar på att patienter i högre grad upplevde trygghet vid regional anestesi när anestesisjuksköterskan informerar och hela tiden är närvarande hos patienten. Är anestesisjuksköterskan frånvarande minskar patientens känsla av trygghet och den regionala anestesin kan bli en negativ upplevelse. / Background: Regional anesthesia is becoming more common in surgical procedures, as the method involves several benefits, both from the patient's perspective and from a medical perspective. It is the task of the nurse anesthesia to ensure that the patient feels safe. Previous research shows that the nurse anesthesia should be present, committed and constantly in contact with the patient. By actively listening and communicating as well as providing valuable information, a good contact is achieved. If the nurse anesthetist is successful in this, the experience of regional anesthesia can be a good one.   Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the patient's perioperative experience in regional anesthesia.   Methods: A qualitative study with a descriptive approach. An aptitude selection was conducted in an orthopedic department with patients undergoing surgery in regional anesthesia. Ten patients were included in the study. Semi-structured interviews with partially open questions were used. The interviews were analyzed with a qualitative content analysis.   Results: The analysis resulted in four themes as well as six categories. These themes were; To experience negative feelings, Preoperative thoughts, Perioperative communication as well as Professional treatment. The categories consisted of experience of pain and discomfort, feeling of nervousness and abandonment, expectations, wishes and participation, information, a sense of safety and security, and to get a good treatment.   Conclusions: Previous research shows, as does this study, that a nurse anesthesia who informs and is constantly present at the operation room will make the patient feel safer. If the nurse anesthesia is absenting the patient's sense of safety decreases and regional anesthesia can be a negative experience.

Bakgrund: Många föräldrar upplever det som jobbigt att närvara på operationssalen, bland det jobbigaste är att se barnet sövas och att därefter gå därifrån. Föräldrarna upplever känslor av hjälplöshet, avsaknad av psykologiskt stöd och bristande kontroll över situationen. Syfte: Att få fördjupad förståelse för föräldrars livsvärld och upplevelser av att inför en operation överlämna sitt barn till operationsteamet, samt hur bemötandet från operationsteamet påverkar dessa upplevelser. Metod: En kvalitativ intervjustudie med deskriptiv design och induktiv ansats. Sex föräldrar intervjuades med hjälp av en intervjuguide innehållande semi-strukturerade frågor. Insamlade data analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys och resultatet tolkades ur ett livsvärldsperspektiv. Resultat: I resultatet framkom att föräldrarnas emotionella livsvärld till stor del upptogs av ovisshet och oro för att något skulle gå fel, rädsla för att komplikationer på ett negativt sätt skulle påverka barnets livskvalité i framtiden. Upplevelsen av att överlämna sitt barn till operationsteamet påverkades av vilka förväntningar föräldrarna hade samt deras tidigare erfarenheter gällande mötet med operationssjukvården. Föräldrarnas upplevelser på operationssalen bestod av en oro inför sövningen och de tyckte att det var psykiskt påfrestande att lämna barnet ensam på operationssalen. Däremot var deras generella upplevelse av överlämningen god. Personalens påverkan på föräldrarnas upplevelser var stor. Här framkom vikten av ett gott bemötande och en stödjande dialog samt hur erfaren föräldern uppfattade att personalen var. Slutsats: Föräldrarna upplevde överlämningen som psykiskt påfrestande men kände att det generellt sett gick bra. Personalens stöd och bemötande var viktigt och påverkade föräldrarnas upplevelse av överlämningen i hög grad. / ABSTRACT Background: Many parents find it difficult to be present in the operating theatre, particularly witnessing the child being anaesthetised before then having to leave. Parents experience feelings of helplessness, and a lack of psychological support or control over the situation. Aim: To gain deeper insight into the parental situation, experiences of handing over their child to a surgical team prior to operation, as well as how such teams’ treatment of parents affects their experience. Method: A qualitative interview study with a descriptive design and inductive approach. Six parents were interviewed with the support of an interview guide containing semi-structured questions. Quantitative content analysis was applied to gathered data and the results interpreted from a lifeworld perspective. Results: It was apparent that parents were emotionally occupied by uncertainty and fear about something going wrong, and concern that complications could negatively affect the child’s future quality of life. The handover experience to the surgical team was influenced by parental expectations and prior encounters with surgical care. Parental experiences in the operating theatre consisted of anxiety prior to anaesthetisation and the psychological impact of leaving the child in theatre. However, general handover experiences were good, with surgical teams having substantial influence. Apparent were the importance of considerate treatment, supportive dialogue, and how experienced parents perceived the staff to be. Conclusion: Parents experience handovers as mentally stressful but otherwise felt that they generally went well. How staff supported and treated them was important and substantially affected the parents’ perception of the handover procedure.

Perioperative hypothermia, defined as a core body temperature lower than 36řC, is associated with increased perioperative complications and prolonged hospitalization. The aim of this thesis is to analyze measures that are taken to prevent perioperative hypothermia at the Orthopedic Clinic of one Czech hospital and compare them with the current recommendations of the American Society of PeriAnesthesia Nurses, Association of Operating Room Nurses and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. The study included 223 patients who underwent a planned orthopedic surgery and who were more than 18 years old. As a method of data collection I chose studying the medical documentation. The obtained data were processed quantitatively. The recommended body temperature range 36.5-37.5řC before leaving an operating room had total of 60.55% of cases. Neither one patient has been no action in terms of prevention of hypothermia. Body temperature was taken in 22.4% of cases at the beginning of and during the surgery. Except for a cotton sheet, which was used in 100% of patients, no additional measures were taken in 18,4% of patients. Thermal insulation was used in 41,7% of patients, in-line warming system of infusion fluids in 65% of patients, forced air warming system in 17.9% of patients, and disposable...

The topic of this thesis is "Evaluation of patient satisfaction with perioperative anaesthesia care." The work is divided into theoretical and practical parts. The theoretical section describes the definition of satisfaction from multiple points of view and analyses factors affected satisfaction of patients and psychosocial needs that have a significant impact on the experience of the hospital care. The practical part deals with the questionnaire survey. The questionnaire is focused on the evaluation of patient satisfaction with perioperative anaesthesia care. Questionnaire results are statistically analysed. The aim of this work is to determine the level of satisfaction of patients in the preoperative and postoperative period.

Introduktion: Operationssjuksköterskan ansvarar för en god och patientsäker perioperativ omvårdnad. Preoperativ personcentrerad information är en förutsättning för att kunna tillgodose patientens unika behov och främja kontinuitet i vården. Patientens individuella riskfaktorer är väsentligt för operationssjuksköterskan att känna till för att kunna förebygga vårdskador och genomföra en patientsäker perioperativ vård. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva operationssjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att inhämta information för att skapa patientkännedom i den perioperativa vården. Metod: En kvalitativ studiedesign med en induktiv ansats tillämpades. Tio operationssjuksköterskor på ett länssjukhus i Sverige intervjuades. Intervjuerna spelades in och transkriberades i sin helhet. Innehållsanalys valdes som metod för dataanalys. Resultat: Två generiska kategorier framkom: Ta del av skriftlig information om patienten och Det preoperativa mötet med patienten. Dessa bildar tillsammans den övergripande huvudkategorin Förutsättning för personcentrerad och patientsäker perioperativ vård. Till den generiska kategorin Ta del av skriftlig information om patienten hör subkategorierna Att inhämta grundläggande kunskap och Att prioritera och ta vara på möjligheter. Till den generiska kategorin Det preoperativa mötet med patienten hör subkategorierna Att träffa och tala med patienten och Att skapa förutsättningar för samtal. Konklusion: Resultatet bidrar med fördjupade kunskaper kring vad som är väsentligt att veta om patienten i den perioperativa vården och varför det är viktig information, utifrån operationssjuksköterskans perspektiv. Både skriftlig information och ett preoperativt möte med patienten behövs för att skapa förutsättning för personcentrerad och patientsäker perioperativ vård. Resultatet tyder på att det behövs ett förändrat arbetssätt för att möjliggöra skapandet av god kännedom om varje enskild patient och på så sätt öka patientsäkerheten. / Introduction: The operating room nurse is responsible for a good and safe perioperative care. Preoperative person-centered information is a prerequisite to meet the patient´s unique needs and promote continuity of care. The patient´s individual risk factors are essential for the operating room nurse to know in order to prevent hospital acquired injuries and to accomplish safe perioperative care. Aim: The aim was to describe operating room nurses´ experiences of obtaining information to create knowledge of the patient in perioperative care. Method: A qualitative study with an inductive approach was conducted. Ten operating room nurses at a hospital in Sweden were interviewed. The interviews were recorded and transcribed. Content analysis was chosen as the method of data analysis. Result: Two generic categories emerged: Read written information about the patient and The preoperative meeting with the patient. These generic categories together form the main category Prerequisite for person-centered and safe perioperative care. The generic category Read written information about the patient includes the subcategories To acquire basic knowledge and To prioritize and to seize opportunities. The generic category The preoperative meeting with the patient includes the subcategories To meet and talk with the patient and To create conditions for conversation. Conclusion: The findings contribute to a deeper knowledge of what is essential to know about the patient in perioperative care and why this is important information, from the operating room nurse´s perspective. Both written information and a preoperative meeting with the patient are required to create prerequisite for person-centered and safe perioperative care. The results indicate a need of change in the way of working to enable good knowledge of each patient, and thereby increase patient safety in perioperative care.

Bakgrund: Kommunikation är en essentiell del av hälso- och sjukvården, särskilt i mötet mellan anestesisjuksköterskan och barnet i den perioperativa miljön. Sjukhusmiljön, vårdpersonalen och själva sjukdomen kan upplevas som en krissituation av barn och dess anhöriga. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att undersöka vad anestesisjuksköterskan på en operationsklinik kan använda för metoder perioperativt för att påverka oro hos barn. Metod: En deskriptiv systematisk litteraturöversikt baserad på 15 vetenskapliga originalartiklar valdes som design för att få en större översikt över problemområdet som studerades. Databaser som användes i studien var PubMed och Cinahl. Resultat: Information och kommunikation – både direkt och indirekt – var en bidragande del av den preoperativa dialogen. Direkt kommunikation handlade om Den perioperativa dialogen, där anestesisjuksköterskan och barnet sågs ansikte mot ansikte och talade direkt med och till varandra, medan de inte gjorde det i den Indirekta kommunikationen. Oron hos de barn och föräldrar som fick grundlig information reducerades signifikant. Tretton av femton studier visade att distraktioner och olika strategier via direkt och indirekt kommunikation hade en positiv effekt på den perioperativa oron hos barn. Resultaten av dessa artiklar visade också att minskad oro kan bidra till minskad smärta postoperativt. Slutsats: Både direkt och indirekt kommunikation kan ha en positiv effekt på barns perioperativa oro, vilket därmed indirekt kan förebygga eller reducera deras oro. För att kunna påverka barnens oro måste man dessutom vända sig direkt till barnen och inte bara till föräldrarna. / Background: Communication is an essential part of health care, especially in the meeting between the nurse anaesthetist and the child in the perioperative environment. The hospital environment, healthcare staff and the disease itself can be perceived as a crisis situation by children and their relatives. Aim: The aim of the literature study was to investigate the methods that the nurse anaesthetist at a surgical department can use perioperatively to affect the anxiety in children. Method: A descriptive systematic literature review based on 15 original scientific articles was chosen as design in order to get a larger view of the studied field. Databases used in the study were PubMed and Cinahl. Results: Information and communication - both direct and indirect - was a contributing part of the preoperative dialogue. Direct communication was about the perioperative dialogue, where the nurse anaesthetist and the child saw each other face to face and spoke directly to and with each other, while they did not do so during the indirect communication. Children and parents with preoperative anxiety who received thorough information had significantly reduced levels of anxiety. Thirteen of fifteen studies showed that distractions and different strategies via direct and indirect communication had a positive effect on the perioperative anxiety of children. The results of the articles also showed that reduced anxiety can contribute to reduced postoperative pain. Conclusion: Both direct and indirect communication can have a positive effect on children's perioperative anxiety, thereby indirectly preventing or reducing their anxiety. In order to be able to influence the children's anxiety, the nurse anaesthetist must also turn directly to the children and not just to the parents.

Introdução. Apesar dos recentes e importantes avanços no tratamento das Doenças Cardiovasculares, a cirurgia cardíaca ainda pode ser a única opção de tratamento para alguns pacientes. Os pacientes que vivenciam sintomas de ansiedade e de depressão no pré-operatório podem sofrer influência destes na recuperação pós-operatória. Objetivos. Avaliar a relação dos sintomas de ansiedade e depressão pré-operatórios com as características sociodemográficas e clínicas e avaliar a relação desses sintomas com a presença de complicações no pós-operatório (PO), durante a permanência na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI), dos pacientes submetidos às cirurgias cardíacas eletivas. Método. Estudo observacional analítico, de coorte prospectiva, desenvolvido nas unidades de internação de clínica médica e clínica cirúrgica de um hospital universitário do interior paulista. A amostra do estudo foi constituída por pacientes submetidos à primeira cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio (CRM) e à primeira cirurgia para correção de valvopatia, entre setembro de 2013 e setembro de 2015. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevistas individuais e consulta aos prontuários. Para a avaliação dos sintomas de ansiedade e depressão, foi utilizado o instrumento Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), com a avaliação das respostas considerando o valor total de cada subescala (HADS-ansiedade e HADS depressão), variando de 0 - 21 (quanto maior o valor maior o transtorno emocional). Foram investigados complicações pulmonares, cardíacas, neurológicas, endócrinas, infecciosas, digestivas, sensoriais e o óbito. Para investigarmos a relação dos sintomas de ansiedade e depressão com as características sociodemográficas (sexo, idade, estado civil e situação profissional) e com a presença de complicações PO (sim/não), foi utilizado o teste de Mann Whitney. Para investigarmos a correlação dos sintomas com as características clínicas (tempos de internação pré-operatória, de cirurgia e de permanência na UTI), foi utilizado o teste de Correlação de Spearman. O nível de significância adotado foi de 0,05. Resultados. A amostra foi constituída por 145 pacientes, sendo 75 pacientes submetidos à CRM e 70 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia valvar. Entre os pacientes submetidos à CRM, a idade média encontrada foi de 61,8 anos, a maioria do sexo masculino (69,3%), e a principal complicação no PO foi a hiperglicemia (97,3%). As mulheres submetidas à CRM apresentaram maiores médias para os sintomas de ansiedade, quando comparadas com os homens. Pacientes submetidos à CRM, com maiores médias para os sintomas de ansiedade, apresentaram com maior frequência a instabilidade hemodinâmica no PO. Aqueles pacientes que apresentaram maior média para os sintomas de depressão apresentaram com maior frequência a náusea, a agitação, o déficit neurológico e permaneceram mais tempo entubados no PO. Entre os pacientes submetidos à cirurgia valvar, a idade média foi de 54,4 anos, maioria do sexo masculino (61,4%), e a principal complicação no PO foi a hiperglicemia (92,9%). As mulheres apresentaram maiores médias para os sintomas de depressão, quando comparadas com os homens. Pacientes submetidos à cirurgia valvar com maiores médias para os sintomas de depressão apresentaram com maior frequência a agitação no PO. Conclusão. Dos pacientes submetidos à CRM, encontramos relação dos sintomas de ansiedade pré-operatória com o sexo e com a presença de instabilidade hemodinâmica no PO, bem como dos sintomas de depressão com a ocorrência de náusea, agitação, presença de cânula orotraqueal (COT) por mais de 48 horas e déficit neurológico. Entre os pacientes submetidos à cirurgia valvar, encontramos relação dos sintomas de depressão com o sexo e com a agitação no PO / Introduction. Despite the recent and important advances in the treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases, cardiac surgery can still be the only treatment option for some patients. The patients who experience symptoms of anxiety and depression in the preoperative phase can be subject to the influence of these symptoms during the postoperative recovery. Objectives. Assess the relation between the preoperative anxiety and depression symptoms and the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and the relation between these symptoms and the presence of postoperative (PO) complications while staying at the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of patients submitted to elective cardiac surgeries. Method. Analytical and observational prospective cohort study, developed at the medical and surgical clinical inpatient units of a teaching hospital in the interior of the State of São Paulo. The study sample consisted of patients submitted to the first coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery and the first valve correction surgery between September 2013 and September 2015. The data were collected through individual interviews and consultation of patient histories. To assess the anxiety and depression symptoms, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used. In the assessment of the answers, the total value of each subscale was used (HADS-anxiety and HADS-depression), ranging between 0 - 21 (the higher the score, the higher the emotional disorder). Pulmonary, cardiac, neurological, endocrine, infectious, digestive, sensory complications and death were investigated. To investigate the relation between the anxiety and depression symptoms and the sociodemographic characteristics (sex, age, marital status and professional situation) and the presence of postoperative complications (yes/no), the Mann-Whitney test was used. To investigate the correlation between the symptoms and the clinical characteristics (lengths of preoperative hospitalization, surgery and stay at the ICU), Spearman\'s correlation test was used. The significance level adopted was 0.05. Results. The sample consisted of 145 patients, being 75 patients submitted to CABG and 70 patients to valve surgery. Among the patients submitted to CABG, the mean age was 61.8 years; mostly male (69.3%), and the main PO complication was hyperglycemia (97.3%). The women submitted to CABG presented higher means for anxiety symptoms when compared to men. Patients submitted to CABG with higher averages for anxiety symptoms presented PO hemodynamic instability more frequently. Patients with higher mean scores for depressive symptoms most frequently presented nausea, agitation and neurological deficit and spent more time intubated during the PO. Among the patients submitted to valve surgery, the mean age was 54.4 years, mostly male (61.4%) and the main PO complication was hyperglycemia (92.9%). The women presented higher averages for depressive symptoms when compared to the men. Patients submitted to valve surgery with higher means for depressive symptoms most frequently presented PO agitation. Conclusion. Among the patients submitted to CABG, we found a relation between preoperative anxiety symptoms and sex and the presence of hemodynamic instability in the PO period, as well as between depressive symptoms and the occurrence of nausea, agitation, presence of endotracheal tube for more than 48 hours and neurological deficit. Among the patients submitted to valve surgery, we found a relation between depressive symptoms and sex and PO agitation

Introdução: As infecções do sítio cirúrgico (ISC) estão entre as principais complicações em pacientes submetidos ao transplante de fígado, com incidências que variam de 10,4% a 23,6%. Ademais, recente revisão da literatura aponta lacunas entre os fatores de risco para esta população específica. Objetivo: Analisar a incidência e os fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de ISC entre pacientes adultos submetidos ao transplante de fígado. Método: Coorte histórica, realizada por meio de consulta a prontuários de pacientes adultos submetidos ao transplante de fígado entre os anos de 2009 e 2015, em um hospital filantrópico do interior do Estado de São Paulo. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade de São Paulo. Para análise dos dados utilizou-se medidas de tendência central e de variabilidade, os testes 2 de Pearson, teste exato de Fisher, Mann-Whitney e Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney. Após análise bivariada, as variáveis foram incluídas em um modelo de regressão Classification and Regression Tree. Resultados: Foram investigados os prontuários de 156 pacientes submetidos ao transplante de fígado, dos quais 26,9% desenvolveram ISC. Verificou-se que elevado tempo cirúrgico (>487 minutos) associado a diferenças de índice de massa corporal entre doador e receptor (>1,3 kg/m2) aumentaram a chance de ISC em aproximadamente 5,5 vezes (OR 5,5; IC 95% 2,5-11,8); e glicemia capilar (>175 mg/dl) nas primeiras 96 horas de pós-operatório elevou a chance de ISC em aproximadamente três vezes (OR 2,97; IC 95% 1,43-6,17). Os principais micro-organismos isolados em sítios de coleta diretamente relacionados à ISC foram Staphylococcus sp., P. aeruginosa, Klebsiella sp., A. baumanii e C. albicans. Conclusão: Encontrou-se elevada incidência de ISC entre a população estudada. Os fatores de risco encontrados para esta categoria de pacientes diferem dos amplamente apontados pela literatura científica em outras categorias ou especialidades cirúrgicas. / Introduction: Surgical site infections (SSI) are one of the main liver transplantation complications with incidence varying between 10.4% to 23.6%. Recent literature review shows gaps between risk factors within this specific population. Objective: To analyze the incidence and the risk factors in the development of SSI among adults submitted to liver transplantation. Methods: Historical cohort done through records of adults submitted to liver transplant between 2009 and 2015 in a philanthropic hospital in the countryside of Sao Paulo state. The Research Ethics Committee of School of Nursing of University of Sao Paulo approved the project. Data was analyzed by central tendency and variability measures, Pearson X2-test, Fisher exact test, Mann Whitney test and Wilcoxon-Man Whitney test. After the bivariate analyzes, the variables were included in the Classification and Regression Tree model. Results: The records of 156 patients submitted to liver transplant were investigated, of which 26.9% developed SSI. Prolonged operative time (>487 minutes) associated with Body Mass Index differences between donator/receptor (>1.3kg/m2) increased the chance of SSI in approximately 5.5 times (OR 5,5; CI 95% 2,5 - 11,8); and in the first 96 postoperative hours capillary glycemia (>175 mg/dl) increased the chance of SSI in approximately three times (OR 2.97; CI 95% 1.43 6.17). The main microorganisms isolated in collection sites related to SSI were Staphylococcus sp., P. aeruginosa, Klebsiella sp., A. baumanii and C. albicans. Conclusion: There is high incidence of SSI among the studied population and the identified risk factors for this patients category are highly diverse from the ones indicated by scientific literature in other categories or surgical specialties.

A prevenção da hipotermia do paciente cirúrgico é um desafio para o enfermeiro. Na literatura há diferentes medidas que podem ser implementadas para a manutenção da temperatura corporal do paciente no perioperatório, salientamos os sistemas de aquecimento cutâneo. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as evidências disponíveis na literatura sobre qual é o sistema de aquecimento cutâneo mais eficaz para a prevenção da hipotermia, no paciente submetido à cirurgia cardíaca sem circulação extracorpórea, no período intra-operatório. O método de revisão adotado foi a revisão sistemática. As bases de dados PubMed, Cinahl, Embase, Central e Lilacs foram selecionadas para a busca dos estudos primários. Os descritores controlados e não controlados foram delimitados para cada uma das bases de dados. Dos 1.604 estudos localizados e considerando os critérios de inclusão e exclusão adotados, 25 estudos foram selecionados e oito foram incluídos na revisão sistemática. Dos oito estudos primários incluídos, quatro ensaios clínicos testaram o sistema de ar forçado aquecido e o sistema de circulação de água aquecida, sendo que em um destes estudos, a cobertura elétrica de fibra de carbono também foi estudada. Em dois ensaios clínicos, os autores investigaram o sistema de ar forçado aquecido e o sistema de transferência de energia com dispositivos adesivos. Em um ensaio clínico, o sistema de ar forçado aquecido e o sistema Thermogard foram estudados e um estudo primário investigou o pré-aquecimento, na indução anestésica, com o sistema de ar forçado aquecido. Os resultados evidenciados apontaram que o sistema de circulação de água aquecida é o mais eficaz para a manutenção da temperatura corporal do paciente submetido à revascularização do miocárdio sem circulação extracorpórea em comparação ao sistema de ar forçado aquecido. Em relação aos outros sistemas de aquecimento cutâneo há necessidade de novas pesquisas para determinar a eficácia destes em cirurgia cardíaca. A adoção de medidas para a prevenção da hipotermia é de responsabilidade de todos os profissionais que prestam cuidado ao paciente cirúrgico; entretanto, ressaltamos a atuação do enfermeiro perioperatório. Compete a esse profissional o planejamento e implementação de intervenções direcionadas para a melhoria da qualidade do cuidado de enfermagem e promovam a segurança do paciente. / Hypothermia prevention in surgical patients represents a challenge of nurses. Literature discusses different measures that can be put in practice to maintain patients\' perioperative body temperature, among which we highlight cutaneous warming systems. This study aimed to assess available evidence in literature on the most effective cutaneous warming system for hypothermia prevention in patients submitted to cardiac surgery without extracorporeal circulation, during the intraoperative period. The systematic review method was adopted. The databases PubMed, Cinahl, Embase, Central and Lilacs were selected to seek primary studies. Controlled and non-controlled descriptors were delimited for each of the databases. Out of 1,604 studies that were located, in view of the adopted inclusion and exclusion criteria, 25 were selected and eight included in the systematic review. Out of eight primary studies included, four clinical trials tested the forced-air warming system and the circulating-water garment system. In one of these, the carbon fiber resistive heating blanket was also studied. In two clinical trials, the authors investigated the forced-air warming system and the energy transfer pads system. In one clinical trial, the forced-air warming system and the Thermogard system were studied, and one primary study investigated prewarming during induced anesthesia, using the forcedair warming system. The evidenced results appointed that the circulating-water garment system is the most effective to maintain the body temperature of patients submitted to coronary artery bypass graft surgery without extracorporeal circulation in comparison with the forced-air warming system. As for other cutaneous warming systems, further research is needed to determine their efficacy in case of cardiac surgery. All professionals who deliver care to surgical patients are responsible for the adoption of hypothermia prevention measures; nevertheless, perioperative nurses\' actions are highlighted. These professionals are responsible for planning and putting in practice interventions aimed at improving nursing care quality and enhancing patient safety.