Master thesis deals with possibilities of playing games using artificial intelligence. Also, there is presented artificial intelligence with ability of playing selected game. Artificial intelligence presented in this work is considered as artificial neural networks. First theoretical part is focused on description worldwide successful and known artificial intelligence strategies. After that there is brief description of neural networks and analysis of some libraries for machine learning. Practical part is focused on implementation of created game with Python programming language and in the end, there is analysis of designed solution.

In my Master's degree thesis I'm dealing with the phenomenon of role-playing games in the Czech republic in the first half of the 1990s. Role-playing games came to the Czech republic in the form of a game called "Draci doupe" with an active community of players being established immediately. The main aims of this study are analysis and contextualisation of subculture of these players in the first half of the nineties and also publisher "Altar", who released "Draci doupe" at the end of the year 1990. "Draci doupe" and commercialization were inherently bound together. In my thesis I'm dealing with the description of development of publisher "Altar" with regard to his commercial strategy and influence on the subculture of role-playing game players. The rest of the study is dedicated to the community of players with the focus on development, form and spreading through fanzines (non-professional and non- official publication produced by community of players), magazines and community conventions (called "cons"). Struggles in the community of players regarding commercionalization of this leisure activity are analysed further in the study. These struggles led to degradation of the whole community of players. The view of public is added to the thesis to complete the whole picture of analysis of subculture...

General game playing is an area of artificial intelligence which focuses on creating agents capable of playing many games from some class. The agents receive the rules just before the match and therefore cannot be specialized for each game. Deepstack is the first artificial intelligence to beat professional human players in heads-up no-limit Texas hold'em poker. While it is specialized for poker, at its core is a general algorithm for playing two-player zero-sum games with imperfect information - continual resolving. In this thesis we introduce a general version of continual resolving and compare its performance against Online Outcome Sampling Monte Carlo Counterfactual Regret Minimization in several games.

Syftet med studien är att ta reda på vilka motivationsfaktorer som elever i olika ensembler på kulturskolan erfar och om det skiljer sig något mellan fokusgrupperna. Bakgrundskapitlet belyser litteratur och tidigare forskning inom området motivation, instrumentalspel och gruppsykologi. Arbetets vetenskaps- och kunskapsteoretiska utgångspunkter är interpretativism och konstruktionism. Studiens teoretiska perspektiv är fenomenologi med inriktning mot livsvärldsperspektivet. Studiens forskningsmetod innefattar semistrukturerade interjuver med fyra olika fokusgrupper från fyra olika ensembler på kulturskolan. Materialet analyserades utifrån tematisk analysmetod. I analysen av resultatet har två övergripande teman, sociala- och musikaliska faktorer, framkommit. De sociala faktorerna berör elevers erfarande av att det är att umgås med vänner i ensemblen, träffa människor i olika åldrar, ha en god relation med sina lärare och att ha eget ansvar i ensemblen. Det framkom också att musicera tillsammans, att utvecklas på sitt instrument, lära sig av varandra och att medverka i konsertsamanhang var motiverande faktorer för att spela i ensemble. Ett antal icke motiverande faktorer framkom även bland annat tidsbrist, för svåra eller lätta låtar, olika åsikter i ensemblen och att vänner slutar i ensemblen. Skillnader gällande synen på medbestämmande, ensemblens funktion och medverkan på konserter har också framkommit. Avslutningsvis diskuteras, i förhållande till tidigare presenterad litteratur och forskning inom området, betydelsen av det sociala umgänget, musikaliska upplevelsen, medbestämmandet och tidsbristen. / The purpose of this study is to find out what motivational factors pupils in different ensembles at the cultural school experience and if there is any difference between the focus groups. The background chapter illustrates literature and previous research in the area of ​​motivation, instrumental playing and group psychology. The work's scientific and knowledge theoretical principles are interpretativism and constructionism. The theoretical perspective of the study is phenomenology with a focus on the life-world perspective. The study's research method includes semi-structured interviews with four different focus groups from four different ensembles at the culture school. The material was analyzed based on the thematic analysis method. In the analysis of the result, two overarching themes, social and musical factors, have emerged. The social factors affect students' experience of being with friends in the ensemble, meeting people of different ages, having a good relationship with their teachers and having their own responsibility in the ensemble. It also emerged that playing music together, developing on their instrument, learning from each other and participating in concert contexts were motivating factors for playing in an ensemble. A number of non-motivational factors also emerged including lack of time, too difficult or easy tunes, different opinions in the ensemble and that friends quit the ensemble. Differences regarding the view of co-deciding the function of the ensemble and participation in concerts have also emerged. Finally, the results are discussed in relation to previously presented literature and research in the field. The significance of social interaction, musical experience, co-determination and lack of time was discussed in the concluding chapter.

I denna uppsats undersöks användningen, användbarheten, samt för- och nackdelar medäventyrsrollspel som behandlingsform vid psykisk ohälsa och autismspektrumtillstånd.För att studera detta har vi genomfört en kvalitativ intervjustudie med verksammapraktiker. Resultatet visar att behandlingens struktur är liknande för olika klientgrupperäven om behandlingsfokuset kan skilja sig beroende på klientens problematik.Återkommande teman är användandet av fantasin som verktyg vid behandling,äventyrsrollspelet som ramverk, social träning samt möjligheten till personligutveckling vilket är positiva aspekter av behandlingen. Dock är behandlingen begränsadför individer med vissa typer av problematik och skulle därmed fungera bättre som enkompletterande terapi. Den har även högt ställda kompetenskrav på behandlare som villanvända metoden. I diskussionen använder vi symbolisk interaktionism som teoretisktramverk för att tolka resultatet. / This study explores the usage, applications, as well as the pros and cons of utilizingtabletop role-playing games as a method of therapy for individuals with mental illnessand autism spectrum disorder. Qualitative interviews were conducted with practitionerswho apply the method. The result shows that the method is structured similarly fordifferent client groups while treatment focus changes according to individual diagnoses.Some recurring themes were: fantasy as a tool for therapy, the tabletop role-playinggame framework, social training, and possibility for personal growth which are allpositive aspects of the treatment. However, the treatment has limitations when used onindividuals with certain types of mental health problems and would instead work betteras a complementary treatment. However, a high level of competence is required forpractitioners who wish to utilize the method. In the discussion we seek to answer ourexplored issues through a symbolic interactionist theoretical standpoint.

The study of cognition as it relates to expert performance in sport is an area that has received increased attention over the last 25 years. This has been made possible by the fact that the domain of sport offers a rich and diverse setting in which to study cognition and its links to human performance, coupled with the abundant supply of highly practiced athletes providing unique opportunities to study these factors in a natural environment. The quality of on-field decision-making of expert athletes has received attention in a number of open-skill sporting codes, including basketball, field hockey and soccer. Decision-making quality of expert athletes in rugby union, as an invasive, open-skill sporting code, has not received the same amount of attention. Past studies on the decision-making of expert athletes in sport have tended to be carried through the isolation of specific cognitive functions and describing the role of each isolated function in the decision-making process. Given the speed at which decisions have to be made, as a result of time pressure, the isolation of cognitive functions yields valuable insights into the decision-making processes of expert athletes in competitive, on-field situations. While these cognitive functions can be studied in isolation, they do however form part of a bigger process that enables the expert athlete to make high quality on-field decisions. It is for this reason that it was decided to study these different functions in combination, as set out by the Information Processing Approach to cognitive functioning. According to this approach, the decision-making process consists on three main phases, namely that of Visual Search Strategies, Anticipation and Response Selection. This study was aimed at examining the quality of on-field decision-making of expert rugby players, as well as the influence of the competitive level at which rugby is played on decision-making quality. In order to achieve this goal it was necessary to develop a measurement instrument that can be used by expert rugby players to assess the quality of decisions made on the field of play. As it is difficult for outside observers to establish what players are thinking or focusing their attention on when making decisions on the field, it was necessary to design the instrument as a self-report measure of decision-making. By being made aware of one’s strong and weak points in on-field decision-making, expert rugby players can focus their attention on improving the underdeveloped facets of their game. The measurement of decision-making according to three distinct phases allows for increased accuracy in the identification of those cognitive areas that need improvement in order to improve overall playing ability. By changing the way the expert rugby player thinks about certain aspects of the game, most notably those aspects that the player has difficulty with, it becomes possible for the player to address these difficulties and make improvements wherever necessary. Copyright / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Psychology / unrestricted

In this study we aimed to investigate preschool teachers' perceptions of mathematics in relation to play. And what pre-school teachers have to say about their active presence about children's mathematical learning. In addition, we also want to investigate how they describe that mathematics in both planned and spontaneous play is implemented. We used these issues to get close to our aim; What approaches do pre-school teachers have to play and learning in relation to mathematics? How do preschool teachers describe the implementation of mathematics in relation to play? In this study we used qualitative research and we interviewed six active preschool teachers and summarized their answers. We found out that a phenomenological research approach suits this study. The theories we have based our study on are Lev. S Vygotskij, Alan Bishop and Friedrich Fröbel. Our result: In this study, we have studied pre-school teachers' perceptions of how mathematics can be applied through play. According to preschool teachers, play leads to mathematics learning. Furthermore, they believe that play and learning go hand in hand, so it can be difficult to define what play is and what learning is, according to most of them. The study shows that learning takes place in preschool daily and in all activities the children participate in or observe. According to the teachers, learning in mathematics can take place when the child plays by himself, or in interaction with other peers, and with a teacher present. This teachers’ presence depends on the situation in the game. According to the teachers, they can sometimes observe the game and only participate to implement a clarification in the game, be a co-researching teacher with empathy. Our conclusions may be that learning in mathematics takes place all the time, but it is clarified by the active role of preschool teachers and awareness of their approach.

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Arbetets syfte är att identifiera och förstå de utmaningar som ledare för blåsorkestrar på musik- eller kulturskolor upplever, samt hur de går tillväga för att hantera eventuella problem och nå framgång i sin verksamhet. Tidigare forskning visar att dirigenten som person och ledare har stor betydelse för orkesterns utveckling, men att den sociala miljön som bildas i orkestern också påverkar hur orkestern utvecklas och hur orkestermedlemmarna trivs i orkestermiljön. Det betyder att blåsorkestern kan blir en viktig plats dit eleverna går för att träffa sina vänner och ha det trevligt. Studien bygger på kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med fem musiklärare som arbetar med blåsorkesterverksamhet. Resultatet överensstämmer i stora delar med tidigare forskning som visar att det dirigenten gör före, under och efter repetitionerna spelar roll för orkesterns och orkesterelevernas utveckling. Dessutom visar resultatet i denna studie att den sociala aspekten av att spela i blåsorkester är viktigare än vad som skulle kunna förväntas. I diskussionen lyfts den sociala aspekten fram tillsammans med andra viktiga motivationsfaktorer för elever. / The purpose of the work is to identify and understand the challenges that leaders of wind orchestras at music schools experience, and how they cope with the problems and achieve success in their organization. Previous research shows that the conductor is of great importance for the development of the orchestra, but the social environment is also essential, so that the wind orchestra becomes a place where you pupils can socialize and have a good time. The study is based on qualitative semi-structured interviews of five selected music teachers who works with wind orchestra activities. The result shows much of what the previous research also does, that what the conductor does before, during and after rehearsals affects the progression of the orchestra. In addition, the results show that the social aspect of playing in the wind orchestra is more important than could be expected. In the discussion, the social aspect is highlighted together with other important motivational factors for pupils.

Orientador: Elieuza Aparecida de Lima / Resumo: O objetivo da pesquisa dirigiu-se a desvelar os indícios que possam explicar a natureza e o desenvolvimento da função simbólica da consciência na criança pré-escolar durante a atividade da brincadeira de papéis sociais. O problema gerador da investigação foi compreender como acontece o desenvolvimento do processo de significação dos atos simbólicos culturais, pela criança, na atividade da brincadeira de papéis sociais. Os estudos basearam-se na premissa de que a compreensão sobre o funcionamento do processo de significação das vivências e da criação de sentidos e significados sobre a realidade objetiva na idade pré-escolar é possível por meio da observação dos indícios materializados nas ações e palavras das crianças emergidas na brincadeira de papéis sociais, por expressarem a relação existente entre o signo, o significado e o sentido como sendo unidades constituintes da consciência semiótica. A análise desse processo permitiu avançar nas discussões sobre o processo de humanização da criança, especialmente quanto à formação das aptidões, necessidades, capacidades e valorações, entendidas como sendo habilidades especificamente humanas que compõem a personalidade e a inteligência. A sistematização metodológica do estudo caracterizou-se por uma intervenção pedagógica organizada a partir dos princípios do método instrumental sistêmico semântico, com a finalidade de elaborar condições objetivas (o real) para o desenvolvimento da atividade do brincar (espaço, tempo, objetos) em su... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim of the research was to reveal the evidence that may explain the nature and development of the symbolic function of consciousness in preschool children during the activity of playing social roles. The problem that generated the investigation was to understand how the development of the process of signification of cultural symbolic acts by the child happens in the activity of playing social roles. The studies were based on the premise that understanding about the functioning of the process of meaning of experiences and the creation of meanings about objective reality at preschool age is possible through the observation of the evidence materialized in the actions and words of the children. children emerged in the play of social roles, for expressing the relationship between the sign, the meaning and the sense as constituting units of semiotic consciousness. The analysis of this process allowed us to advance the discussions about the process of humanization of children, especially regarding the formation of skills, needs, abilities and valuations, understood as being specifically human skills that make up personality and intelligence. The methodological systematization of the study was characterized by a pedagogical intervention organized from the principles of the semantic systemic instrumental method, with the purpose of elaborating objective conditions (the real) for the development of the activity of playing (space, time, objects) in its relationship with the imaginar... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor