Submitted by Aelson Maciera (aelsoncm@terra.com.br) on 2017-08-03T19:18:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseAEBJ.pdf: 2100352 bytes, checksum: ac5bd3031a8cd7c07d6e33d71af352ce (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-08T18:15:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseAEBJ.pdf: 2100352 bytes, checksum: ac5bd3031a8cd7c07d6e33d71af352ce (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-08T18:15:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseAEBJ.pdf: 2100352 bytes, checksum: ac5bd3031a8cd7c07d6e33d71af352ce (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-08T18:29:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseAEBJ.pdf: 2100352 bytes, checksum: ac5bd3031a8cd7c07d6e33d71af352ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-22 / Não recebi financiamento / The Product-Service System (PSS) presents to companies a single value offer to the combination of products and services designed to meet the customer demands. The PSS has been a rising alternative for manufacturing companies that seek primarily to improve their competitiveness in an increasingly undifferentiated market. There is a growing interest in the PSS development, as shown in the increasing number of publications, in Brazil and abroad, that produces diverse approaches on the subject. Conversely, several authors on this field report a lack of research on the PSS development, with little information on how the designing process change in supplying a pure product instead of supplying a product combined with a service. Recently, many methods and tools for the construction of PSS have been developed; however, there are no records on how to use these means concretely in the design process. There are successive recommendations on how to build a body of knowledge to eliminate this hiatus in the literature. The purpose of this thesis is to develop guidances on the implementation of PSS in manufacturing companies migrating from a pure product offering to a product-service one by an Action-Research method. In order to do so, a PSS was implemented in a manufacturing company that works on an engineer to order model, and from that starting point, a set of guidances was developed to aid on future implementations, as well as on future researches. As a result, we also found two unforeseen steps in the original PSS development method: the preparatory step and the post-development step, which are pertinent steps for the increase of the process’ effectiveness increase. These results provide a more robust PSS development process and will facilitate the work of future PSS developers. / O Sistema Produto-Serviço (SPS) apresenta em uma única oferta de valor a combinação simultânea de produtos e serviços concebidos para atender às demandas do cliente da empresa. O SPS tem sido uma alternativa em ascensão para as empresas de manufatura que buscam, principalmente, aumentar a sua competitividade em mercados cada vez mais indiferenciados. Pelo viés da pesquisa acadêmica também se observa interesse crescente em relação ao tema, em virtude do aumento do número de publicações na área, tanto no Brasil quanto no exterior, assim como abordagens diversificadas sobre o assunto. Em contrapartida, diversos pesquisadores mencionam em suas publicações a insuficiência de investigação sobre o desenvolvimento do SPS, havendo pouca informação sobre como ocorre o processo de concepção da mudança na oferta de produto puro para a oferta de um produto combinado com um serviço. Muitos métodos e ferramentas para a construção de SPS foram desenvolvidos, entretanto não se observa registros de como usar estes meios concretamente no processo de projeto, havendo sucessivas recomendações para se construir um corpo de conhecimento para eliminar este hiato na literatura. O objetivo desta tese é desenvolver proposições para orientar a implantação de SPS em empresas de manufatura que desejarem migrar de uma oferta de produto puro para uma oferta produto-serviço, por meio de uma Pesquisa- Ação. Para tanto, foi implantado um SPS em uma empresa que trabalha no modelo engineer to order e, a partir da ação, foi elaborado um grupo de proposições para a orientação de futuras implantações, assim como para utilização em outras pesquisas. Também foi obtido como resultado a inclusão de duas etapas não previstas no método de desenvolvimento de SPS original e que se mostraram pertinentes para o aumento da eficácia do processo: a etapa preparatória e a etapa de pós-desenvolvimento. Estes resultados tornam mais robusto o processo de desenvolvimento de um SPS e facilitarão o trabalho de futuros desenvolvedores de SPS.

Submitted by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-10-03T18:12:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RIBEIRO_Ricardo_2017.pdf: 6264896 bytes, checksum: f87f238900b3f60b53764d03c85842be (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-10-03T18:12:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 RIBEIRO_Ricardo_2017.pdf: 6264896 bytes, checksum: f87f238900b3f60b53764d03c85842be (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-10-03T18:12:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 RIBEIRO_Ricardo_2017.pdf: 6264896 bytes, checksum: f87f238900b3f60b53764d03c85842be (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-03T18:12:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RIBEIRO_Ricardo_2017.pdf: 6264896 bytes, checksum: f87f238900b3f60b53764d03c85842be (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-17 / Não recebi financiamento / Machine manufacturers and operations between the integrated solut ions of products and services that meet the needs of customers. This sector is important for national sustainable economic development. However, there is little academic research on the strategy and management of services performed by these companies, as h ighlighted in the bibliometric analysis performed in the present study. Thus, a gift aims to identify and analys e how B2B services marketing strategy executed by companies manufacturing machines and equipment and alignment with a customer expectation. The Research was developed with 4 multinational companies, leaders in the segment in which they operate, and 9 client companies, with a total participation of 29 professionals that work in the areas of marketing, sales, projects, technical technique, HR, maint enance and production. The research has a qualitative approach and is developed throu gh multiple case studies, analys ing in the field, as a service marketing strategy from the perspective of the machine and equipment manufacturers and from the customer per spective, based on a literature review on Service M arketing And industrial marketing. As a result, a conceptual framework is presented which shows that the relationship can be affected by several elements of service marketing, such as product, distribution , people and price. However, the price of technical service does not affect the relationship, but the price of spare parts has been highlighted by some customers, such as motivation to look for another supplier. It is noted that it is industrial marketing as trust and commitment are also affected by other elements of marketing services such as communication, productivity and quality. / Os fabricantes de máquinas e equipamentos fornecem soluções integradas de produtos e serviços que atendem as necessidades dos clientes. Este setor é importante para o desenvolvimento econômico sustentável nacional. No entanto, existem poucas pesquisas acadêmicas sobre as estratégias e gerenciamento de serviços executados por essas empresas , conforme destacado na análise bibliométrica realizada neste trabalho. Assim, a presente pesquisa tem como objetivo identificar e analisar as estratégias de marketing de serviços B2B executadas por empresas fabricantes de máquinas e equipamentos e o alinhamento destas com a expectativa do cliente. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida com 4 empresas multinacionais, líderes no segmento em que atuam, e 9 empresas cliente s, com a participação total de 29 profissionais que atua m nas áreas de marketing, vendas, projetos, assistência técnica, RH, manutenção e produção. A pesquisa possui abordagem qualitativa e foi desenvolvida por meio de estudo de casos múltiplos, analisando em campo , as estratégias de marketing de serviços na perspectiva dos fabricantes de máquinas e equipamentos e na perspectiva dos clientes , tomando como base a revisão da literatura sobre marketing de serviço e marketing industrial. Como resultado , apresenta - se um framework conceitual onde se nota que o relacionamento pode ser afetado por vários elementos de marketing de serviço, como produto, distribuição, pessoas e preço. No entanto, o preço do serviço de assistência técnica não afeta o relacionamento, mas o preço de peças de reposição foi destacado por alguns clientes , como motivação para procurar outro fornecedor. Nota - se que os aspectos do marketing industrial como confiança e comprometimento também são afetados por outros elementos do marketing de serviços, como comunicação, produtividade e qualidade.

Syfte: Syftet med studien var att studera aktivitetsbalans och stress samt att studera relationen dem emellan. Metod: Respondenter värvades genom olika Facebookgrupper samt på författarnas Facebooksidor. Åttiofem enkäter skickades ut via Messenger och 66 enkäter med fullständiga data inkom. Respondenterna med fullständiga data var i olika åldersgrupper från 16 till 60 år. Enkäten innehöll sociodemografiska frågor, instrumenten OBQ 11 samt PSS-10. OBQ 11 mäter subjektiv aktivitetsbalans och PSS-10 mäter upplevd stress. Data bearbetades genom statistikprogrammet SPSS. Ett korrelationstest genomfördes för att analysera sambandet mellan OBQ 11 och PSS-10. För att jämföra de sociodemografiska grupperna genomfördes ett Mann-Whitney U-test. Resultat: En statistiskt signifikant negativ korrelation fanns mellan OBQ 11 och PSS-10, vilket visar på samband mellan aktivitetsbalans och stress. Fördelningen blev ojämn inom de sociodemografiska variablerna: kön samt om respondenterna hade barn eller ej och därför har ingen jämförelse mellan grupperna varit aktuell. Ingen signifikant korrelation fanns mellan de sociodemografiska grupperna och OBQ 11 eller PSS-10, men några mindre skillnader framkom. De som arbetar vid sidan av studierna skattade lägre aktivitetsbalans och stress än de som inte arbetade. Singlar skattade en högre aktivitetsbalans och en lägre stress än de som var i ett förhållande. Slutsats: Även om studiens resultat bör tolkas med försiktighet på grund av ett litet urval visar studien på en trend mot att det finns ett samband mellan aktivitetsbalans och stress. Studien kan därmed ligga till grund för kommande forskning. / Occupational balance and stress among college students at a university in southern Sweden. - A cross-sectional study.  Aim: The aim was to study occupational balance and stress as well as the relationship between them. Method: Respondents were recruited through different Facebook-pages and through the authors Facebook-page. Eighty-five questionnaires were sent through Messenger and of those, 66 questionnaires with a full data set were included. The respondents with a full dataset were in the ages 16 - 60 years old. The questionnaire consisted of sociodemographic questions, OBQ 11 and PSS-10. OBQ 11 measures subjective occupational balance whereas PSS-10 measures perceived stress. The data was analyzed using the statistical program SPSS. A correlation-test was done to analyze the correlation between OBQ 11 and PSS-10. To compare the sociodemographic variables, a Mann - Whitney U Test was performed. Results: There was a statistically significant negative correlation between OBQ 11 and PSS-10, which supports the correlation between occupational balance and perceived stress. The distribution of the sociodemographic variables: gender and if the respondents had a child or not was erratical and therefore no comparison between them was performed. There was no significant correlation between the sociodemographic variables, however there were some small differences which could be identified. A lower occupational balance and a lower level of stress was identified in those who combined studies with work, compared to those who did not work. Further, those who were single experienced a higher occupational balance and a lower level of stress than those who were in a relationship. Conclusion: Although the results of the study are to be interpreted with caution due to the small sample size, it points to trends towards a correlation between occupational balance and stress. The study may therefore be used as a stepping-stone for future research.

Cada vez mais as empresas oferecem soluções completas a seus clientes, com parcelas de produto e serviço. Essa mudança na composição do portfólio das organizações vem ocorrendo por uma série de motivos, sejam relacionados às questões estratégicas, motivados por demandas do cliente, ou ainda, por tendências que visam menores impactos ambientais. Esta tese teve como objetivo identificar se a estruturação das empresas em relação à integração produto-serviço influencia os fatores motivadores para o PSS. A abordagem metodológica foi dividida em pesquisa qualitativa e quantitativa, a primeira para compreender a perspectiva do cliente e a segunda para avaliar os fatores motivadores para a adoção de um sistema produto-serviço (PSS) por prestadores. A pesquisa qualitativa foi realizada por meio de um estudo de caso nos laboratórios de um dos principais hospitais da América Latina. Os dados coletados apresentaram informações importantes sobre questões ambientais e coprodução. Para a pesquisa quantitativa, foi proposto um instrumento de pesquisa, com base em dados extraídos da literatura, para avaliar o construto Fatores Motivadores (FM) e a estruturação das empresas em relação à integração produto-serviço, operacionalizada por meio dos construtos Orientação de Uso do Produto (OUP) e Lógicas de Transição (LT). O instrumento foi submetido à validação de conteúdo e a pesquisa conduzida com média e alta gerência, de 81 empresas de setores distintos. Os dados foram processados e validados por análise fatorial exploratória e técnica de Modelagem de Equações Estruturais com estimação pelo método Partial Least Squares (PLS), utilizando o software SMARTPLS 2.0. O construto Fatores Motivadores desdobrou-se em cinco variáveis latentes de primeira ordem: ambiental, cocriação, coprodução, portfólio e vantagem competitiva. As análises do modelo estrutural mostraram que há relacionamento significativo entre os Fatores Motivadores e as Lógicas de Transição, alterando-se à medida que se transida da lógica Produto-Dominante para a lógica Serviço-Dominante. Dentre as proposições da LT as que se destacaram foram Papel do Cliente, Envolvimento com o Cliente e Determinação e Significado do Valor. / Increasingly companies offer complete solutions to its customers which include products and services. This change in the organizations portfolio has been occurring due to a number of reasons, be it related to strategic issues, or driven by customer demands, or even to low environmental impact trends. This thesis aimed at identifying if companies structure in relation to their product-service integration influences the drivers for product-service systems (PSS) offer. The methodological approach was divided into qualitative and quantitative research, the first to understand the customer\'s perspective and the second to assess the drivers for the adoption of a product-service system (PSS) by providers. The qualitative research was conducted through a case study in the laboratories of one of the major Latin America hospitals. The data collected showed important information about environmental issues and co-production. For the quantitative research, a research instrument was proposed, based on data extracted from literature, to evaluate the Motivation Factors\' (FM) and the companies structuring in relation to product-service integration, operationalized through the constructs \'Product Use Orientation\' (OUP) and \'Transition Logics\' (LT). The instrument was submitted to content validation, and the research was conducted with middle and senior managers of 81 companies from different industries. The data were processed and validated by exploratory factor analysis technique and Structural Equation Modeling with the estimation method Partial Least Squares (PLS) using the software SmartPLS 2.0. The construct FM unfolded in five first-order latent variables: environmental, co-creation, co-production, portfolio and competitive advantage. The structural model analysis showed significant relationship between Motivation Factors and Transition Logics, which changes while it moves from Goods-Dominant Logic to Service-Dominant Logic. Among LT propositions most relevant are: Customers Role, Engagement with the Customer and Value Determination and Meaning.

Many literatures have shown that needs last longer than any specific solutions, so understanding of customer needs seems a crucial factor in early Product-Service System (PSS) development. Nowadays, many western companies, especially manufacturing focused companies, have realized the difficulty of understanding market needs. In this thesis, a new Value-Driven Needfinding methodology for manufacturing company to apply in certain markets was investigated. To further demonstrate the implementation of the proposed methodology, a case study involving Volvo Construction Equipment exploring value-orient needs in Chinese market is showed. At the end, by providing the scenarios comparison, a PSS conceptual design will be illustrated to show the utilization of the customer needs, then opportunities for company future provision towards sustainability based on early PSS development will be discussed. / Providing added value to standalone products by adding services is at the core of Product-Service Systems (PSS) offered in manufacturing companies. Providing PSS requires a change not only in the way products are sold, but also in the way they are designed and developed. The way of understanding and capturing customer needs often fall outside the early phase of designing integration solution in traditional manufacturing company. The aim of the thesis is to investigate the needfinding for early phase of PSS design, methods and tools proposed to improve the need collection and analysis process. This academic work was performed through the close collaboration with Volvo Construction Equipment which is looking for opportunities to provide Product-Service System in the Chinese market. The thesis group firstly reviewed theory of needfinding, and then the importance of value was brought out. The methodology of Value-Driven Needfinding (VDN) was introduced to facilitate the early PSS development. By deriving needs from an adding value standpoint, this methodology is not only focused only on needs intended as “Voice of the customer” but rather as needs expressed as “Value Adding Activities”. Thus, these value-based needs can reveal some functions for potential system solution development. A case study involved with Chinese customers’ needs is described to demonstrate the application of VDN. Two scenarios comparison were presented to evaluate the sustainable influence between provision of current solutions and new PSS solution. During discussion part, the application of VDN, the Chinese market preferences and the contribution of VDN for early PSS design from sustainable perspectives are discussed. At the end, three conclusions supported the contirbution of VDN applied for manufacturing company to carry out PSS development at early stage are showed. / 0736278002, Pohlmesgatan 27 B lgh 1208 371 40

Die Ansteuerung von Ultraschall-Phased-Arrays basiert auf zwei Vereinfachungen. Zum einen wird davon ausgegangen, dass das Schwingungsverhalten aller Einzelelemente synchron und gleichmäßig ist. Zum anderen erfolgt die Berechnung der Ansteuerungszeiten, den sogenannten Focal Laws, auf dem Ansatz der geometrischen Akustik. Beide Aspekte werden in dieser Arbeit ausführlich analysiert und neue Vorschläge für eine optimale Ansteuerung ausgearbeitet und simulativ sowie messtechnisch bewertet. Das individuelle Schwingungsverhalten der Einzelelemente von Phased Arrays liegt in einer Vielzahl von Toleranzen der Einzelkomponenten und der Fertigungsschritte begründet. Für die quantitative Bewertung kann die mechanische Auslenkung mittels Laser-Doppler-Vibrometrie lokal erfasst und evaluiert werden. Die Kompensation individueller Latenzzeiten im Ansprechverhalten führt dann unmittelbar zu einem höheren Summensignal im anvisierten Fokuspunkt. Um den Einfluss der tatsächlichen Aperturgeometrie von Einzelelementen auf die Qualität des Summensignals des Phased Arrays zu untersuchen, wurde außerdem eine Simulationsumgebung (4D-CEFIT-PSS) entwickelt. Damit ist die Wellenausbreitung unter Berücksichtigung aller wellenphysikalischer Effekte im Halbraum möglich. Somit wurden verschiedene Aperturmodelle erstellt und sowohl im Zeit- als auch im Frequenzbereich analysiert. Die wellenphysikalische Simulation ermöglicht die Berechnung modifizierter Focal Laws, die immer zu einer Verbesserung des Summensignals im Vergleich zum Ansatz mit geometrischer Akustik führen. / Ultrasonic linear phased array probes consist of several single elements. By exciting each element at a certain time wave fronts can be tilted, focused or both combined. This is accomplished by a set of delays which is called "focal law". Hence, the shape and the quality of the resulting wave front depends significantly on focal law calculation. This state-of-the-art method is based on two simplifications: firstly on the assumption that each single element has identical vibration behaviour, and secondly on the simple geometrical approximation of the signal propagation time. In this work both aspects will be investigate in detail. For characterization of the individual vibration behaviour the most important transducer parts and theirs acoustical properties will be presented. The theoretical view on the inner structure is completed by two measuring methods: scanning acoustic microscopy as well as computed tomography. Furthermore, the effective mechanical displacement of the transducer interface will be analyzed by Laser Doppler vibrometry. Hence, the individual vibration behaviour of the single elements can be compensated which yields an optimized superposition. To investigate the second assumption the 4D-CEFIT-PSS simulation environment has been developed. The combination of CEFIT (cylindric elasto dynamic finite integration technique) and PSS (point source synthesis) considers all effects of wave physics. A comprehensive parametric study shows the effects of geometrical aperture size concerning resulting signals in decided focal points. The differences of wave propagation in the time and frequency domain will be pointed out. Concluding, focal laws were calculated with the geometrical and the simulation based approach. The resulting wave propagation is simulated for selected focal points. The results were compared both ways, qualitatively and quantitatively. Hereby the difference between both methods was distinguishable. The outcome is a method for modified focal law calculation. Both, the consideration of the individual vibration characteristics and the application of the new focal laws result in higher signal-to-noise ratios for linear phased arrays.

The new generation of cars are so-called Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) which has the grid connection capability. By the introduction of these vehicles, the grid issues will be connected to the private car transportation sector for the first time. The cars from the gird perspective can be considered as a regular load with certain power factor. The effects of this type of new load in distribution grid are studied in this thesis. By modelling the cars as regular load, the effects of the cars in three distinct areas in Stockholm are investigated. The car number in each area is estimated based on the population and commercial density of electricity consumption in the three areas. Afterward, the average electricity consumption by the cars in one day is distributed among 24 hours of the day with peak load in the studied year. This distribution is done by two regulated and unregulated methods. The regulated method is based on the desired pattern of electricity consumption of PHEVs by vehicle owners. On the other hand, the regulated pattern is designed based on encouragement of the car owners to consume electricity for charging their car batteries at low-power hours of day (usually midnight hours). The power system from high voltage lines in Sweden down to 11 kV substations in Stockholm simulated in PSS/E software has been used in this study. The automation program (written in Python) is run in order to get the output report (voltage variation and losses) of the load flow calculations for different hours of day by adding the required power for PHEVs both by regulated and unregulated patterns. The results show the possibility of introducing growing number of cars till year 2050 in each area with existing grid infrastructures. Moreover, the number of cars, yearly and daily electric consumption for PHEVs in pure electric mode are shown in this project and the effects of regulated electricity consumption are investigated. It is concluded that since the car number is estimated based on the population, the areas with higher residential characteristics are more problematic for integration of PHEVs from capacity point of view. Moreover, by regulating the charging pattern of PHEVs, the higher number of PHEVs can be integrated to the grid with the existing infrastructures. In addition, the losses have been decreased in regulated pattern in comparison with unregulated pattern with the same power consumption. The voltage in different substations is within the standard boundaries by adding 100 percent of PHEVs load for both regulated and unregulated patterns in all three areas.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka samband mellan stress, sömn och skärmtid på smarttelefon. Urvalet bestod av totalt 81 personer på ett universitet i södra Sverige. Två hypoteser testades. 1: hög grad av faktisk skärmtid är relaterat till en hög subjektiv stressupplevelse och hög grad av sömnbesvär. 2: Låg grad av stress är associerat med låg grad av sömnbesvär. Vid insamlingen av data användes, Perceived stress scale 10 (PSS-10) och Karolinska sleep questionnaire (KSQ). För att mäta skärmtid designades två frågor, en med syfte att mäta individers subjektiva upplevelse av mängden skärmtid och en för att mäta den faktiska mängden som kan utläsas via en funktion på individers smarttelefon. Resultatet för hypotes 1 visade att faktisk skärmtid varken samvarierade med stress eller sömnbesvär. Vidare jämfördes också gruppen hög faktisk skärmtid som översteg 29 h/vecka med stress och sömnbesvär. Resultatet indikerade att en hög faktisk skärmtid och stress inte korrelerade och hög faktisk skärmtid och sömnbesvär inte korrelerade. Resultatet för hypotes 2 visade en negativ signifikant korrelation mellan variablerna stress och sömnbesvär. Det innebar att höga värden på total KSQ, mindre sömnbesvär, korrelerar med låga värden på PSS-10, låg nivå av upplevd stress. Sammanfattningsvis visade studiens resultat att faktisk skärmtid inte samvarierade med varken stress eller sömnbesvär. Dock återfanns en korrelation mellan variablerna stress och sömnbesvär. / The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between stress, sleep and screen time on smartphones. The sample consisted of a total of 81 people at a university in southern Sweden. Two hypotheses were tested. 1: High degree of actual screen time is related to a high subjective stress experience and high degree of sleep disturbance. 2: Low levels of stress are associated with low levels of sleep disturbance. In the data collection, Perceived stress scale 10 (PSS-10) and Karolinska sleep questionnaire (KSQ) were used. To measure screen time, two questions were designed, one aimed at measuring individual's subjective experience of the amount of screen time and one to measure the actual amount that can be read through a function on an individual's smartphone. The result for Hypothesis 1 showed that actual screen time did not co-vary with stress or sleep disturbance. Furthermore, the group, high actual screen time exceeding 29 h / week was also compared with the variables stress and sleep disturbance. The result indicated that a high actual screen time and stress did not correlate, and high actual screen time and sleep disturbances did not correlate either. The result for Hypothesis 2 showed a negatively significant correlation between the variables stress and sleep disorders. This meant that high values of total KSQ, less sleep disturbances, correlated with low values of PSS-10, low levels of stress. In summary, the study's results showed that actual screen time did not correlate with neither stress nor sleep disturbance. However, a correlation was found between the variables stress and sleep disturbance.

Circular economy (CE) is widely seen as a potential solution to negative impacts caused by thelinear economy; however, companies must integrate CE principles into the business modeldeeper to achieve sustainable development. The Product-Service System (PSS) businessmodel is a potential solution to the superficial implementation of CE due to shifting the focusto delivering functionality rather than ownership. However, several researchers point out thatPSS systems, whilst promoted as sustainability alternatives, rarely have enough quantitativedata supporting these outcomes and where the research field widely highlight the need tofurther develop assessment methods for PSS, with the use phase being a specifically criticalarea to monitor due to companies increased responsibility. This master’s thesis, therefore,aims to evaluate how companies monitor and assess their use-oriented PSS during the usephase to safeguard the intended increase in sustainability performance. To achieve theseobjectives, a qualitative, multiple case study was employed, where four companies wereinterviewed following a semi-structured approach, creating in-depth knowledge in each case. The case studies reveal that the different companies' primary methods to safeguard theirsustainability ambitions were through data collection, which, however, lacked the structuralsupport of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). The different case studies could be seen tomainly collect performance data for proactive maintenance and consumer behaviour data toadjust their services and, by that, reduce environmental impact. However, only Volvo CarMobility did try to reduce the risk of unforeseen rebound effects by investigating customers'changed mobility behaviour. All of the companies did during the interviews refer to KPIs thatthey used to ensure that their sustainability goals were met; however, only one of the casestudies had an indicator that could meet the requirements of KPIs, whereas others lackedspecified targets, were vaguely defined or were irregularly collected. Additionally, the casestudies confirmed different strategic reasons for implementing their PSS other thansustainability and whether all sustainability goals could be connected to economic incentives.These different drivers confirm the PSS attraction and suitability for companies; however, italso emphasises the importance of implementing a system perspective to mitigate risks ofburden shifting and loss of the potential to contribute to sustainable development. Future research could further evaluate the importance of information and communicationtechnologies (ICT) when collecting data on PSS consumers, how AI-supported technologycould facilitate the recognition of consumer behaviour, and how this data collection shouldbe efficiently managed in the organisation. Additionally, another interesting avenue for futureinvestigation would be the overall consumer behaviour of society and its impact on businessmodels such as PSS. In conclusion, this master's thesis confirms and extends previous assertions on theimportance and complexity of use-oriented PSS and adds to the emerging literature on the subject through the information from the case studies. The findings also point to the holisticinsights and performance assessments required to optimise the potential and ensure thesustainability of the services. / Cirkulär ekonomi (CE) betraktas allmänt som en potentiell lösning på den negativa påverkansom den linjära ekonomin orsakar. För att uppnå en hållbar utveckling är det nödvändigt förföretag att djupare integrera CE-principer i affärsmodellen. Affärsmodellen förprodukttjänstsystem (product service system - PSS) anses vara en potentiell lösning när CEytligt implementerats i företag, detta genom att fokusera på att leverera funktionalitetsnarare än äganderätt. Dock pekar flera forskare på att PSS-system, trots att de främjas somhållbarhetsalternativ, sällan har tillräckligt med kvantitativ data som stödjer dessa resultat.Inom PSS forskningsfältet betonas behovet av att vidareutveckla bedömningsmetoder(Nakada et al., 2020), där användningsfasen anses vara ett specifikt kritiskt område attkontrollera på grund av företagens ökade ansvar. Denna masteravhandling syftar därför tillatt utvärdera hur företag kontrollerar och bedömer sina användningsorienterade PSS underanvändningsfasen för att säkerställa den avsedda ökningen i hållbarhetsprestanda. För attuppnå dessa mål användes en kvalitativ, flerfallstudie där fyra företag intervjuades med ettsemistrukturerat förhållningssätt, vilket skapade mer djupgående kunskap om vardera fall. Fallstudierna visar att de olika företagens huvudsakliga metod för att säkerställa sinahållbarhetsambitioner var genom datainsamling, men detta saknade dock det strukturellastödet av nyckeltal (Key Performance Indicators - KPI:er). De olika fallstudierna kunde sessamla prestandadata främst för proaktivt underhåll och konsumentbeteendedata för attjustera sina tjänster och därigenom minska miljöpåverkan. Endast Volvo Car Mobility försökteminska risken för oförutsedda rekyleffekter genom att undersöka kunders ändraderörelsebeteende. Samtliga företag hänvisade under intervjuerna till KPI:er som de användeför att säkerställa att deras hållbarhetsmål uppnåddes, men endast företaget som hyrde utbilbarnstolar hade en indikator som kunde uppfylla KPI-kraven, medan de andra fallensaknade specificerade objektiv, var vagt definierade eller insamlades oregelbundet.Dessutom bekräftade fallstudierna olika strategiska skäl för att implementera sina PSS utöverhållbarhet, och alla hållbarhetsmål kunde kopplas till ekonomiska incitament. Dessa olikadrivkrafter bekräftar PSS attraktion och lämplighet för företag, men betonar också vikten avatt implementera ett systemperspektiv för att minska riskerna för tunnelseende ochförskjutning av belastningen (s.k. burden shifting) och förlora potentialen att bidra till enhållbar utveckling. Framtida forskning kan rikta sig mot att ytterligare utvärdera betydelsen av informations- ochkommunikationsteknologier (Information and Communication Technology - ICT) vid insamlingav data om PSS-konsumenter, hur AI-stödd teknik kan underlätta igenkänning avkonsumentbeteende och särskilt hur denna datainsamling bör hanteras effektivt iorganisationen. Dessutom skulle en annan intressant väg för framtida undersökningar kunnavara samhällets övergripande konsumentbeteende och dess påverkan på affärsmodeller somPSS.   Sammanfattningsvis bekräftar denna masteravhandling tidigare påståenden omanvändningsorienterade PSS betydelse och komplexitet och bidrar till den växandelitteraturen om ämnet genom information från fallstudierna. Resultaten pekar också på deholistiska insikter och prestandabedömningar som krävs för att optimera potentialen ochsäkerställa tjänsternas hållbarhet.

In the manufacturing equipment industry, sensors integrated in manufacturing equipment is a prerequisite for higher levels of servitization, such as maintenance and product support services, as the sensors can provide data of equipment usage. In this study, a framework called Evaluation of readiness of servitization has been developed, where manufacturing equipment companies can evaluate whether they benefit from developing new solutions with a higher level of servitization. In the evaluation of servitization, a company in the manufacturing equipment industry should consider the following three factors; Value proposition’s fulfilment of customer needs, Market acceptance of value proposition and Internal capabilities to develop and deliver the solution. This study shows that all three factors must be considered for a justified evaluation. The study is based on a single case study on the manufacturing equipment company Atlas Copco Industrial Technique, and a literature review on servitization in the manufacturing industry. This study shows that uncertainty about customer needs and market acceptance of the new value proposition that servitization entails, constitute obstacles to develop new solutions with a higher level of servitization. Thereby, it is of great importance to a manufacturing equipment company to assess readiness both internally and externally when evaluating if they benefit from developing new solutions with a higher level of servitization. / Inom tillverkningsindustrin är sensorer i verktyg en möjliggörare för att utveckla tjänster, såsom underhålls- och produktsupporttjänster, då sensorerna kan tillhandahålla data om verktygens användning. I denna studie har ett ramverk benämnt Utvärdering av beredskap för tjänstefiering utvecklats. Med hjälp av ramverket kan tillverkande företag utvärdera om de profiterar av att utveckla nya lösningar med högre servicegrad. Vid utvärdering av tjänstefiering bör ett företag inom tillverkningsindustrin beakta följande tre faktorer; Värdeerbjudandets uppfyllande av kundbehov, Marknadens acceptans av värdeerbjudandet och Intern förmåga att utveckla och leverera lösningen. Denna studie visar att samtliga faktorer måste beaktas för en motiverad utvärdering. Denna studie är baserad på en litteraturstudie om tjänstefiering inom tillverkningsindustrin och en fallstudie om tillverkningsföretaget Atlas Copco Industriteknik. Studien visar att bristande kunskap om kundbehov och marknadens acceptans av det nya värdeerbjudande som tjänstefiering innebär utgör hinder för företag inom tillverkningsindustrin för att kunna utveckla värdeerbjudande med högre servicenivå. Studien visar även att det av stor betydelse för tillverkningsföretag att bedöma beredskap både internt och externt vid utvärdering av beredskap för tjänstefiering.