Plant-based meat (PBM) fulfills the criteria set by the European Union regulations for the product to be sold in the EU and is currently a highly consumed conventional meat substitute in the region. Whereas, cell-based meat (CBM), as of July 2023, does not fulfill the criteria set by the EU regulations for the product to be legally sold in the EU. This is due to CBM companies not submitting the required Novel Food application to EFSA to recieve market approval. Therefore, CBM is currently not legally sold in the EU and not consumed in the region. This thesis analyzes the impact of EU regulations and consumer behavior, and how these factors affect the growth of the PBM and CBM markets. The restriction of the thesis, the PBM and CBM markets, has been chosen due to them being the primary forms of alternative proteins that are a more sustainable choice to conventional meat. The intention of the thesis is to bring attention to the interplay between law and business, and the implications of their interconnectedness. The thesis is written with the aspiration to answer the question; to what extent have EU regulations and consumer behavior affected the expansion of the plant and cell-based meat markets? To this end, we began with determining if the legal criteria of the regulatory framework applicable to PBM and CBM constitute equal regulatory conditions for the markets to expand in the EU. The regulatory framework referred to in the thesis is restricted to the primary legislations applicable to alternative proteins, which are the Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) Regulation (EU) No 1829/2003, Novel Food Regulation (EU) 2015/2283, EU Food Law Regulation (EC) No 178/2002, Food Information to Consumers Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, and EU labeling requirements. We then conducted a collection of previous research on both the PBM and CBM markets restricted to sustainability, retail market, consumer behavior, financial investment, development, and production processes and costs. Thereafter, we compared the previous research and the aforementioned EU regulations to conclude the impacts of the regulations and the differences in the legal application between PBM and CBM. We also conclude how consumer behavior impacts the growth of a market in addition to the regulatory requirements, and showcase their combined effects on the market. The results suggested that compliance with EU regulations determines if the products are authorized to be legally sold in the EU while consumer behavior influences market acceptance and the extent of growth. The key regulatory difference affecting the ability of CBM to comply and experience similar growth to PBM is the Novel Food Regulation, due to it categorizing cell-based products as novel foods. As of May 2023, no companies in the EU have submitted a Novel Food application to EFSA for CBM.

Using ethnobotanical, anthropological and social science theory and methods this work illustrates significance of studying traditional foods and their medicinal qualities for maintaining health. Set in the background of the communities¿ practises and rituals specific plant-based items, used by Sikh and Ukrainian migrant communities, are a central focus to understanding the significance of practises and related knowledge for maintaining health and the broader concept of ¿well-being¿. Literature review, participant observation and in-depth interviewing techniques were used to identify 126 species of plants mentioned. These illustrate what was a primarily female domain of knowledge now becoming superficial and spread over domains of both men and women. This study notes convenience in terms of time and transport, changes in markets in the UK, importation of goods and the use of machinery and techniques such as freezing, and intervention by healthcare professionals have all affected the way traditional foods and remedies are perceived and practised. There are key foods which will remain important for generations to come whilst the domains are changing. Specific community structures support maintenance of food practises, including langar within the Sikh community and the regular OAP Ukrainian lunchtime club and numerous food events where foods with particular religious and cultural significance are made by at least two generations. These events involve transmission of knowledge related to foods and their health qualities, including images of strength as a ¿people¿. By questioning the significance of emic perspectives healthcare professionals and policymakers could learn much from practises developed over centuries or millennia.

<p dir="ltr">Pea protein is one of the most used plant proteins in food products, acting as an alternative to conventional animal protein sources due to its abundant, nutritious, and ease in supply chain characteristics. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of homogenization and UHT processing parameters on the properties of protein emulsion. Protein emulsions (8% w/w pea protein isolate and 1% w/w sunflower oil) were freshly prepared prior to processing, and the untreated sample was considered as the control (NT). The pilot-scale aseptic processing system (APS) used in this study consisted of two coil-in-shell heaters and two coolers. Samples flowed through each section of the APS system following this order: balance tank, pre-heater, final heater, hold tube, pre-cooler, and final cooler. The homogenizer was located either after the pre-cooler (AC) or the pre-heater (AH) with a controlled temperature of 165F. A third setup was utilized by bypassing the homogenizer in the UHT system. An additional 8-hour continuous run was conducted to mimic a commercial manufacturing operation by recirculating the protein emulsion in the UHT system, and fouling detections were made using a non-intrusive sensor (NICS). 5% w/w soy protein, 1% w/w sunflower oil oil-in-water emulsion was also used for fouling tests. Protein concentration, pH and zeta potential, Cryo-SEM microscopic image, particle size distribution, flocculation index (FI), coalescence index (CI), viscosity and color data were collected and analyzed. The protein concentration had a 23.20 ± 4.00 %, 28.35 ± 5.02 %, 27.98 ± 5.05% and 21.38 ± 5.75% reduction for AC, AH, UHT and NT samples, respectively, when compared with the initial concentration in the formula. AC, AH, UHT and NT samples had pH values of 7.24 ± 0.01, 7.27 ± 0.01, 7.28 ± 0.02, 7.41 ± 0.01, and zeta potential values of -42.91 ± 0.89, -47.30 ± 0.91, -46.91 ± 1.40 and -50.11 ± 1.47 mV. AC sample had a smaller and NT sample had a bigger, respectively, mean weighted size D 4,3 value than AH and UHT samples, which could also be seen in Cryo-SEM images where only AC images contained more visually observable smaller particles. FI and CI for AC, AH and UHT indicated the formation of flocs but no irreversible aggregations were found. Shear-thinning AC, AH, UHT and NT samples had viscosity decreases from 4.00 to 3.56, 3.88 to 3.75, 4.02 to 3.79 and 10.42 to 9.56 mPa*s in 1 1/s to 100 1/s shear rate range. NT sample had a very noticeable color difference from the other three treated samples. Overall, AC samples had similar or better emulsion stability in all aspects than AH and UHT samples, suggesting that AC processing could potentially be used in the protein beverage industry for manufacturing products with improved shelf stability. Severe foulants buildups were neither observed nor detected by a non-intrusive continuous sensor (NICS) in the UHT system within 8 hours of process for both pea protein and soy protein emulsion, indicating that this UHT-homogenization processing can potentially be adapted to current industrial practices for higher-quality protein beverages.</p>

Many industries are following a trajectory where today’s production and consumption patterns are putting unsustainable strain on the health of our planet. One industry with particularly large impact is the animal-based food industry. More and more people are becoming aware of the severity of the situation, along with realizations of unjust animal treatment in these industries and personal health concerns. Actors in the plant-based food industry have experienced a rise in popularity in recent years. This study set out to explore what drivers lead to positive external stakeholder attitudes and increased market demand for plant-based dairy alternatives, and how these drivers could affect traditional food incumbents to adhere to sustainable transformation of the food industry through a case study design. Analysis of the empirical material led to five main themes: Sustainability, Animal Welfare, Environment, Health and Product, each with a number of subcategories showing what stakeholders expressed motivated them to choose plant-based dairy alternatives. Here the opinions of stakeholders were divided into general or brand specific opinions. By separating these it could be seen that some external stakeholders have such strong values that they compare plant-based brands against each other and would rather boycott specific brands even if they like their products if they do not feel like the brand aligns with their values. One additional theme, “Industrial Transformation,” aimed at demonstrating how stakeholders perceive the current industrial dynamics of the food industry, which showed some tension between Oatly and particularly the dairy industry, suggesting Oatly’s rampage could be a force for sustainable transformation of the dairy industry. / Många industrier följer en bana där dagens produktions- och konsumtionsmönster sätter ohållbar belastning på vår planets hälsa. En industri med särskilt stor påverkan är den djurbaserade livsmedelsindustrin. Fler och fler människor blir medvetna om allvaret i situationen, tillsammans med insikter om orättvis djurbehandling i dessa industrier och personliga hälsoproblem. Aktörer inom den växtbaserade livsmedelsindustrin har upplevt en ökad popularitet de senaste åren. Denna studie syfte är att undersöka vilka drivkrafter som motiverar externa intressenter att bidra till tillväxten av den växtbaserade mjölkproduktsindustrin och hur dessa drivkrafter kan påverka traditionella livsmedelsleverantörer att följa en hållbar omställning av livsmedelsindustrin genom en fallstudie. Analys av det empiriska materialet ledde till fem huvudteman, Hållbarhet, Djurskydd, Miljö, Hälsa och Produkt, var och en med ett antal tillhörande underkategorier som visade vad intressenterna uttryckte motiverade dem att välja växtbaserade mjölkprodukter. Här delades intressenternas åsikter i allmänna eller varumärkesspecifika åsikter. Genom att separera dessa kunde man se att vissa externa intressenter har så starka värderingar att de jämför växtbaserade varumärken mot varandra och hellre bojkottar ett specifikt varumärke även om de gillar deras produkter om de inte känner att varumärket stämmer överens med deras egna värderingar. Ytterligare ett tema, "Industriell Transformation", syftade till att demonstrera hur intressenter uppfattar den nuvarande industriella dynamiken i livsmedelsindustrin, vilket visade en viss spänning mellan Oatly och specifikt mejeriindustrin, vilket tyder på att Oatlys framfart kan vara en kraft för hållbar transformation av mejeriindustrin.

A caracterização dos méis monoflorais tomou-se uma tendência mundial. Sendo assim, este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento e otimização de metodologias para as análises de carboidratos por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE), para o tipo de montagem da lâmina para a realização do espectro polínico e para a determinação do conteúdo de umidade, com o intuito de caracterizar as amostras de méis monoflorais de eucalipto e laranja de algumas regiões do Estado de São Paulo. Na análise polínica foi empregado o método modificado de Iwama e Melhem (1979) para limpeza dos grãos de pólen, e para a montagem da lâmina foi realizado um estudo de comparação entre o método de Iwama e Melhem (1979) e o método proposto (Louveaux modificado, 1978), através de um teste de duas proporções. No conteúdo de umidade foi realizada a comparação de dois métodos oficiais (AOAC e EHC) através de um planejamento fatorial e um estudo da variabilidade empregando-se um planejamento hierárquico. Para a análise do conteúdo de carboidratos realizou-se a otimização das condições de análise por CLAE, empregando-se um planejamento de misturas e uma análise de regressão linear para curvas de calibração, um teste-t para estudo da recuperação e uma análise de variância (ANOVA) para comparar os conteúdos de carboidratos das duas floradas. Na análise polínica pode se observar que o método proposto (Louveaux modificado) era o mais adequado visto que este apresentava uma maior distribuição das famílias de menor freqüência. Com os espectro polínicos (pólen dominante) das amostras de méis coletadas pode-se classificar os méis como monoflorais de eucalipto e laranja. Através da análise do espectro polínico completo pode-se observar que os méis monoflorais de laranja possuem uma diversificação maior de famílias em relação aos méis monoflorais de eucalipto, sugerindo que estes méis possuem uma maior variação de néctares e grãos de pólen na sua formação, sendo que este fato pode estar relacionado às regiões de cultivo. O planejamento fatorial 22 no conteúdo de umidade sugeriu que as amostras cristalizadas interferem na medida do índice de refração. O emprego do pré-tratamento da amostra (EHC) permitiu uma diminuição nos conteúdos de umidade das amostras cristalizadas. Quando este pré-tratamento foi usado para amostras líquidas não se observaram diferenças significativas no teor de umidade. Pode-se então sugerir que o método refratométrico da Comunidade Européia de Mel (EHC) seria os mais adequados para ser usada nas amostras líquidas e cristalizada. O estudo da variabilidade dos conteúdos de umidade realizado através de um planejamento hierárquico e análise de variância (ANOVA) indicaram que existem diferenças significativas entre as fontes florais e entre as amostras de méis. Foram escolhidas como melhores condições experimentais para a determinação dos carboidratos no mel por CLAE, o uso de coluna de aminopropil de tamanho menor (15,0cm x 4,5cm), e uma temperatura de 32&#176;C na coluna e de 35,5&#176;C para o detector de índice de refração e uma vazão de fluxo de 1,2 mL/min. Para a fase móvel o planejamento em misturas realizado, indicou como melhor fase móvel a mistura 50:10:40(acetonitrila; água; acetato de etila). Ao realizar as curvas de calibração dos carboidratos (glicose, frutose, sacarose, turanose e maltose) pode-se observar que estas eram lineares, com R2ajust altos e precisão aceitáveis para a quantificação dos carboidratos. Foi determinada a capacidade de detecção (0,2 - 0,4%) e capacidade de quantificação (0,7 - 1,3%) para a sacarose, turanose e maltose. O estudo de recuperação média dos carboidratos sugeriu que curvas de calibração poderiam ser utilizadas com confiança para determinar os conteúdos de carboidratos. A avaliação entre as concentrações médias dos carboidratos individuais pela ANOVA e pelo teste-t ao nível de 95% de confiança dos méis monoflorais de eucalipto e laranja, sugeriu que existem diferenças significativas nas concentrações de glicose, sacarose e turanose nas amostras de méis. Desta forma pode-se classificar os méis monoflorais de eucalipto e laranja através do espectro polínico. Conclui-se que as determinações do conteúdo de umidade e carboidratos (glicose, sacarose e turanose) podem se empregados para caracterizar a origem botânica dos méis monoflorais de eucalipto e laranja. / Considering the characterization of monofloral honeys as a worldwide tendency, this study presents the development and optimization of methodologies for carbohydrate analysis by HPLC, the kind of standardization for lamina preparations for pollen analysis and the determination of moisture content in order to characterize eucalyptus and orange monofloral honey samples from some regions in São Paulo State. The modified method of Iwama and Melhem (1979) was employed for pollen analysis pollen cleaning. For lamina preparation it a comparison study was made between the Iwana and Melhem (1979) method and the proposed method (Louveaux modified) through two proportion tests. A comparison for moisture content was made between two official methods (AOAC and EHC) through a factorial desing and a study of variability through hierarchical desings. For the carbohydrate content analysis an optimization of analysis conditions for HPLC was made using mixture desing and a linear regression analysis for calibration curves, a t-test for a recovery study and a variance analysis (ANOVA) to compare the carbohydrate contents of both floral origins. In pollen analysis one can observe that the proposed Louveaux modified method was the most adequate since it showed a bigger distribution of less frequently occcoring families. With the pollen spectrum (dominant pollen) from honey samples, the monoflorals of eucalyptus and orange, can be classified. And by complete pollen spectrum analysis one can observe that orange monofloral honeys contain more diversified families relative to eucalyptus monofloral honeys, suggesting these honeys have a bigger variation of nectars and pollen grains in their formation. This fact can be related to regions of plantation. The factorial desing 22 in moisture content suggests that the crystallized samples interfere in refractive index measurements. The (EHC) sample pre-treatment led to lower moisture contents of crystallized samples. When this pre-treatment was used for liquid samples no significant differences were observed concerning moisture content. Therefore it can be suggested that the EHC refractrometric method is more appropriate to use for liquid and crystallized samples. The study of moisture content variability through hierarchical desing and variance analysis indicates significant differences among floral sources and moisture content of honey samples. The use of a aminopropil column of smaller size (15,0 cm x 4,5 cm) and a temperature of 32 &#176; C in the column and 35,5 &#176; C for the refractive index detector and a flow rate of 1.2 ml/min were the best experimental conditions chosen to determine the carbohydrates in honey by HPLC. For the mobile phase the mixture desing indicated that the best combination was 50: 10: 40( acetonitrile, water, ethyl acetate). The calibration curves of the carbohydrates (glucose, fructose, sucrose, turanose, maltose) were linear, with high R2 and had acceptable accuracy for carbohydrate quantification. 80th the detection capacity and quantification capacities were determined the former being (0.2 - 0.4%) and the latter (0.7 - 1.3 %) for sucrose, turanose and maltose. The mean recovery study of carbohydrates suggested that the calibration curves are reliable to determine carbohydrate contents. The evaluation among the mean concentrations of individual carbohydrates by ANOVA and t-test at the 95% confidence level of eucalyptus and orange monofloral honeys suggested that there are significant differences in glucose, sucrose and turanose concentration in these honey samples. In this way eucalyptus and orange monofloral honeys can be classified by the pollen spectrum. Therefore, it was concluded that the eucalyptus and orange monofloral honeys can be classified by moisture content determination and/or carbohydrate (glucose, sucrose and turanose) determination.

A caracterização dos méis monoflorais tomou-se uma tendência mundial. Sendo assim, este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento e otimização de metodologias para as análises de carboidratos por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE), para o tipo de montagem da lâmina para a realização do espectro polínico e para a determinação do conteúdo de umidade, com o intuito de caracterizar as amostras de méis monoflorais de eucalipto e laranja de algumas regiões do Estado de São Paulo. Na análise polínica foi empregado o método modificado de Iwama e Melhem (1979) para limpeza dos grãos de pólen, e para a montagem da lâmina foi realizado um estudo de comparação entre o método de Iwama e Melhem (1979) e o método proposto (Louveaux modificado, 1978), através de um teste de duas proporções. No conteúdo de umidade foi realizada a comparação de dois métodos oficiais (AOAC e EHC) através de um planejamento fatorial e um estudo da variabilidade empregando-se um planejamento hierárquico. Para a análise do conteúdo de carboidratos realizou-se a otimização das condições de análise por CLAE, empregando-se um planejamento de misturas e uma análise de regressão linear para curvas de calibração, um teste-t para estudo da recuperação e uma análise de variância (ANOVA) para comparar os conteúdos de carboidratos das duas floradas. Na análise polínica pode se observar que o método proposto (Louveaux modificado) era o mais adequado visto que este apresentava uma maior distribuição das famílias de menor freqüência. Com os espectro polínicos (pólen dominante) das amostras de méis coletadas pode-se classificar os méis como monoflorais de eucalipto e laranja. Através da análise do espectro polínico completo pode-se observar que os méis monoflorais de laranja possuem uma diversificação maior de famílias em relação aos méis monoflorais de eucalipto, sugerindo que estes méis possuem uma maior variação de néctares e grãos de pólen na sua formação, sendo que este fato pode estar relacionado às regiões de cultivo. O planejamento fatorial 22 no conteúdo de umidade sugeriu que as amostras cristalizadas interferem na medida do índice de refração. O emprego do pré-tratamento da amostra (EHC) permitiu uma diminuição nos conteúdos de umidade das amostras cristalizadas. Quando este pré-tratamento foi usado para amostras líquidas não se observaram diferenças significativas no teor de umidade. Pode-se então sugerir que o método refratométrico da Comunidade Européia de Mel (EHC) seria os mais adequados para ser usada nas amostras líquidas e cristalizada. O estudo da variabilidade dos conteúdos de umidade realizado através de um planejamento hierárquico e análise de variância (ANOVA) indicaram que existem diferenças significativas entre as fontes florais e entre as amostras de méis. Foram escolhidas como melhores condições experimentais para a determinação dos carboidratos no mel por CLAE, o uso de coluna de aminopropil de tamanho menor (15,0cm x 4,5cm), e uma temperatura de 32&#176;C na coluna e de 35,5&#176;C para o detector de índice de refração e uma vazão de fluxo de 1,2 mL/min. Para a fase móvel o planejamento em misturas realizado, indicou como melhor fase móvel a mistura 50:10:40(acetonitrila; água; acetato de etila). Ao realizar as curvas de calibração dos carboidratos (glicose, frutose, sacarose, turanose e maltose) pode-se observar que estas eram lineares, com R2ajust altos e precisão aceitáveis para a quantificação dos carboidratos. Foi determinada a capacidade de detecção (0,2 - 0,4%) e capacidade de quantificação (0,7 - 1,3%) para a sacarose, turanose e maltose. O estudo de recuperação média dos carboidratos sugeriu que curvas de calibração poderiam ser utilizadas com confiança para determinar os conteúdos de carboidratos. A avaliação entre as concentrações médias dos carboidratos individuais pela ANOVA e pelo teste-t ao nível de 95% de confiança dos méis monoflorais de eucalipto e laranja, sugeriu que existem diferenças significativas nas concentrações de glicose, sacarose e turanose nas amostras de méis. Desta forma pode-se classificar os méis monoflorais de eucalipto e laranja através do espectro polínico. Conclui-se que as determinações do conteúdo de umidade e carboidratos (glicose, sacarose e turanose) podem se empregados para caracterizar a origem botânica dos méis monoflorais de eucalipto e laranja. / Considering the characterization of monofloral honeys as a worldwide tendency, this study presents the development and optimization of methodologies for carbohydrate analysis by HPLC, the kind of standardization for lamina preparations for pollen analysis and the determination of moisture content in order to characterize eucalyptus and orange monofloral honey samples from some regions in São Paulo State. The modified method of Iwama and Melhem (1979) was employed for pollen analysis pollen cleaning. For lamina preparation it a comparison study was made between the Iwana and Melhem (1979) method and the proposed method (Louveaux modified) through two proportion tests. A comparison for moisture content was made between two official methods (AOAC and EHC) through a factorial desing and a study of variability through hierarchical desings. For the carbohydrate content analysis an optimization of analysis conditions for HPLC was made using mixture desing and a linear regression analysis for calibration curves, a t-test for a recovery study and a variance analysis (ANOVA) to compare the carbohydrate contents of both floral origins. In pollen analysis one can observe that the proposed Louveaux modified method was the most adequate since it showed a bigger distribution of less frequently occcoring families. With the pollen spectrum (dominant pollen) from honey samples, the monoflorals of eucalyptus and orange, can be classified. And by complete pollen spectrum analysis one can observe that orange monofloral honeys contain more diversified families relative to eucalyptus monofloral honeys, suggesting these honeys have a bigger variation of nectars and pollen grains in their formation. This fact can be related to regions of plantation. The factorial desing 22 in moisture content suggests that the crystallized samples interfere in refractive index measurements. The (EHC) sample pre-treatment led to lower moisture contents of crystallized samples. When this pre-treatment was used for liquid samples no significant differences were observed concerning moisture content. Therefore it can be suggested that the EHC refractrometric method is more appropriate to use for liquid and crystallized samples. The study of moisture content variability through hierarchical desing and variance analysis indicates significant differences among floral sources and moisture content of honey samples. The use of a aminopropil column of smaller size (15,0 cm x 4,5 cm) and a temperature of 32 &#176; C in the column and 35,5 &#176; C for the refractive index detector and a flow rate of 1.2 ml/min were the best experimental conditions chosen to determine the carbohydrates in honey by HPLC. For the mobile phase the mixture desing indicated that the best combination was 50: 10: 40( acetonitrile, water, ethyl acetate). The calibration curves of the carbohydrates (glucose, fructose, sucrose, turanose, maltose) were linear, with high R2 and had acceptable accuracy for carbohydrate quantification. 80th the detection capacity and quantification capacities were determined the former being (0.2 - 0.4%) and the latter (0.7 - 1.3 %) for sucrose, turanose and maltose. The mean recovery study of carbohydrates suggested that the calibration curves are reliable to determine carbohydrate contents. The evaluation among the mean concentrations of individual carbohydrates by ANOVA and t-test at the 95% confidence level of eucalyptus and orange monofloral honeys suggested that there are significant differences in glucose, sucrose and turanose concentration in these honey samples. In this way eucalyptus and orange monofloral honeys can be classified by the pollen spectrum. Therefore, it was concluded that the eucalyptus and orange monofloral honeys can be classified by moisture content determination and/or carbohydrate (glucose, sucrose and turanose) determination.

Au cours des dernières années, l'augmentation de la production aquacole a nécessité un changement dans la composition des aliments pour poissons, pour remplacer la farine (FP) et l’huile de poisson (HP) par des sources végétales plus disponibles. Dans ce contexte, le travail de ma thèse avait pour but d'analyser les effets d’une substitution totale et concomitante de la FP et HP par des ingrédients végétaux dans les aliments distribués pendant tout le cycle de vie de la truite arc-en-ciel, de la première alimentation jusqu’à la reproduction. Ce travail a montré pour la première fois que la truite peut survivre, se développer et avoir une descendance viable, lorsqu’elle est nourrie tout au long de son cycle de vie avec un régime 100% végétal. Un tel remplacement alimentaire a entraîné des changements radicaux dans le profil en acides gras des tissus des femelles. Cependant, nous avons constaté que la truite était capable de synthétiser des acides gras polyinsaturés à longue chaîne n-3 (AGPI-LC n-3) à partir de précurseurs présents dans l'aliment, et de stocker dans les ovules une partie de ces acides gras néosynthétisés dans le foie , permettant ainsi une reproduction efficace. Nous avons également étudié les possibles effets trans-générationnels d’une alimentation 100% végétale des géniteurs, sur la survie et la croissance de la descendance et sur sa réponse à différents régimes aux stades précoces, en nous appuyant sur des analyses du transcriptome des alevins entiers. Aucun effet significatif de l’alimentation maternelle avec des régimes à base de végétaux n’a été observé sur les descendants avant leur première alimentation, à l'exception d'un poids corporel légèrement inférieur (-13%) à celui des descendants de femelles nourries avec un aliment contenant des FP et HP. En revanche, des effets significatifs de l'alimentation maternelle sur le transcriptome des alevins sont apparus après 3 semaines d'alimentation. L'histoire nutritionnelle de la mère a affecté principalement des gènes impliqués dans la croissance/contraction musculaire et dans les métabolismes énergétique et glucidique. Quelle que soit l'origine maternelle, l’alimentation des alevins avec des aliments contenant des ingrédients végétaux conduit à une régulation positive des gènes impliqués dans le métabolisme des AA/protéines et le métabolisme du cholestérol, ainsi qu’à des changements dans l'expression des gènes impliqués dans le métabolisme glucidique. Enfin, les effets à long-terme de régimes à base de matières premières végétales chez la truite arc-en-ciel ont également été étudiés chez les juvéniles (10g) et les poissons «en croissance» (250-350g), en se focalisant principalement sur l’expression des gènes dans l’intestin et le foie. Cette étude à long-terme a mis en évidence chez les juvéniles des effets subtils sur des gènes intestinaux et hépatiques (transcriptome), avec principalement une augmentation de l’expression des gènes impliqués dans les voies de synthèse des AGPI-LC et du cholestérol chez les poissons nourris avec des régimes à base de plantes. Ces changements d’expression ont été maintenus chez les poissons «en croissance». L'expression de gènes impliqués dans le catabolisme des protéines, le métabolisme des glucides et dans le transport intracellulaire a également été modifiée par les régimes à base de plantes chez les juvéniles, mais ces résultats ne sont pas entièrement confirmés chez les poissons «en croissance». L'ensemble des résultats de cette thèse fournissent des informations originales sur l'utilisation de régimes alimentaires avec des taux de remplacement élevés de FP et d’HP pendant l'ensemble du cycle de vie des poissons, y compris les reproducteurs et les stades précoces, car la majorité des études précédentes avaient concerné la phase de grossissement. Des ajustements de la formule alimentaire sont encore nécessaires pour continuer à optimiser les performances de reproduction et la croissance des poissons d’élevage. / In the last years, the increase in aquaculture production has forced a change in fish feed composition, with increasing substitution of fish meal and fish oil by more available plant sources. In this context, the present PhD work aimed at analyzing the effects of different levels of concomitant dietary replacement of fish meal and fish oil by plant ingredients during the whole life cycle of rainbow trout (from first feeding to reproduction). This work showed for the first time that rainbow trout was able to survive, grow and produce viable offsprings, when fed a totally plant-based diet throughout the whole life cycle. Such dietary replacement resulted in drastic changes in tissues fatty acid profile of broodstock females. However, we found that trout was capable to synthetize n-3 long chain- polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) from dietary precursors and to transfer large amounts of these fatty acids in ova, so that an efficient reproduction can occur. We also studied the potential carry over generation effects of feeding broodstock a totally plant-based diet on progeny and their response to different diets at early stages, using molecular approaches, including the study of the whole body transcriptome. Considering the effects on progeny, the present study confirmed the capability of trout to survive and grow on a plant-based diet, but with slight differences in terms of weight. While no effects of maternal dietary background were observed before first feeding, except slightly lower body weight (-13%), significant effects on the transcriptome of whole body alevins appeared after 3 weeks of feeding. These effects of maternal nutritional history were mainly related to muscle growth/contraction and carbohydrate and energy metabolism. Irrespective of the maternal origin of progeny, first feeding diets containing plant ingredients resulted in up-regulation of genes involved in AA/protein and cholesterol metabolism, as well as in changes in the expression of genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism. Finally, the effects of long-term feeding trout plant-based diets were also studied in juveniles (10g) and ongrowing fish (250-350g), mainly focusing on intestine and liver gene expression. The long term trial in juveniles highlighted subtle effects on both intestinal and hepatic gene expression (transcriptome), mainly related to LC-PUFA and cholesterol biosynthetic pathways, which were enhanced in fish fed the plant based diets. This transcriptional pattern was maintained in ongrowing fish. Genes involved in protein catabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and trafficking were also affected by plant-based diets in juveniles, but these results were not fully confirmed in ongrowing fish. Overall, the results of the present thesis allowed extending the use of diets with high replacement rates of fish meal and fish oil to the whole life cycle of fish, including broodstock and early stages. Adjustments of the feed-formula are still needed to further optimize reproductive and growth performance.

Ce travail vise une meilleure compréhension de l’adaptation aux conditions d’élevage par une approche comportementale basée sur la comparaison de diverses populations de téléostéens pour trois espèces, l’une marine, le bar (Dicentrarchus labrax), les deux autres d’eau douce, l’omble chevalier (Salvelinus alpinus) et la truite commune (Salmo trutta). La thèse s’articule en deux parties qui ont permis : 1) de tester des facteurs biotiques et abiotiques sélectionnés en fonction de leur importance en élevage du bar et de l’omble chevalier. 2) de caractériser les effets de la domestication sur le comportement par le biais d’une comparaison entre des bars ou des truites sauvages et domestiqués à des âges différents et dans des contextes variables (challenges, labyrinthe). Dans la première partie, les travaux réalisés sur l’omble chevalier ont montré que la présence d’un refuge artificiel durant la phase de nutrition endogène induisait une forte diminution de la mobilité accompagnée de meilleures performances de croissance et d’une survie plus importante, que la taille de l’œuf et l’environnement social jouaient un rôle important sur le comportement alimentaire et la mobilité des juvéniles dans les semaines qui suivent la première nutrition exogène. Les travaux réalisés sur le bar ont montré qu’un aliment végétal ne modifiait pas les capacités d’apprentissage en condition d’auto-alimentation ni leurs capacités cognitives en situation de test en labyrinthe, mais qu’il semble réduire l’activité de nage et la libération à court terme du cortisol. Une autre expérience a montré que la pratique du tri et l’environnement social qui en résulte, en conditions d’auto-alimentation, a peu d’influence sur la demande, le rythme, le gaspillage alimentaires, la structure sociale, les performances de croissance et le statut physiologique. Une période de trois semaines de jeûne, enfin, ne modifie pas la structure sociale et les manipulateurs principaux sont les mêmes avant et après cette période, ce qui pourrait être lié à l’existence de traits de personnalité basés sur le pourcentage d’activation de la tige tactile du dispositif d’auto-alimentation. Dans la seconde partie de la thèse, l’expérience sur la truite a mis en évidence un effet de la domestication sur l’activité de nage avant et après application d’un stress lumineux, en utilisant un matériel biologique contrôlé par génotypage (vitesse angulaire plus élevée chez les individus sauvages, vitesse moyenne et distance parcourue plus importantes chez les individus domestiqués). Les expériences réalisées sur le bar ont comparé des populations sauvages capturées à l’état larvaire dans le milieu naturel à des populations standard industrielles. La première a montré l’influence combinée de l’âge et de mécanismes d’ordre ontogénique sur l’activité de nage et le taux de réponse de fuite (diminution chez les deux catégories de larve). L’impact de la domestication se traduit par des différences entre individus sauvages et domestiquées (vitesse angulaire et vigilance plus élevés chez les individus sauvages). En situation de labyrinthe, la domestication ne semble pas avoir d’influence sur le grégarisme et la cognition chez le bar, mais il existe une forte variabilité individuelle. La discrimination de la familiarité, enfin, n’a pu être mise en évidence que chez les individus domestiqués.L’approche comportementale a permis de révéler une plasticité en réponse à quelques facteurs abiotiques et abiotiques, qui constitue un véritable levier adaptatif pour les téléostéens en élevage. L’effet de la domestication sur le comportement a également été démontré ainsi que l’influence de l’âge et des mécanismes ontogéniques dont la nature reste à déterminer. Cette thèse s’inscrit dans la lignée des travaux qui vise à sélectionner les téléostéens sur leurs traits de personnalité dans l’optique d’une adaptation optimale en élevage ou dans la perspective de programmes de repeuplement. / The present work aims at a better understanding of the adaptation to farming conditions through a behavioural approach based on the comparison between wild vs. domesticated populations of three species: a marine species, sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), two freshwater species, arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) and brown trout (Salmo trutta). The thesis is divided into two parts which objectives were : 1) to test the impact of biotic and abiotic factors selected based on their importance in aquaculture on sea bass and artic charr behavioural plasticity (behavioural modifications in response to environmental changes). 2) to characterize the domestication effect on behaviour through the comparison between wild vs. domesticated sea bass and brown trout at different ages and under different experimental conditions (challenges, maze).In the first part, experiments performed on arctic charr showed that an artificial shelter induced a lower mobility, better growth performances and a higher level of survival during the endogenous feeding period, that egg size and social environment play an important role on feeding behaviour and mobility during the weeks following the first exogenous feeding period. These results illustrated behavioural flexibility in response to abiotic and biotic factors. The findings could be used to improve culture performances and welfare of arctic charr. The experiments performed on sea bass showed that a plant-based diet do neither modify the learning abilities under self-feeding conditions nor the cognition under a test situation in a maze, but has an impact on swimming activity (the mean velocity decreased and the total distance travelled decreased) and on the short-term release of cortisol (plasmatic concentration lower than the control group). Another experiment showed that, under self-feeding conditions, size grading and the resulting social environment have no major influence on feed-demand, feeding rhythm, food wastage, social structure, growth performances and physiological status. At last, a three-week fasting period does not modify the social structure and high-triggering fish are exactly the same individuals before and after the fasting period. Individual’s triggering activity levels could therefore be considered as personality traits but further research is needed to verify this hypothesis.In the second part of the thesis, the experiment performed on brown trout showed an impact of domestication on swimming activity before and after a light-elicited stress, using a biological material controlled by genotyping. Angular velocity was higher in wild fish while mean velocity and total distance travelled were higher in domesticated fish. All the experiments carried out on sea bass compared wild-caught fish (from the larval stage) to domesticated fish (industrial standard). The first one showed the interplay of age and ontogeny on swimming activity and escape response rate. These variables decreased in fish from both origins. The impact of domestication was shown through differences between wild-caught and domesticated larvae (angular velocity and vigilance level higher in wild fish). They showed that domestication has no influence on gregarism, and cognition in sea bass but there was a high individual variability. The ability to discriminate familiarity was shown only in domesticated fish. The behavioural approach developed in this thesis was demonstrated to be relevant to reveal plasticity in response to a few abiotic and biotic factors among the numerous ones that remain to be investigated. Plasticity plays an important role in the adaptation of fish to culture conditions. Domestication impact on behaviour was also demonstrated as well as the interplay of age and ontogeny. This thesis followed the path and brings new insights for research programs targeting fish selection based upon personality traits in order to improve adaptation for aquaculture or restocking purposes.

Konsumtion av animaliska livsmedel är ett område som får allt mer fokus och utrymme i media och samhällsdebatt på grund av dess negativa miljöpåverkan. Med utgångspunkt i marknadsföringens potential att påverka konsumenters dagliga livsmedelsval är uppsatsens syfte att utforska attityder och associationer kring begrepp som vanligen används inom produktkommunikation för växtbaserade produkter. Målsättning är att förändra konsumtionsmönster och öka efterfrågan av växtbaserade produkter. En kvalitativ ansats i form av asynkrona online-fokusgrupper och teoretisk utgångspunkt i Theory of planned behavior visar generellt positiva attityder kring ökat intag av växtbaserad mat grundat i hälso- och miljöfördelar men även en rad upplevda subjektiva och strukturella hinder. Positiva associationer i relation till kost framkom för ordet växtbaserad och delvis negativa, icke-kostrelaterade associationer till ordet vegan. Studiens resultat indikerar att produktkommunikation som förknippas med hälsofördelar är att föredra men mer omfattande forskning kring hur terminologi påverkar beslut om köp och konsumtion rekommenderas. / The consumption of animal food is an area that is gaining more focus and scope in the media and social debate due to its negative environmental impact. Based on the potential of marketing to influence consumers' daily food choices, the thesis aims to explore attitudes and associations in relation to concepts customarily used in product communication for plant-based products. Objective is to change consumption patterns and increase demand for plant-based products. A qualitative approach of online asynchronous focus groups and theoretical starting point in Theory of planned behavior shows generally positive attitudes towards increasing intake of plant-based food based on health and environmental benefits but also a number of perceived subjective and structural barriers. Positive associations in relation to diet were found for the word plant-based and partly negative associations, un-related to diet, to the word vegan. The study's results indicate that product communication associated with health benefits is preferred but more extensive research on how terminology associations affect purchasing and consumption decisions is recommended.

Tesis por compendio / [ES] Los consumidores preocupados por la salud, sostenibilidad y bienestar animal han aumentado en los últimos años. Por ello, las nuevas tendencias clean label y plant-based están en alza. Cada vez son más las empresas que quieren lanzar al mercado productos sin aditivos y conservantes, más naturales y menos procesados. Además, el interés por los productos puramente vegetales está creciendo, debido al aumento de población que quiere eliminar por completo el consumo de carne de su dieta o reducirlo. Para la elaboración de productos alimentarios es necesario el uso de aditivos, ya que estos no solo aseguran su inocuidad y alargan su vida útil, sino que también tienen funciones de texturizantes, espesantes y gelificantes. La elaboración de análogos de productos de origen animal (derivados cárnicos y otros como el queso) requiere del uso de este tipo de ingredientes para conseguir que el producto tenga una textura similar a los productos originales. Por ello, al igual que los aditivos y conservantes, en ocasiones estos productos no están bien vistos por los consumidores, que prefieren que sean lo más naturales posible. Sin embargo, existen ingredientes procedentes de las plantas con poder texturizante, gelificante y/o espesante, que podría ser utilizados con tal finalidad. Por todo ello, el objetivo de esta tesis doctoral fue la ampliación y modificación de la gama de preparados ofertados por la empresa Productos Pilarica S.A. en base a los criterios clean label para la elaboración de productos plant-based. Inicialmente se planteo un estudio sobre la visión general de los productos plant-based con etiqueta limpia por parte de diferentes grupos de consumidores (omnívoros, veganos, vegetarianos y flexitarianos). Los resultados obtenidos indicaron que la percepción de este tipo de productos era diferente en función de la dieta de los consumidores. Los omnívoros no diferenciaron entre los productos veganos y vegetarianos clean label y con etiqueta original; sin embargo, los consumidores que reducen o eliminan el consumo de carne y derivados percibieron los productos clean label de manera diferente a los productos con etiqueta original, prefiriendo los productos "más naturales". Además, se vio que esta población parece estar más concienciada con el medio ambiente. Seguidamente, se procedió a realizar una búsqueda de ingredientes vegetales naturales con poder texturizante, siendo los ingredientes seleccionados fibras alimentarias de diferente procedencia (fibra de guisante, fibra de patata, fibra de bambú, fibra de cítricos, tres tipos de fibras de Plantago ovata, y dos mezclas de fibras, una con bambú, psyllium y cítricos, y otra con guisante, caña de azúcar y bambú). Para conocer su capacidad texturizante se procedió a estudiar sus características tecno-funcionales y, especialmente, su capacidad de gelificación. Como resultados más relevantes se observó que las fibras procedentes de P. ovata o psyllium, formaban geles estables a concentraciones más bajas que las demás fibras, con o sin tratamiento por calor. Además, el tratamiento con calor aumentaba la dureza de estos geles. También se vio que el contenido en minerales como el hierro y la capacidad antioxidante de estas fue destacable. Una vez seleccionadas las fibras de P . ovata como principales texturizantes se procedió a la evaluación de estas en diferentes matrices alimentarias (untables y salchichas tipo Frankfurt). En ambas matrices se observó que la adición de psyllium, a diferentes concentraciones, aumentaba la firmeza y la consistencia de los productos. Se debe resaltar el uso de la fibra de psyllium PW (Plantago White), ya que, además de funcionar como texturizante, fue la que minimizó las diferencias de color con respecto a las muestras control. / [CA] Els consumidors que es preocupen per la salut, sostenibilitat i benestar animal han augmentat en els últims anys. Per això, les noves tendències clean label i plant-based estan a l'alça. Cada vegada són més les empreses que volen llançar al mercat productes sense additius ni conservants, més naturals i menys processats. A més, l'interés pels productes purament vegetals està creixent, a causa de l'augment de població que vol eliminar per complet el consum de carn de la seua dieta, o reduir-lo. Per a l'elaboració de productes alimentaris és necessari l'ús d'additius, ja que aquests no tan sols asseguren la seua innocuïtat i allarguen la seua vida útil, sinó que també tenen funcions texturitzants, espessidores i gelificants. L'elaboració d'anàlegs de productes d'origen animal (derivats carnis o altres com el formatge) requerix l'ús d'aquests tipus d'ingredients per aconseguir que el producte tinga una textura semblant als productes originals; per això, com ocorre amb els additius i conservants, de vegades no estan ben mirats pels consumidors, els quals volen que els productes siguen el més natural possible. No obstant això, n'hi ha ingredients procedents de les plantes amb poder texturitzant, gelificant i/o espessidor, que podrien ser utilitzats amb aquesta finalitat. Per tot això, l'objectiu d'aquesta tesi doctoral va ser l'ampliació i modificació de la gamma de preparats oferits per l'empresa col·laboradora basant-se en els criteris clean label per a l'elaboració de productes plant- based. Inicialment es va plantejar un estudi sobre la visió general dels productes plant-based amb etiqueta neta per part de diferents grups de consumidors (omnívors, vegans, vegetarians i flexitarians). Els resultats obtinguts van indicar que la percepció d'aquest tipus de productes era diferent en funció de la dieta dels consumidors. Els omnívors no van diferenciar entre els productes vegans i vegetarians clean label i amb etiqueta original; no obstant això, els consumidors que reduïxen o eliminen el consum de carn i derivats van percebre els productes clean label de manera diferent als productes amb etiqueta original, preferint els productes "més naturals". A més, es va veure que aquesta població pareix estar més conscienciada amb el medi ambient. A continuació, es va procedir a realitzar una recerca d'ingredients vegetals naturals amb poder texturitzant, sent els ingredients seleccionats fibres alimentàries de diferent procedència (fibra de pésol, fibra de creïlla, fibra de bambú, fibra de cítrics, tres tipus de fibres de Plantago ovata, i dues mescles de fibres, una amb bambú, psyllium i cítrics, i una altra amb pésol, canya de sucre i bambú). Per a conéixer la seua capacitat texturitzant es va procedir a estudiar les seus característiques tècnic-funcionals i, especialment, la seua capacitat de gelificació. Com a resultats més rellevants es va observar que les fibres procedents de P. ovata o psyllium formaven gels estables a concentracions més baixes que les altres fibres, amb tractament amb calor o sense. A més, el tractament amb calor augmentava la duresa d'aquests gels. També es va veure que el contingut en minerals, com el ferro, i la capacitat antioxidant d'aquests va ser destacable. Una vegada seleccionades les fibres de P. ovata com a principals agents texturitzants es va procedir a l'avaluació d'aquestes en diferents matrius alimentàries (aliments d'untar i salsitxes tipus Frankfurt). A ambdues matrius es va observar que l'addició de psyllium a diferents concentracions augmentava la fermesa i la consistència dels productes. S'ha de ressaltar l'ús de la fibra de psyllium PW (Plantago White), ja que, a més de funcionar com texturitzant, va minimitzar les diferències de color respecte a les mostres control. / [EN] Consumers concerned about health, sustainability and welfare have increased in recent years. For this reason, the new clean label and plant-based trends are on the rise. More and more companies want to launch products without additives and preservatives, more natural and less processed. In addition, the interest in purely vegetable products is growing, due to the increase population that wants to completely eliminate or reduce meat consumption from their diet. The use of additives is necessary for the formulation of food products since these not only ensure their safety and extend their useful life, but also have texturizing, thickening and gelling functions. The analogue elaboration of animal origin products (meat derivatives and others such as cheese) requires the use of this type of ingredients to ensure that the product has a texture similar to the original product. Therefore, as well as additives and preservatives, animal origin products sometimes are not well seen by consumers, who prefer these kinds of products to be as natural as possible. However, there are ingredients from plants with texturizing, gelling and/or thickening capacity, which could be used for this purpose. Therefore, the objective of this doctoral thesis was the expansion and modification of the range of preparations offered by the collaborated company based on the clean label criteria for the production of plant-based products. Initially, a study was proposed on the general vision of plant-based products with a clean label by different groups of consumers (omnivores, vegans, vegetarians and flexitarians). The results obtained indicated that the perception of this type of products was different depending on the diet of the consumers. Omnivores did not differentiate between clean label and original label vegan and vegetarian products. However, consumers who reduce or eliminate their consumption of meat and meat products perceived clean label products differently than products with the original label, preferring "more natural" products. In addition, it was seen that this population seems to be more aware of the environment. Next, a search was carried out for natural vegetable ingredients with texturizing power. The selected ingredients being food fibres from different sources (pea fibre, potato fibre, bamboo fibre, citrus fibre, three types of Plantago ovata fibres, and two fibre mixtures, one with bamboo, psyllium, and citrus, and the other with pea, sugarcane, and bamboo). In order to know its texturizing capacity, we proceeded to study their techno-functional characteristics and, especially, their gelling capacity. As more relevant results, it was observed that the fibres from P. ovata or psyllium more formed stable gels at lower concentrations than the other fibres, with or without heat treatment. Furthermore, heat treatment increased the hardness of these gels. It was also seen that the content of minerals such as iron and their antioxidant capacity was remarkable. Once the P. ovata fibres were selected as the main texturizers, they were evaluated in different food matrices (spreads and sausages). In both matrices it was observed that the addition of psyllium, at different concentrations, increased the firmness and consistency of the products. The use of psyllium fibre PW (Plantago White) should be highlighted, since, in addition to working as a texturizer, it was the one that minimized the colour differences with respect to the control samples. / Noguerol Meseguer, AT. (2022). Desarrollo de preparados texturizantes Clean Label [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/183186 / TESIS / Compendio