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[pt] Esse trabalho tem por objetivo jogar luz sobre o comércio de moda feminina em Copacabana no final dos anos 1940 e anos 1950, dando enfoque principalmente à Celeste Modas. A partir de entrevistas com pessoas que trabalharam com moda nessas décadas; da pesquisa em jornais e na revista Rio Magazine; e de fotos antigas das lojas mais renomadas do Centro da Cidade, então principal comércio de moda feminina no Rio de Janeiro, buscou-se entender o quanto as casas que surgiram em Copacabana no período se basearam no modelo físico e na forma de produção de vestuário estabelecidas pelas distintas lojas do Centro; e o quanto elas se adaptaram ao imaginário simbólico de Copacabana e às ideias de modernidade e distinção do período. / [en] This work aims to enlighten about the womenswear retail businesses in Copacabana in the late 1940s and 1950s, in particular about Celeste Modas. Drawing from interviews with professionals who worked in fashion at the time; going through newspapers from the period and Rio Magazine; and using antique photos of Rio s most renowned shops in the city Centre (the main shopping area at the time), it aimed to understand to which extent the Copacabana boutiques relied on the retail and production model already in place in the Centre, and how much they adapted their retail businesses to fit into the symbolic conception of Copacabana and the ideas of modern and luxury of the period.

Le Chapitre 1 propose un survol de la littérature consacrée à l'éco-innovation. A la lumière des travaux passés en revue, l'éco-innovation n’est pas encore un concept bien stabilisé : sa définition même continue d'évoluer, appelant des corrections et des précisions. Ce chapitre accorde une attention particulière au rôle de la règlementation, qui est souvent présentée dans la littérature comme un déterminant essentiel de l'éco-innovation, notamment quand l'innovation concerne un procédé de fabrication. Une controverse demeure à ce propos, en particulier quand la règlementation repose sur des normes environnementales peu contraignantes, voire facultatives (telle la norme ISO 14001). Le processus de diffusion de l'éco-innovation est un autre objet de controverse dans la littérature.[...]. Le Chapitre 2 va donc s'intéresser au premier point de controverse, à savoir le rôle des règlementations environnementales ayant une dimension facultative, comme les normes de type ISO 14001. A l'aide d'une analyse par appariement sur les scores de propension, nous examinons l'effet de l'adoption de normes de type ISO 140001 sur la performance des entreprises (mesurée à partir de la Valeur Ajoutée).[...] Le Chapitre 3 s'intéresse à savoir le processus de diffusion de l'éco-innovation. En raison des contraintes posées par les données disponibles, cette investigation se fait du point de vue des barrières à, et des déterminants de, l'innovation environnementale.[...] Le Chapitre 4 exploitant les données des Enquêtes Communautaires sur l'Innovation de 2008 (CIS 2008), qui contiennent un module spécifiquement dédié à l’éco-innovation. Ainsi, à la différence du chapitre 3, nous établissons – à l'aide du module spécifique de l'enquête – une typologie originale permettant de distinguer, parmi les entreprises éco-innovantes: (1) les entreprises adoptant une éco-innovation de manière passive, (2) les entreprises adoptant tardivement une éco-innovation de manière stratégique, (3) les entreprises adoptant précocement une éco-innovation de manière stratégique, (4) les éco-innovateurs stratégiques tardifs et (5) les éco-innovateurs stratégiques précoces.[...] / Environmental innovation or eco-innovation is considered one of the most significant paradigm shifts in the innovation behaviour. The specificity of eco innovation lies in the fact that environmental improvement, in addition to technological advancement, is the main reason of its development. By combining these two objectives, eco-innovation has become one of primary tools in the search to solve the world’s environmental problems and sustainability challenges. Despite its prevalence, there is still more to be discovered within the eco-innovation literature. The drivers of and barriers to eco-innovation discussion is one of the most significant amongst all. More notably, the role of a firm’s social, technological, economic and organizational characteristics within the eco-innovation process has been little studied. With this Ph.D. thesis we aim to fill the existing gap with four distinct research articles. [...] Chapter 2 investigates, firstly, whether firms’ internal characteristics have an impact on the adoption of voluntary environmental standards. Secondly, the causal effect of adoption of environmental standards on the firms performance. Based on the empirical evidence obtained, we show that medium-size, high-tech manufacturing firms operating at the EU level and using quality standards are more likely to adopt these standards earlier. [...] In Chapter 3, we stressed the significance of a firm’s structural characteristics in another context and aimed at investigating the role these characteristics play in realization of product and/or process eco-innovation. [...] In Chapter 4 we moved forward the analyses conducted in Chapter 3 to another context and examined the influence of firm’s economic, technological, organisational capabilities on the eco-innovation behaviour for different types of product, process, organisational or marketing eco-innovators. The results of our empirical analyses point out the marginal impacts of firm’s characteristics changes with respect to type of eco-innovator. [...]

Inledning: En distributionskedja fungerar genom att förädla en råvara till färdig produkt genom råvaruleverantörer, producenter, leverantörer, återförsäljare och konsumenter. I den klassiska distributionskedjan är det i regel leverantörerna som hanterar den slutgiltliga förpackningen och står för det varumärke konsumenten ser i butik. Denna marknad har under senare tid upplevt en stor förändring i form av återförsäljarnas egna märkesvaror (EMV). Dessa varor är tillverkade för att vara så lika marknadsledaren som möjligt och står ofta dessutom direkt bredvid dem i butikshyllan. I regel kostar de lite mindre men upplevs ha liknande värde och kvalitet. Marknadsandelarna för dessa egna märkesvaror har de senaste åren ökat stort och förväntas öka ännu mer. Återförsäljarna tillverkar inte dessa egna märkesvaror själva - de produceras av leverantörerna. Då denna marknad är mättad förlorar leverantörerna marknadsandelar då dessa produkter tar plats på marknaden. Denna studie vill gå till botten med hur leverantörerna hanterar denna trend för att fortsätta vara lönsamma och vara en del av distributionskedjan. Syfte: Studien syftar till att utforska leverantörers möjligheter, risker och strategiska beslut i hänseende till en organisations plats och styrka i distributionskedjan. Metod: Detta är en kvalitativ studie som utgår från leverantörens perspektiv. Empirin har samlats in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med nyckelpersoner hos leverantörsorganisationer som är engagerade i EMV-produktion. Slutsats: EMV erbjuder leverantörerna många möjligheter till tillväxt och utökad konkurrensstyrka, men till en sämre marginal och kostnadsstruktur vilket kan ha förödande konsekvenser. EMV utmanar den klassiska synen på distributionskedjan och konkurrensstrategier. / Introduction: A classic distribution chain consists of a raw material supplier, manufacturer, wholesaler, retailer and consumer. In this chain it's usually the manufacturers that delivers the branded product which ends up in the store shelf. This market has in recent times had a great change in the form of the retailers own brands (PL). These products are made to be similar to the market leader, and they are often placed right next to them on the store shelf. As a rule they have a slightly lower price but the similar quality. These products have risen in popularity and they are expected to rise even more. The retailers however do not manufacture their own products - that is the manufacturer's job. Considering the market is completely mature, this implicates that whenever a new product enters, it does this on the cost of someone else. This study wants to examine how the manufacturers work to keep their place in the distribution chain. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore the manufacturer's opportunities, risks and strategic possibilities regarding their place in the distribution chain. Methodology: This is a qualitative study from the suppliers perspective. The data is collected through semi-structured interviews with key personalities from within the organizations who are engaged with private label production. Conclusions: EMV offer the manufacturers many possibilities for growth and strength, but at the cost of lower margins. PL challenges the classic view of the distribution chain and strategies of competition.

"The Theme of Isolation in Selected Short Fiction of Kate Chopin, Katherine Anne Porter, and Eudora Welty" examines certain prototypical natures of isolation as recurrent and underlying themes in selected short fiction of Chopin, Porter, and Welty. Despite the differing backgrounds of the three Southern women writers, and despite the variety of issues they treat, the theme of isolation permeates most of their short fiction. I categorize and analyze their short stories by the nature and the treatment of the varieties of isolation. The analysis and comparison of their short stories from this particular perspective enables readers to link the three writers and to acknowledge their artistic talent and grasp of human psychology and situations.

<p>This paper is the result of a minor field study conducted in Istanbul, Turkey, during the period of November and December 2007. The purpose of the paper is to investigate the current business environment for apparel manufacturing in Istanbul. Research was carried out through an industry analysis in terms of competition and potential future development for apparel manufacturers.</p><p>The research has been carried out through interviews with actors related to the apparel manufacturing segment. Interviewees include five manufacturers, two sourcing agents, one trade organization and one professor with research in the area.</p><p>Our findings concerning the business environment are based on Michael E. Porters theoretical framework on “How Competitive Forces Shape Strategy”. In the case of Turkish apparel manufacturers this paper concludes how the barriers of entry for new actors are high, unless integrating forward. Additionally in general terms the suppliers have a weak bargaining position while customers are relatively strong in the bargaining process. The rivalry among apparel manufacturers is low, but it can be stated how less differentiated manufacturer experience significant higher level of rivalry. Further on this paper also concludes how these factors not are affected by any substitute products, much due to the broad scope of the study.</p><p>In respect to these factors a general strategy used by apparel manufactures has been identified as they try to affect the balance of these competitive forces through e.g. differentiation and vertical integration.</p>

房仲業雖作為連鎖經營及行銷通路概念行業，但因其交易特性，需要足夠的專業與服務的一致性，所以人才一直是此行業成功的關鍵因素。但在大陸地區，由於市場的成熟度與政府強勢主導，加上近些年 經濟快速成長，國際資金不斷湧入，其競爭環境比在台灣相對複雜許多。本研究主要是採取個案研究方式，希望經由深入的個案分析，尋找房仲業在大陸地區未來發展趨勢與關鍵成功要素。並為個案公司擬定策略以因應未來環境的快速變遷；並能在發展過程中蓄積核心資源，增加競爭力。 本研究的架構採用Aaker的理論架構來進行內外在分析與策略規劃。整個研究架構分為四個階段： 1.先分析整體環境為房仲業帶來的機會與威脅，以及該產業的成功關鍵因素；進而了解個案公司所擁有的優劣勢。 2.根據以上分析，歸納出該公司所面臨的問題。 3.策略方向的擬定，並依照適當的準則予以評估與選擇。 4.提出可行的策略，在該策略下擬定競爭策略與營運策略。 經過本研究分析發現，除了三S專業化、簡單化、標準化，及人才、品牌、資訊等傳統關鍵成功要素外，面對政策強勢主導及快速變動環境，掌握需求變動時間差能力、行銷通路及售後服務的創新整合能力、地理區差異所需要的彈性模組運作能力、網絡及策略聯盟整合能力、顯得更加重要。本研究建議個案公司採成長策略與差異化集中作為競爭策略，以發揮個案公司的核心能力，持續領先同業並奠定永續經營的利基。

The aim of the thesis is to analyse the product range manufactured by the company TON, which is a traditional Czech producer of bent wood furniture and especially chairs. The company TON has managed to maintain its position in the market for long 150 years, mainly thanks to the sensitive perception of changes in customer needs and adapting its product portfolio meeting them. In the theoretical part of the thesis are defined the basic concept of the marketing mix, product mix and described the methods and analysis as SLEPT analysis, Porter analysis, Portfolio analysis and Pareto analysis, which are then used in the practical part of the thesis. Based on the analysis there are formulated the conclusions which give recommendations on optimizing the product range and on effective use of certain elements of marketing mix for placing the product portfolio on target markets.

This thesis is focused on creating a business plan for a small business of company NEcukrárna. The theses have two parts, the first part is the theoretical introduction for the topic, the second part is the analytical part of execution concrete strategies for founding new small business. The methodical part of this theses is based on the professional literature and the knowledge collected during my studies. The applicational part contains the concrete economy situation on the market, practical experiences and knowledge and of course key analysis like SWOT matrix, Porter analysis. The aim of this thesis evaluates chances of profitability and long-term existence of my business idea.

[pt] Este trabalho teve como principal objetivo o estudo da indústria automobilística brasileira, relacionando o posicionamento estratégico competitivo das empresas com a formação de grupos estratégicos e o desempenho dos mesmos. O período estudado compreende os anos de 2001 a 2006, a amostra foi formada por 20 empresas ligadas à Abeiva - Associação Brasileira de Importadores Veículos Automotores - e à Anfavea - Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores, e a análise foi baseada na tipologia de Porter. Os resultados demonstraram que empresas que apresentam melhores desempenhos são as que optaram por uma das estratégias genéricas propostas por Porter, no caso a de Diferenciação; as empresas que obtiveram os piores resultados foram as que não apresentaram estratégia definida (stuck-in-the-middle). / [en] This research aims to study the Brazilian automobile industry, relating the strategic positioning of the companies with the formation of strategic groups and their performances. The studied period started in 2001 and ended in 2006 and the sample was formed by 20 associated companies from Abeiva - the Brazilian Importers Association of Automotive Vehicles and the Anfavea - the National Association of Automotive Vehicles. The study was based on the Porter`s typology and the findings showed that the best performances companies are those that applied the generic strategy of Differentiation, moreover, the companies who had gotten the worse result had been the ones who had not presented a well-defined strategy (stuck-in-the-middle).