The primary importance of trajectory reconstruction is to assess the accuracy of pre-flight predictions of the entry trajectory. While numerous entry systems have flown, often these systems are not adequately instrumented or the flight team not adequately funded to perform the statistical engineering reconstruction required to quantify performance and feed-forward lessons learned into future missions. As such, entry system performance and reliability levels remain unsubstantiated and improvement in aerothermodynamic and flight dynamics modeling remains data poor. The comparison is done in an effort to quantitatively and qualitatively compare Kalman filtering methods of reconstructing trajectories and atmospheric conditions from entry systems flight data. The first Kalman filter used is the extended Kalman filter. Extended Kalman filtering has been used extensively in trajectory reconstruction both for orbiting spacecraft and for planetary probes. The second Kalman filter is the unscented Kalman filter. Additionally, a technique for using collocation to reconstruct trajectories is formulated, and collocation's usefulness for trajectory simulation is demonstrated for entry, descent, and landing trajectories using a method developed here to deterministically find the state variables of the trajectory without nonlinear programming. Such an approach could allow one to utilize the same collocation trajectory design tools for the subsequent reconstruction.

The location of the site where the pioneers settled permanently was determined by the availability of water in the immediate environment. The Highveld contains fertile soils, a fine climate, and an abundance of water. The area has always been extensively used for crop and stock farming, but in general, mixed farming was practiced. The farmers depended on the availability of water, therefore their experiences, observations, weather forecasts, and conclusions, developed into a popular folk meteorology. Furthermore, environmental factors such as local topography, micro climate, hydrography, ground fertility, and the appearance of natural vegetation determined whether or not an area was suitable for permanent residence. The farmstead may be divided into three functional zones (the core-, extended-, and outer farmyard) that are joined by a canal network, used for irrigation and drinking water. The farmhouse and buildings, erected a stones throw away from the water source, served as a focal point for the activities of the farmer. The manipulation of the water source by obstruction of streams and the construction of water canals, weirs and water furrows, assisted the farmer in planning his activities and in using the water to his advantage. The settlement and development of the residence on the rural parts of the Highveld may be divided into three distinct phases. Firstly, the temporary trekboer phase, secondly the pioneer phase and thirdly the permanent settlement phase. The permanence of residence had a direct influence in the layout of the house, the method of construction, and the use of the available water supply. At first, the trekkers were content to reside in roof dwellings (their wagons and tents and a grass screen as their kitchen and a hut near a spring). The first houses were hartbieshuise and kapsteilhuise. The more permanent homesteads of the earlier settlers were a simple rectangular structure (pioneer house) with a saddle grass roof. With the introduction of galvanised iron sheeting, the house was expanded and developed into the veranda-, stoeproom- and a flat roofed rectangular house. This development resulted into a typical rural Highveld homestead. After the discovery of gold in the vicinity of the Witwatersrand, the first gold rush took place resulting in the proclamation of Johannesburg in 1886. Prospectors, mostly foreigners, descended upon the Witwatersrand. Housing took on a more planned structure resembling the late Victorian period of housing in England. The water supply and drainage systems were planned and improved, making it possible to provide running water to kitchens and bathrooms. This impacted firstly on the upper riches of society in the cities, later on the lower middle classes and lastly on the rural areas. European technology regarding the supply of hot pipe water and drainage systems changed the layout of the house. The cooking activity moved from outside behind a screen to a seperate room inside the house. Inevitable changes regarding collecting, storage, purpose, saving and drainage of household water took place. Between 1840 and 1910, evolutionary changes took place regarding sanitation, water supply and personal hygiene. Being part of a particular social class made certain facilities available to certain individuals. A rural Highveld dwelling rarely included sanitary facilities, instead dwellers had a more primitive wash basin in each room in which they washed daily. On a Saturday, a weekly bath was taken in a bathtub in the kitchen or bedroom. Trekkers simply relieved themselves outside. A revolution in sanitary habits and facilities became inevitable. The Victorian dwelling on the Highveld was built according to a standard plan, including a flush water system already in place. This was the ultimate manifestation of sophistication and civilization. The aim of this investigation is to identify the similarities and differences between the use of water by the pioneer, the poor people and the wealthy in their rural dwellings. Furthermore, information has been obtained regarding water usage and sanitation in the bathroom and kitchen in the rural dwelling to be useful in the area of historic architecture and the heritage of our water history. / Thesis (M.A. (History))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2008.

While it is now well established that many Europeans were delighted with the landscapes they encountered in colonial Australia, the pioneer narrative that portrays colonists as threatened and alienated by a harsh environment and constantly engaged in battles with the land is still powerful in both scholarly and popular writing. This thesis challenges this dominant narrative and demonstrates that in a remarkably short period of time some colonists developed strong connections with, and even affection for, their 'new' place in Western Australia. Using archival materials for twenty-one colonists who settled in five regions across southern Western Australia from the 1830s to the early 1900s, here this complex process of belonging is unravelled and several key questions are posed: what lenses did the colonists utilise to view the land? How did they use and manage the land? How were issues of class, domesticity and gender roles negotiated in their 'new' environment? What connections did they make with the land? And ultimately, to what extent did they feel a sense of belonging in the Colony? I argue that although utilitarian approaches to the land are evident, this was not the only way colonists viewed the land; for example, they often used the picturesque to express delight and charm. Gender roles and ideas of class were modified as men, as well as women, worked in the home and planted flower gardens, and both men and women carried out tasks that in their households in England and Ireland, would have been done by servants. Thus, the demarcation of activities that were traditionally for men, women and servants became less distinct and amplified their connection to place. Boundaries between the colonists' domestic space and the wider environments also became more permeable as women ventured beyond their houses and gardens to explore and journey through the landscapes. The selected colonists had romantic ideas of nature and wilderness, that in the British middle and upper-middle class were associated with being removed from the land, but in colonial Western Australia many of them were intimately engaged with it. Through their interactions with the land and connections they made with their social networks, most of these colonists developed an attachment for their 'new' place and called it home; they belonged there.

This study attempts to be an exhaustive analysis of the dynamics of developing sustained church planting movements in Asian nations, based on lessons learned in the 2004-2005 NEXT conferences in East Asia. Principles are being discovered and methodologies developed in East Asia on how to build sustained church planting movements around the world. To understand these, consolidate learning, and apply that learning in a variety of crosscultural ministry contexts, a series of conferences were hosted by my wife and myself. Eight week-long ”NEXT conferences” were held, consisting of sixty experienced strategy coordinators plus eleven regional supervisors, to wrestle with these issues. This paper is based on the findings of these conferences; specifically, that there are divine principles and particular methodologies which enable missionaries to cooperate with the Holy Spirit in developing sustained church planting movements that saturate ethno-linguistic people groups and cities of Asia, and ultimately, the rest of the world. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology) / M.Th. (Missiology)

Text in Afrikaans / Die kerk, in sy bree gesien, is tans in 'n 'nie-groei-kultuur' vasgeval. Daar is by min gemeentes 'n opregte las vir verlorenes te bespeur. Leiers het 'n gemaksone van professionalisme en instandhouding betree waar die groei van gemeentes me hoog op hul agenda geplaas word nie. Hierdie instandhoudingsingesteldheid en derhalwe 'n uitsluitlik na-binne-gerigte bedieningsfilosofie, het grootliks tot geringe groei en soms ook agteruitgang bygedra. Die omvangryke veranderinge in die samelewing gaan nie deur die kerk vrygespring word nie. Vandag kan kerke nie meer vanselfsprekend op die tradisionele ondersteuning en lojaliteit van mense sowel as die samelewing aanspraak maak nie. Die kerk is in 'n groot mate uitgeskuif en geniet nie meer dieselfde kollig as in die verlede nie. Groot 'kerklike grondgebied' is reeds afgestaan. Leiers is deel, en gevolglik ook 'n produk, van die huidige kerklike situasie waar belangeloosheid ten opsigte van gemeentegroei dikwels 'n algemene verskynsel is. Vanwee strukture soos die herder-kudde-model, is lidmate vir jare buite bedieningsgeleenthede gehou. Die bediening was as die verantwoordelikheid van leiers beskou. Die rol van lidmate is tans besig om groot veranderinge te ondergaan, aangesien gewone lidmate toenemend in dienswerk opgeneem word. Vrae wat reeds gevra word, is: Wat gaan die unieke rol van leiers in die toekoms wees? Wie is vir groei-inisiatief verantwoordelik? Die probleem waarmee leiers tans te make het, is hul behendigheid om die uitdagings en eise van 'n nuwe kerklike paradigma te ontmoet, veral in 'n mondering wat vir 'n uitgaande paradigma bedoel is. Baie kritiek word teen opleidingsmodelle gerig, maar wesenlik is die probleem in 'n gevestigde "mind-set" gesetel. Groeiende gemeentes wereldwyd toon dat hul leiers 'n sleutelrol in die groeipotensiaal van die gemeente speel en leiers van hierdie gemeentes het die voortou geneem om nuwe moontlikhede en modelle van leierskap uit te stal. Daar sal totaal nuut oor leierskap gedink moet word indien ons die groei van gemeentes ten doel het. In hierdie navorsing word leierskaptendense in die algemeen, asook leierskaptendense spesifiek in groeiende gemeentes, ondersoek. 'n Teorie vir 'groei-leierskap' word dan hieruit ontwikkel en aangebied. / The church is not experiencing a lot of growth at the moment. A number of congregations have no urge to find the lost ones. Growth is not a priority, due to leaders maintaining instead of expanding the congregation. This philosophy to maintain resulted into an inward practice which contributed to little growth, more seriously even a decline in total membership. The numerous changes experienced by the community at large will also fall the church to victim. The church has lost support simply because of a total lack in the so-called traditional loyalty and support. The church is no more the focus as in the past, it has been side-lined. The church has already lost greatly. Church leaders, as such products of the present day situation in the church, have been part of this culture of non-interest in the growth of the congregation. The typical evangelistic model of shepherd and flock left the ordinary members of the congregation out in the cold. The ministry was the responsibility of the church leaders, however the role of the ordinary members of the congregation is changing as they too are becoming more involved in ministry. Questions such as the following come to the fore: What is the unique role of church leaders going to be in future? Who's going to be responsible for growth inisiatives in the church in future? The problem facing church leaders of the day, is their total lack to meet the challenges and demands. The new evangelistic paradigm especially calls for an outgoing approach. Criticism has been given against the training of leadership but most probably the problem lies within their established mind-set". Globally, congregations which are experiencing large growth, has proved their leaders to play a paramount role in exploiting their growth potential. Such leaders were in the forefront of new leadership exhibiting the same qualities. If the growth of the various congregations is of importance, then the whole issue around leadership will have to be adapted and renewed. This research contains leadership tendencies in general, as well as leadership tendencies in growing congregations. A theory for "growth-leadership" will be developed and presented from this. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / Th.D. (Practical theology)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T13:51:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Valeria Hollunder Klippel.pdf: 1679011 bytes, checksum: 81fc92fdc0af96774ee580cab6eba66b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-25 / This study aimed to evaluate different forest restoration methods of a Tableland Forest, by manipulating the floristic composition and silvicultural practices. With this foundation, it was installed in August of 2007, at the Reserva Natural Vale (RNV) in Linhares - ES, an experiment in randomized blocks with 4 treatments and 3 replications (a total of 12 plots): T1 (Control): Only leafcutter ants control; T2: Selective manual mowing, selective chemical weeding, control of ants and species tolerant to the herbicide; T3: Same as treatment 2, but with the planting of Atlantic Forest pioneer species in the spacing of 5 x 5 m, interspersed, in the same spacing, the seeding of Sesbania grandiflora in pits (10 seeds per pit); T4: Same as treatment 2, but with the planting of 54 Atlantic Forest species in the spacing close to 3 x 3 m. From the moment of installation (2007) until the third year of the study (2010) annual inventories were performed in all plots, to study the arboreal vegetation flora and growth. Moreover, at the third year after the experiment implementation, soil samples were also collected at four depths (0-5, 5-10, 10-20 and 20-40 cm) for later chemical analysis; accumulated litter, for studying biomass and nutrient content and level, and leaf area index (LAI). Regarding the soil chemical attributes, only statistic differences were found for the studied treatments in depths of 0-5 cm, where the highest values of Ca, sum of bases and CEC were observed for the treatment 4 and greater Na Saturation Index value to the treatment 1, and 10-20 cm, where the treatment 4 showed higher Ca value. There were no statistical differences in the accumulated litter biomass. The lower C/N was obtained by the treatment 3. This treatment also had the highest leaf area index. The elimination of weed competition acted positively on trees growth. The entrance of individuals and basal area was higher for treatments 3 and 4 / Esse estudo teve como objetivo avaliar diferentes métodos de restauração florestal de uma Floresta de Tabuleiro, pela manipulação da composição florística e práticas silviculturais. Com esta fundamentação foi instalado em agosto do ano de 2007, na Reserva Natural Vale (RNV) em Linhares ES, um experimento em blocos casualizados, com 4 tratamentos e 3 repetições (totalizando 12 parcelas): T1 (Controle): Somente o controle de formigas cortadeiras; T2: Roçada manual seletiva, capina química seletiva, controle de formigas e as espécies tolerantes ao herbicida; T3: Idêntico ao tratamento 2, mas com o plantio de espécies pioneiras da Mata Atlântica no espaçamento de 5 x 5 m, intercalado, no mesmo espaçamento, o semeio de Sesbania grandiflora em covas (10 sementes por cova); T4: Idêntico ao tratamento 2, mas com o plantio de 54 espécies da Mata Atlântica no espaçamento próximo de 3 x 3 m. Desde o momento de instalação (2007) até o terceiro ano de estudo (2010) foram realizados inventários anuais em todas a as parcelas, para estudo da florística e crescimento da vegetação arbórea. Além disso, no terceiro ano após a implantação do experimento, também foram coletadas amostras de solo em quatro profundidades (0 5; 5 10; 10 20 e 20 40 cm) para posterior análise química; serapilheira acumulada, para estudo da biomassa e do teor e conteúdo de nutrientes; e índice de área foliar (IAF). Em relação aos atributos químicos do solo, somente foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas para os tratamentos estudados nas profundidades de 0-5 cm, onde os maiores valores de Ca, soma de bases e CTC foram observados para o tratamento 4 e maior valor do ISNa para o tratamento 1, e de 10-20 cm, onde o tratamento 4 apresentou maior valor de Ca. Não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas para a biomassa da serapilheira acumulada. A menor C/N foi obtida pelo tratamento 3. Esse tratamento também apresentou o maior índice de área foliar. A eliminação da matocompetição atuou positivamente no crescimento da vegetação arbórea. O ingresso de número de indivíduos e de área basal foi superior para os tratamentos 3 e 4.

Les prés-salés sont des interfaces complexes entre le milieu continental et maritime d'une grande importance environnementale. En contexte de changement climatique, ces zones vulnérables font maintenant l'objet d'une attention particulière. Cette étude porte sur la mesure et la compréhension de la dynamique des prés-salés soumis à un régime méga-tidal (marnage supérieur à 10 m), à travers l'étude de deux estuaires des côtes du Nord-Ouest de la France : l'estuaire du Couesnon en baie du Mont-Saint-Michel (MSM) et l'estuaire de la Somme. L'originalité de l'approche est de considérer une très large gamme d'échelles temporelles, depuis l'échelle séculaire jusqu'à l'événement de marée. A l'échelle séculaire, la mesure de l'évolution de la surface des prés salés en Baie de Somme, à partir de documents historiques et de photos aériennes, montre une évolution étonnamment similaire à celle de l'estuaire du Couesnon depuis la canalisation de la partie terminale de ces rivières au milieu du XIXème siècle. Après une phase de développement rapide des prés salés, une réduction concomitante des taux de croissance est observée dans les deux estuaires au début du XXème siècle. Nous proposons que l'augmentation du niveau marin à cette période soit responsable de cette réduction de croissance des prés-salés. L'analyse pluriannuelle des surfaces en baie de Somme met en évidence des périodes d'érosion des prés-salés résultant de la migration des chenaux tidaux à la frontière des prés-salés. Une étude sur 3 ans en baie du MSM a permis de caractériser le fonctionnement d'un chenal tidal sinueux en frontière des prés salés, grâce à des mesures topographiques inédites réalisées avec un Lidar terrestre haute résolution, combinées à des mesures hydro-sédimentaires. Des relevés journaliers durant les marées d'équinoxe de Septembre et de Mars ont mis en évidence une relation très non-linéaire entre érosion des berges et hauteur de marée. Cette relation est régie principalement par une forte augmentation des vitesses du courant lors du jusant. L'étude des taux d'accrétion dans la partie interne du méandre tidal a révélé l'importance de la présence de la végétation pionnière. Des lois empiriques de sédimentation et d'érosion en fonction de la hauteur de marée sont proposées. Il est montré que 6 % des marées les plus hautes de l'année sont responsables de 90 % de l'érosion des prés-salés par migration du chenal, alors que la sédimentation est dominée par les marées les plus fréquentes. Ces travaux mettent en évidence le rôle fondamental de la divagation des chenaux en marge des prés salés méga-tidaux. Leur dynamique est contrôlée principalement par les marées les plus importantes, dont la fréquence est régit par des cycles nodaux de 4,4 à 18,6 ans. Les données topographiques et hydro-sédimentaires inédites acquises durant ce travail de thèse fournissent des contraintes fortes pour le développement de modèle d'évolution des prés salés. / Salt marshes are complex interfaces between land and sea of high environmental values. Theses vulnerable landforms are now subjected to particular attention since they are very sensitive to sea level changes and storm events. This study focuses on salt marsh dynamic subjected to a mega-tidal range (higher than 10 m) that received less attention, through the study of two estuaries of the north-western coast of France: The Couesnon estuary in the Bay of Mont -Saint-Michel and the Somme estuary. The originality of this study is to consider a wide range of time scales, from the secular one to tide events. At secular time scale, we measure the evolution of salt marsh surfaces in the Somme bay, from historical documents and aerial photographs. The comparison with the Couesnon estuary reveals a surprisingly similar evolution of salt marsh extension, since the derivation and embankment of their main river in early mid XIXth century. After a period of rapid salt marsh extension, a concomitant reduction of growth rates is observed in both estuaries in the early XXth century. We propose that the increase in sea level rise during this period is responsible for the reduced growth of salt marshes. The pluriannual analysis highlights periods of erosion of salt marshes resulting from the tidal channels migration on salt marsh fringe. However, the pluriannual time scale does not capture the processes governing the dynamics of channel migration. This has motivated a 3 years study of a sinuous tidal channel located on the fringe of the marsh with the aim to understand its dynamics at daily to annual scales. We have acquired 36 high resolution topographic surveys with Terrestrial Laser Scanner. We used daily surveys during spring tides of various High Water Level (HWL) to analyze channel dynamics at tidal event timescales. Daily TLS measurements revealed a non-linear relationship between bank erosion and tidal height. This relationship is related to a sharp increase in flow velocities during the ebb (up to 2.2 m/s) for overmarsh tides. Spatially averaged accretion on the inner bend tends to increase linearly with HWL and is increased by a factor 2 during summer/autumn spring tides at the peak of pioneer vegetation development. We propose empirical laws of sedimentation and erosion depending on the tide height, which model that 6% of the highest tides of the year are responsible for 90 % of salt marsh erosion by channel migration, while sedimentation is dominated by frequent tides. These results highlight the need to incorporate the influence of vegetation on sedimentation rates as well as tidal migration processes in models of salt marsh dynamic in mega-tidal environment. Long term modeling should account for the highest tides of the year, that make tidal channel very sensitive to the nodal cycle (18.6 years) which controls the occurrence of the highest tides in mega-tidal environment.

Anna Riwkin fotograferade Elise Ottesen-Jensen i över tre decennier. Uppsatsens syftar till att reda på vad Riwkins fotografier av Ottesen-Jensen visar, hur de använts och hur Ottesen-Jensen tagit form som politisk aktör och subjekt genom dessa fotografier. Genom att undersöka ett material utvalt efter omfattande arkivsök, tidningssök och genomgång av litteratur har en bild av – och berättelse om – Ottesen-Jensen tagit form. Samarbetet med Riwkin har samtidigt synliggjorts och ett dubbelt aktörsskap trätt fram. Berättelsen om Ottesen-Jensen har strukturerats genom ett antal motivtyper som jag benämner talaren, lyssnaren, resenären, pedagogen och ordföranden. Uppsatsen synliggör hur den berättelsen tog form, mottogs i sin samtid, reproduceras och förändras idag. / Anna Riwkin photographed Elise Ottesen-Jensen over three consecutive decades. The aim of the thesis is to examine what Riwkin’s photographs of Ottesen-Jensen portray, how they have been used, and how Ottesen-Jensen is visually produced as a political subject through the same photographs. By examining a material selected through extensive research in personal-, magazine- and newspaper archives, exhibition catalogues and research, an image of – and story about – Ottesen-Jensen has taken shape. In the process, a collaboration and joint agency with Riwkin have materialized. The story about Ottesen-Jensen is presented through the suggested concepts of the talker, the listener, the traveler, the teacher, and the president. The thesis makes visible how that story was shaped and received, as well as how it is reproduced and evolving today.

Most tourists visiting Cambodia only seek to visit the World Heritage Site of Angkor Wat. The Cambodian, or Khmer people are capitalizing on this booming tourist industry, but they are also disseminating a more complex Khmer identity through other sites and festivals. This identity simultaneously hearkens back to the affluence of the Angkor Period in Khmer history and looks forward to the modernization of the country. After the reign of the Khmer Rouge, from 1975-1979, which led to what is now called the Cambodian Killing Fields, the Khmer people needed to create a new, hopeful, peaceful identity for their nation. The new Khmer identity is still being created and strengthened today. This thesis is about performance and its intersection with identity. It argues that the Khmer are using performance—both onstage and offstage—as a means towards identity formation. The contemporary performance of Khmer identity is serving to increase nationalism as well as raise interest and funding for Cambodia from foreign tourists. This thesis looks closely at three sites of Khmer performance: a Khmer performance enacted onstage entitled Sokacha, the Pioneer Day celebrations of the Khmer-Mormon community in Phnom Penh, and the yearly Water Festival. Each of these performance sites demonstrates the dual performance occurring—a performance to reify Khmer identity to Khmer people from around the world, and a performance of Khmer identity packaged for foreigners to purchase. Performance on stage has been altered, choosing only elements of traditional Khmer performance that emphasize the new identity. But the Khmer are using other venues, like festivals and celebrations, to perform identity. In adopting only elements of Khmer history that fit the hopeful trajectory of the new Khmer identity, the Khmer are creating and performing a new identity, both onstage and offstage, to fit the present and future Cambodia. Two identities of Cambodia are being performed: one aimed at Khmer to instill national pride, and one performed for the tourists that help fund that effort.

This is the saga of WIlliam Cochran and his parents-wire-recorded interviews of his experiences told to his daughter, who has arranged the material in orderly sequence, but kept his language. He came west where the buffalo were, in the wild, rough 70’s, and on farther west to the cattle range in the 80’s. These were days when families moved to take up homesteads in the face of hardship and disappointments. Bill followed civilization west and learned the cattle business. He tells of his experiences. He paints a huge canvas of people he knew - Indians, murderers, robbers, horse thieves, and cattlemen. The West was in Bill’s blood, inherited from his forefathers. He rubbed against its heroism and fury, and learned to protect himself. He has a memory richly stored with an account of the exciting days of our western frontier where for forty years he rode over the Southwestern United States, first as a farmer boy, and later as cowboy, rancher, and deputy sheriff. The picture and preserving for the future before all of the old settlers were gone. This is the result - an effort to picture that life truly and realistically.