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Erkännande av utländska domar beträffande moderskap i surrogatarrangemang : Principen om barnets bästa och barnets rätt till privat-och familjeliv / Recognition of foreign judgments on maternity issues in surrogacy arrangements : The principle of the child’s best interests and its right to privacyBesic, Hanna January 2020 (has links)
Surrogatarrangemang väcker många känslor hos individer och det är en pågående debatt huruvida det ska legaliseras eller inte. I ett nytt avgörande från Högsta domstolen, NJA 2019 s. 504, erkänner domstolen ett utländskt avgörande beträffade moderskap inom surrogatarrangemang. Detta är något som än mer startat den pågående debatten. Det intressanta i målet är att domstolen väger principen om barnets bästa mot det etiska motståndet mot surrogatarrangemang som finns i svensk rätt. Trots det etiska motståndet mot surrogatarrangemang erkände domstolen den tilltänka modern som rättslig mor till barnet. Domstolen framförde att principen om barnets bästa och barnets rätt till privat-och familjeliv vägde tyngre än den negativa inställningen till surrogatarrangemang. Dock ansåg inte rätten att domen borde vara vägledande eftersom beslutet grundar sig i omständigheter i det enskilda fallet. Domen har nu väckt frågan huruvida det bör införas en moderskapspresumtion likt faderskapspresumtionen, detta för att uppnå likheter i fastställandet av föräldraskap oavsett kön. Fastställandet av föräldraskap som sker idag är inte jämställt och uppnår inte de krav på likhet mellan könen. Surrogatarrangemang innebär att en kvinna föder ett barn för en annan persons räkning. Det är inte möjligt att åstadkomma surrogatarrangemang inom svensk hälso-sjukvård men det är inte heller uttryckligt förbjudet. I Sverige grundar sig den oskrivna moderskapspresumtionen på att den födande modern är rättslig mor till barnet. Detta blir problematiskt när par väljer surrogatarrangemang för att få barn då det skulle innebära att surrogatmodern blir rättslig mor enligt svensk rätt. Uppsatsen har utgått från tre frågeställningar som sedan besvarats i det sista kapitlet. Sammanfattningsvis kan sägas att området är i behov av utredning och reglering. Det är inte hållbart att i längden lämna frågan gällande erkännande av utländska domar beträffande moderskap inom surrogatarrangemang till rättstillämparen. Att erkänna sådana avgöranden bör anses förenligt med principen om barnets bästa och rätten till privat-och familjeliv. / Surrogacy arrangements are a topic of an ongoing debate that evokes emotions in many individuals. In a new ruling by the Supreme Court, NJA 2019 s. 504, the Court recognizes a foreign ruling regarding maternity in surrogacy arrangements. This is something that has contributed to the ongoing debate. The interesting thing about this case is that the Court weighs the principle of the best interest of the child against the ethnical resistance to surrogacy arrangements that can be found in Swedish law. Despite the ethical opposition to surrogacy arrangements, the Court recognized the intended mother as the legal mother of the child. The Court argued that the principle of the child´s best interests and the child´s right to privacy outweighs the negative attitude toward surrogacy arrangements. However, the Court did not consider that the judgment should be indicative as the decision is based on circumstances in the individual case. The judgment has now raised the question of whether a written presumption of maternity should be introduced like the paternity presumption, in order to achieve equality in the determination of parenthood regardless of gender. The determination of parenthood that occurs today is not equal and does not meet the requirements for gender equality. Surrogate arrangements mean that a woman gives birth to a child on behalf of another person. It is not possible to carry out surrogacy arrangements in the Swedish health care system due to an implied prohibition against such arrangements in the Genetic Integrity Act. Even so, private surrogacy arrangements are not prohibited. In Sweden, the unwritten presumption of motherhood is based on the birth mother being the legal mother of the child. This becomes problematic when choosing surrogacy arrangements to have children, because it means that the surrogate is the legal mother of the child in accordance with Swedish law. This essay is based on three questions at issue that are answered in the last chapter. In summary, it can be said that the area needs investigation and regulation. In the long run, it’s not sustainable to leave the question concerning maternity to the legal practitioner. Recognizing foreign decisions regarding maternity in surrogacy arrangements should be considered with the principle of the best interest of the child and the right to privacy.
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Ändringarna i Expropriationslagen 2010 : En analys / The Amendments from 2010 to the Expropriation Act : An AnalysisReppling, Simon January 2018 (has links)
Expropriation används för att med tvång ta mark i anspråk för att tillgodose allmänna behov. Bestämmelserna kring detta återfinns i expropriationslagen (SFS 1972:719) där det specificeras vem som får expropriera, hur det går till, vilka ersättningsmöjligheter som finns m.m. Lagen var i princip oförändrad sedan dess införande i början av 1970-talet och 2005 tillsattes på uppdrag av regeringen en grupp för att utvärdera reglerna. Syftet var att stärka äganderätten och resultatet blev huvudsakligen ändringar av tre bestämmelser, schablonpåslaget, toleransavdraget och presumtionsregeln. Denna uppsats har som syfte att besvara frågan om varför det finns tvångsmöjligheter och hur detta går till. Vidare utvärderas också det aktualiserade ändringarna från 2010 och slutsatser dras kring deras påverkan på annan rätt, oklarheter och om de kan anses uppnå syftet med lagändringen. För att besvara dessa frågor baseras uppsatsen på existerande lagtext, förarbeten och annan juridisk text. Till hjälp används även relevant litteratur inom det markjuridiska området. Utöver detta så har även det svenska ersättningssystemet jämförts mot internationell rätt via ett par utvalda länder i Europa. Slutsatser som kan dras är att lagändringarna huvudsakligen är positiva och tjänar det syfte som ursprungligen satts upp av de som är ansvariga för ändringarna. Dock finns vissa problem med lagstiftningen, såsom oklarheter i värdering och definitioner, inte helt kompletta följdändringar i andra lagar eller oförutsedda konsekvenser. Ändringarna i ersättningen av marknadsvärdet till ett högre värde än tidigare är den klart största förändringen och i jämförelse mot internationell rätt så har Sverige bland de mest generösa ersättningsreglerna. Vissa länder har börjat anpassa sin lagstiftning enligt samma principer som föranledde förändringar i den svenska lagstiftningen men har ännu inte nått lika långt. Detta kan vi troligtvis ses förändras inom den närmsta framtiden då individens rättigheter kommer i fokus samt att expropriation numera ofta används för andra ändamål än förr. / Expropriation (also known as compulsory purchase or eminent domain) is the method used for acquiring land by force to cater public needs. The regulations regarding this is in Swedish law is found in the Expropriation Act (SFS 1972:719) where it is specified who may use expropriation, how it works, how the compensation is decided, etc. The law has been mostly unaltered since its adaptation in the early 1970’s and in 2005 a group was assigned to investigate possible changes. This was to achieve the purpose of strengthening individual and ownership rights and resulted in three main changes. Firstly, the land compensation was raised from 100 % of the market value to 125 %, secondly a special tolerance deduction was removed, and thirdly the rule of presumption was also removed. This thesis aims to answer the question of why there are compulsory measures and how they work. It will also examine the changes to the Swedish expropriation act from 2010 to evaluate how it affected other parts of the justice system, what could be unclear and whether they achieved their own purpose. To answer this, existing legislation has been used, as well as its preparatory work and other legal documents. Furthermore, other relevant legal documents have been reviewed. A brief investigation into other international legal systems has also been conducted. In summary we can draw conclusions regarding these amendments and see that they are mainly positive and serves the purpose behind the changes. There are however certain problems with the legislation, such as difficulties with the valuation and definitions, certain follow-up changes to other legislation and some unforeseen consequences. The raised compensation for market value was the clearly biggest change and in comparison to international law, the compensation regulations in Sweden is among the most liberal. Some countries have begun altering their respective laws in accordance with the same principles used for the Swedish amendments but have yet to reach the levels that has been adapted here. This is probably something that will change further in the near future as individual rights are more in focus and because expropriation these days is used for different purposes than before.
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Återkallelse av testamente : Särskilt om bedömningen av om testator har avsett att återkalla sitt testamente / On the Revocation of Wills : Especially regarding the assessment of whether the testator has intended to revoke his willSteen, Johan January 2023 (has links)
In most European legal systems, drafting a will is subject to formal requirements. In the same way, most European legal systems prescribe formal requirements for the revocation of a will. However, Swedish law is unique in this respect as it does not prescribe formal requirements for the revocation of a will. For the revocation of a will, Swedish law only requires that the testator has unequivocally announced that the disposition no longer expresses his ultimate will. This is stated in the 5th Section of the 10th Chapter of the Swedish Inheritance Code. Under Swedish law, it is therefore only a question of proof whether the testator has revoked his will. However, it may be difficult to assess whether the testator has intended to revoke his will when the testator is alleged to have revoked his will informally. Therefore, the main purpose of this thesis is to examine how the assessment of whether the testator has intended to revoke his will is carried out under current Swedish law. To achieve the purpose of this thesis, a traditional legal dogmatic method is used. This means that the material used is limited to the traditional Swedish sources of law. These are legislation, preparatory works, case law and Swedish legal doctrine. Since Swedish law does not prescribe any formal requirements for revoking a will, a will can be revoked in an unlimited number of ways. It has therefore been necessary to limit the scope of this thesis to the most common ways of revoking a will. For this reason, this thesis only covers the revocation of a will by executing a new will, by physical destruction of a will, by strikeouts and inscriptions on the will, by oral statements made by the testator and by the revocation of a previously revoked will. Consequently, other ways of revoking a will are not closer analysed. The analysis shows that no general conclusions can be drawn on how to assess whether the testator intended to revoke his will. Instead, the assessment depends on the way in which the testator is alleged to have revoked his will. However, the analysis also shows that some more specific conclusions can be drawn. It can be concluded from Swedish case-law that a high standard of proof is required for a revocation allegedly made by an informal measure. However, this does not apply if the will has been destructed. In such cases, there is instead a presumption that the will has been destructed by the testator with the purpose of revoking the will. Consequently, the burden of proof is reversed when the will has been destructed. The analysis also shows that it often can be uncertain whether the testator has intended to revoke his will by an informal measure. This is because there may be no reliable evidence of the testator’s intention in such cases. Therefore, the con-clusion is that a testator who wishes to revoke his will should do so by executing a new will which expressly states that the will is revoked. By doing so, the testator significantly reduces the risk of future disputes concerning the validity of the will.
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