The aim with this study was to study how preunderstanding of a text or literature makes the reading easier for second language learners. I wanted to find out how we can work with preunderstanding in school and help our students.  The study is based on interviews I did with three teachers. Science shows us that reading consists of two main activities, a visual analysis of the text and an interpretation of what the textual means. These activities run together where the information in the textual and the preunderstanding the reader has cooperates together. The study shows that preunderstanding is very important for second language students. An important reason is to understand a book even if you don`t get every word in it. The study also shows that the teachers use preunderstanding every day in different ways.  They use pictures, discussions and the experiences that the students have. The teachers in the study explained that they let the students choose literature sometimes, but they also decide what the students are going to read. The reason for that is to develop more knowledge among students about new appearances.

<p>The purpose of this paper is to examine how teachers comprehend LUS as a development program, but also how they think about one of the points in the program. The study is based on interviews with five teachers working with ages between preschool to ninth grade.</p><p>The results show that the development program is splendid, it doesn’t come with a lot of paperwork and it has a humanistic approach. When it comes to point 18a which is the main examination, the teachers mainly agree with each other. They all talk about preunderstanding, reading speed and the amount of literature as the main characteristics to be placed at point 18a. Some of the teachers would never place a student at point 18a even if they had these three characteristics, just because they haven’t got the right age.</p>

The purpose of this paper is to examine how teachers comprehend LUS as a development program, but also how they think about one of the points in the program. The study is based on interviews with five teachers working with ages between preschool to ninth grade. The results show that the development program is splendid, it doesn’t come with a lot of paperwork and it has a humanistic approach. When it comes to point 18a which is the main examination, the teachers mainly agree with each other. They all talk about preunderstanding, reading speed and the amount of literature as the main characteristics to be placed at point 18a. Some of the teachers would never place a student at point 18a even if they had these three characteristics, just because they haven’t got the right age.

Science fiction is a genre about extrapolating contemporary knowledge of the society we live in, in order to build imaginary, future societies in order to understand the consequences and evolution of our knowledge. In this work, I explore the predictive aspects of science fiction by making a comparative analysis between Frank Herbert's Dune and Isaac Asimov's Foundation. The questions I have chosen to explore are: How are the novels are influenced by the life experiences of the authors?How does the novels reflect the time period in which they were written?How does prediction function as a plot device in the novels?As a theoretical basis for my work I have used the academic journal Science Fiction Studies, as well as individual articles, academic books and author biographies that touch upon the subject.My approach has been to apply a traditional literary critique to the authors and the novels in order to understand the relationship between the authors and their novels.Asimov, a professor in chemistry, reflects in his fictional writing a deep faith in the sciences and their ability to navigate problematic futures with pinpoint accuracy, whereas Herbert makes known his distaste for authority figures. Asimov's predictive psychohistory leads the novel's psychohistorians to a better, more utopian society, whereas the prescience of Paul Atreides leads mankind to violence and ruin. Herbert's writing functions almost like a polemic against Asimov's idea that scientists would function as flawless leaders in society, and that prediction of the future would lead inevitably to a more prosperous society. From my analysis I have concluded that both the authors and the time period in which they wrote their respective novels played a significant role in shaping the futures depicted in each novel. Far from being novel predictions of potential futures, the future societies of Herbert and Asimov's novels reflect their own ideology and the time periods in which the novels were written.

The aims of this research are to identify the elements of leader sensemaking which both promote and hinder mindset change. I Use a qualitative, ethnographic active participant research approach in three organisations and semi-structured interviews with leaders from other organisations. My research identifies the inter-related elements of leader sensemaking of an organisational change methodology which is influenced in its approach by postmodern thinking and which challenges current mindsets about leadership and organisation. By identifying and establishing the interrelationship between nine key elements of leader sensemaking my research provides academics and practitioners with a basis for facilitating leader mindset change. I also identify further research opportunities around issues of sustaining individual mindset change and embedding this in organisational culture, which I have identified as a result of my research. Nine key elements of sensemaking are identified and used to understand the sensemaking process of leaders. I identify the relationship between the elements and the impact they can have in both promoting and inhibiting mindset change. My research finds that current leader thinking about organisations, leadership and organisational change is largely modernist in perspective. When presented with a methodology that is influenced by a postmodern perspective all the elements shape and influence the sense the leaders make of the challenge to their mindset and their decision on whether or not to engage with the methodology. These elements are inter-related, each is essential but insufficient in isolation, and each influences, and is influenced by, all the others. My research explores the relationship between the sensemaking elements in a range of practical organisational settings. In so doing it provides insight into how those wishing to influence the mindsets of others can understand and recognise the dynamic of sensemaking, whilst highlighting that changing leader mindsets is not something that has easy ‘how to’ answers or which can be achieved by following simplistic cause and effect step models that are prevalent in the current literature which many practitioners are familiar with.

Bakgrund: Delaktighet som är lagstyrd innebär att patienter får information om sin vård och har möjligheter att vara med i planeringen där vården utformas efter deras egna behov och önskemål. Dessa förutsättningar gäller även patienter som vårdas under tvång. Delaktighet gynnar återhämtningsprocessen, minskar den negativa upplevelsen av tvångsvården samt bidrar till empowerment som stärker patienternas välbefinnande och autonomi.   Syfte: Hur kan sjuksköterskor utforma och genomföra vården i samråd med de tvångsvårdade patienterna för att främja delaktighet?   Metod: Denna intervjustudie har en kvalitativ metod med induktiv ansats. Sjutton semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts och analyserats med hjälp av kvalitativ innehållsanalys.   Resultat: I föreliggande studie har flera faktorer framkommit som påverkar delaktighet inom sluten psykiatrisk heldygnsvård, där patienterna vårdas på tvång, som redovisas i följande kategorier: Att bygga upp en vårdrelation, Att visa respekt och ta hänsyn till patienter som individer, Att vården framställs mer begriplig för patienter, Att möjliggöra för patienter att ha inflytande över sin egen vård, Att se närstående som stöd, Att se omgivningen som hälsofrämjande resurs.   Slutsats: För att främja de tvångsvårdade patienternas upplevelse av delaktighet när de vårdas på en psykiatrisk heldygnsvårdavdelning kan vara en svår och komplex process. Det förfaller i denna studie att det är viktigt för sjuksköterskor att vårda utifrån ett livsvärldsperspektiv, för att förstå individens behov och önskemål. Det är också viktigt att arbeta med att bygga en vårdrelation, visa respekt och ta hänsyn till patienter som individer, göra att vården framställs mer begriplig och att se närstående som stöd för att kunna främja upplevelsen av delaktighet / Background: Participation that is governed means that patients receive information about their care and have opportunities to participate in the planning, where care is tailored to their own needs and wishes. These conditions also apply to patients under involuntary care. Participation favours the recovery process, reduces the negative experience of coercion, and creates empowerment that strengthens patient well-being and autonomy.   Purpose: How can nurses design and implement healthcare in co-operation with the involuntary treated patients to promote participation?   Method: This interview study has a qualitative method with inductive approach. Seventeen semi structured interviews have been conducted and were analyzed by using qualitative content analysis.   Results: In the present study, several factors have been identified that affect participation  in psychiatric  department, where the patients are care for under compulsion, which are reported in the following categories: Building a care relationship, Showing respect and taking into account patients as individuals, Making care more understandable for Patients, Enabling patients to have influence over their own care, family members are considered as support in the caring process, Seeing the environment in the department as a health promotion resource.   Conclusion: In order to promote the compulsive careers' experience of participation when cared for in a psychiatric day care department, it can be a difficult and complex process. It is due in this study that it is important for nurses to take care of a life-world perspective, to understand the needs and wishes of the individual. It is also important to work on building a healthcare relationship, showing respect and taking into account patients as individuals, making care more comprehensively, and seeing related people in support of promoting the perception of participation.

Syftet är att undersöka 62 stycken vårdnadshavares beskrivning av hur de motiverar val av förskola med religiös profil utifrån ett fenomenologiskt perspektiv. Vår frågeställning är: Hur beskriver vårdnadshavarna sitt val av förskola? Hur beskriver vårdnadshavarna sina upplevelser av en förskola med religiös profil? Tillsammans med fenomenologi och begreppen fenomen, förförståelse och livsvärld så kom vi till resultatet att det var väldigt individbaserat men att det fanns flera sammanhängande teman. De beskrev valet av förskolan utifrån rekommendationer, personligt besök av förskolan och dess närhet till hemmet. Flera tog upp den religiösa profilen som anledning för val av förskola samt att flera valde förskolan utöver den religiösa profilen. Vi har funnit att vårdnadshavare ser förskolor med specifik profil som ett komplement till barnens utveckling och att det beror mera på deras egen syn på vad förskolan kan bidra till deras barn.

Our society has become more and more digitalized and we have access to more information than ever before, which has had an effect on both our personal and professional lives. This change has naturally also changed the way in which organizations are structured and how they communicate – both internally and externally. Intranets, e-mail and other technical channels are an important part of most organizations in-house communication today.The aim of this study is to examine how the internal communication in a medium-sized firm, CranabSlagkraft in the north of Sweden, works. The focus in the study is on the existing intranet, and if there are any differences in the opinions between the firms leaders and the employees that works in the production. The empirical material is collected through semi-structured interviews with representatives for the employees as well as the leaders of the firm. Theories central for the study is organizational com-munication, including leadership and the communication process, information overload, prior research about intranets and its effects and James Carney’s theory about two contrasting ways to define communi-cation.The result of the study indicate differences in views on what communication is between the leaders of the firm and the employees in production, which affects how they experience the current routines for communication in the company. Those differences correspond in many ways James Carney’s theories about a transmission view of communication and a ritual view of communication. The result also gives an insight in how the introduction of digital technology can affect the existing communication struc-tures. In this case, for example, the company has a hierarchic communication structure, where the infor-mation travels vertically from top to bottom, which the introduction of an intranet did not change. This despite theories, like the push and pull models, that suggests that intranets make the communication more horizontal.

Denna uppsats handlar om hur pedagogers stress och kortsiktiga lösningar påverkar barnen och förskolans verksamhet. Genom att använda mig utav en hermeneutisk forskningsansats har jag försökt få en ny förståelse utifrån den förförståelse jag redan har. Framförallt har jag använt mig utav Hans- Georg Gadamers hermeneutik. Syftet med uppsatsen är att visa på hurpedagogers stress påverkar barnen på förskolan och verksamheten. Genom att visa hurskapas en förståelse över hur man kan arbeta annorlunda. Vad behöver man som pedagog bära med sig in i verksamheten?  Min berättelse handlar om tre olika situationer där kortsiktiga lösningar och stress är en faktor. Den ena situationen är ett möte, den andra en vanlig dag på förskolan och den tredje handlar om kommunikation mellan kollegor och kommunikation mellan medarbetare och chef. Mina frågeställningar är:  Hur påverkar pedagogers stress och kortsiktiga lösningar förskolans verksamhet? På vilket sätt påverkas barnen i förskolan utav pedagogers stress och kortsiktiga lösningar? Då människor reagerar olika på stress och olika stressorer så finns det inget mirakelmedel för att ”bota” situationerna. Jag har därför i min uppsats visat på vilka rättigheter man har som medarbetare och vilka skyldigheter arbetsgivaren har.  Det jag kommit fram till är att pedagogers stress och kortsiktiga lösningar påverkar barn och verksamheten indirekt. Genom att andra faktorer såsom möten och personalbrist hindrar verksamheten så påverkas barnen indirekt. Detta genom att pedagogen är mindre närvarande och mer lättirriterad på grund av sociala och organisatoriska faktorer. Detta i sin tur påverkar barnen indirekt genom att pedagogen hindras från att göra ett tillfredsställande arbete. / This essay is about how educators´ stress and short-term solutions affect the children and the preschool activities. By using a hermeneutic research approach, I have tried to get a new understanding based on the pre-understanding I already have. Most importantly, I have used Hans-Georg Gadamer's hermeneutic. The purpose of the paper is to show how preschool teachers´ stress affects the children in preschool and the function of preschool, by showing how to create an understanding of how to work differently. What do you need, as a preschool teacher, to bring into the preschool?                       My story is about three different situations where short-term solutions and stress are factors. One situation is a meeting, the other is a regular day at preschool and the third is about communication between colleagues and communication between coworkers and boss.                       My questions are:  How do the educator´s stress and short-term solutions affect the preschool's activities? In what way are the children in the preschool affected by the educator´s stress and short-term solutions?                       As people react differently to stress and stressors, there is no miracle "cure" of the situations. In my essay, I have therefore discussed the rights of employees as well as the duties of the employer.                        What I have concluded is that preschool teachers´ stress and short-term solutions affect children and the preschool indirectly. Because other factors, such as meetings and staff shortages, hinder the activities, the children are indirectly affected. This is because the pedagogue is less present and more easily irritated due to social and organizational factors. This, in turn, affects the children indirectly by preventing the pedagogue from doing a satisfactory job.