La mondialisation et l’européanisation impliquent de plus en plus une gestion à un niveau régional et local des marchés du travail transfrontalier. Dans ce cadre, le projet Interreg « travail sans frontière » Rhône-Alpes/Piémont constitue un laboratoire interrégional de la construction européenne du marché du travail. La coopération des services publics de l’emploi et de leurs acteurs, issue d’un modèle centralisé pour la France et décentralisé pour l’Italie, participe à la construction sociale du marché du travail Rhône-Alpes/Piémont. C’est à travers une sociographie et une modélisation de ce marché du travail que sont mises en exergue les logiques d’actions singulières des institutions et de leurs acteurs. Le marché du travail Rhône-Alpes/Piémont est spécifique, de part l’héritage dynamique qui l’a produit, les structures actuelles qui le portent et les perspectives de développement que lui offre sa position transfrontalière. La spécificité de l’espace frontière créé dans le cadre de ce type de coopérations se nourrit de la complexité des maillages institutionnels et de la non harmonisation des services publics au niveau européen. Le modèle fourni par l’analyse repose sur une quadruple hypothèse : c’est un marché des professions, un marché de service public, un marché transfrontalier et un marché transitionnel. Le modèle ainsi élaboré est spécifique et peut être transposé à d’autres systèmes. / Globalization and Europeanization are involving a more local management for the cross-border labour market. In this framework, the Interreg project between Rhone Alpes and Piemont called “working without borders” is a real interregional laboratory for the european labour market construction. The public employment services cooperation and their actors steming from a centralized model in France and from a decentralized one in Italy are participating in the social construction of the Rhone-Alpes - Piemont labour market. This is through the labour market modeling and sociografy that are pointed up the peculiar processes of the different institutions and of their protagonists. The Rhone Alpes-Piemont labour market is very specific one, due to the dynamic heritage which created it, the current structures bearing it and the expansion prospects that its cross border position enables. The specificity of the border space created in the framework of this type of cooperations is fed by the complexity of institutional meshings and the lack of synchronization of public utilities on the european field. The model provided by the analysis relies on a quadruple assumption: this is a market of professions, a market of public utilities, a transborder market and a transitional market. Consequently, this model is specific and can be transposable to any other system.

The Swedish public employment service is an agency controlled by the government which under a long time has been criticized. Therefore the government decided to implement market solutions with the aim to reach a better agency for unemployed and employers. Furthermore, this has included a change for the employees at the agency when some of the tasks will be handled by independent companies as well as other organizations. The phenomenon where independent companies and other organization will be included is called a quasi-marketization. With this background I do wonder what will happen to the employees profession at the agency when a big part of the tasks will be handled by independent companies and other organizations. How will the quasi-marketization manifest itself in the profession?  To examine this 7 interviews with employees at the Swedish public employment service have been accomplished. To be able to investigate the above question, Freidson and his theory about professionalism as a thrid logic have been used. The study then shows that the profession has been through a big change which includes more legal repsonsibility, less work with unemployed people, some competencies and skills that are not necessary, limited autonomy and less sense of participation.  Moreover what does this entail for the professionalism of the employees? The study shows that a profession which does not match the expectations has been formed. The employees mainly want to work with interpersonal contact, which is increasingly abolished.

The objective of this thesis is to forecast the number of people registered at the Swedish Public Employment Service (Arbetsförmedlingen) that will manage to get employment each month and examine how accurate the forecasts are. The Swedish Public Employment Service is a government-funded agency in Sweden working to keep the unemployment rate low. When someone is unemployed or looking for a new job, he or she can register at the Swedish Public Employment Service. Being able to forecast well how many are expected to get employment could be useful when planning and making decisions. It could also be used as an indicator of how well the Swedish Public Employment Service manages to perform and thus how well the tax money is used. The models employed for forecasting were the seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) and the long short-term memory (LSTM). A persistence model is also used as a baseline. The persistence model is a very simple model and the other models are therefore expected to outperform it. For the LSTM model, the use of both univariate and multivariate approaches will be explored in order to examine if the model can be improved with more data. Results from the experiments performed showed that a multivariate LSTM performed the lowest root mean squared error (RMSE) and is therefore considered the best model. However, the robustness of the model over time needs further research. / Syftet med detta arbete är att göra prognoser på hur många av de registrerade på Arbetsförmedlingen som kommer att få arbete en viss månad och undersöka hur noggranna dessa prognoser blir. Arbetsförmedlingen är en skattefinansierad myndighet i Sverige som arbetar med att hålla arbetslösheten låg. När någon är arbetslös eller letar efter ett arbete kan man registrera sig hos Arbetsförmedlingen. Att kunna göra bra prognoser på hur många som kommer att få arbete skulle kunna vara användbart vid planering och beslutfattande. Det skulle också kunna användas som en indikator på hur väl Arbetsförmedlingen använder skattepengarna. De modeller som har använts är seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) och long short-term memory (LSTM). En persistensmodell används också som baslinje. Persistensmodellen är en enkel modell och därför förväntas de andra modellerna prestera bättre. För LSTM-modellen kommer användningen av både envariabla och flervariabla tillvägagångssätt att undersökas för att testa om mer data kan förbättra modellen. Resultat från experimenten visar att det var en LSTM-modell med flera variabler som presterade lägst root mean squared error (RMSE) och anses därför vara den bästa modellen. Det behövs dock ytterligare studier för att undersöka modellens stabilitet över tid.

Long-term unemployment is a social problem that is expected to increase in the coming years because of the on-going recession. Unemployment creates dilemmas both for the individual and society in form of an increased pressure on the individual to be reflexive in their identity and self-development and for society which wants to regulate unemployment and keep it under control. In the regulation letter for the Public employment Service for the year 2023, it was clearly formulated that the authority must work to prevent people from falling into long-term unemployment. The purpose with this study is thru qualitative interviews with —Public employment officers, job coaches and recruitment staff— investigate if the first two´s tips to the unemployed people matches what the recruitment staff really want to see in the applications for example.. The empiric of this study will be analyzed with help of Anthony Giddens theory about the modernity and self-identity with terms like, Ontological security, disembedding and expert systems. The result of this study shows that there are divided meaning both within and between the professions, in what are expected from a unemployed person and how they should put themselves at the market in form of how to use the application documents. What also brings to the light it that it often is bad quality on the application documents. These disagreements and dilemmas that the job seeker encounters challenge its ontological security and can negatively affect them. / Långtidsarbetslöshet är ett samhällsproblem som befaras öka under de närmsta åren till följd av den pågående lågkonjunkturen. Arbetslöshet skapar dilemman både för individ och samhälle i form av en ökad press på individ till reflexivitet i sin identitet och personlig utveckling, och för samhället som vill reglera arbetslösheten och hålla den kontrollerad. I regleringsbrevet för Arbetsförmedlingen inför år 2023 var det tydligt formulerat att myndigheten ska verka för att förhindra att människor hamnar i långtidsarbetslöshet. Syftet med den här studien är att genom kvalitativa intervjuer med 3 olika grupper —arbetsförmedlare, jobbcoacher och rekryterare— undersöka om de två förstnämndas råd matchar det rekryterarna säger att de verkligen vill ha.. Empirin analyseras med hjälp av Anthony Giddens teoretiska ramverk kring det senmoderna samhället och självidentitet, med begrepp så som urbäddning, expertsystem och ontologisk trygghet. Resultatet på denna studie visar på att det råder stor oenighet både inom och mellan professionerna i vad som förväntas av en arbetssökande och hur den ska marknadsföra sig själv i form av ansökningshandlingar, men där det också framkommer att det ofta råder dålig kvalité på de ansökningshandlingar man tar emot. Dessa oenigheter och dilemman de arbetssökande stöter på utmanar dess ontologiska trygghet, och kan påverka den arbetssökande negativt.

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公務員提供司法、教育與健康等公共服務，在一國經濟發展中扮演關鍵性的角色，然而回顧過去的相關文獻，對於公務人力與經濟成長間的關係，尚無法產生一致的結論，且目前並沒有相關實證文獻以台灣為研究對象，探討公務人力與經濟成長的關係。 本文以公務人力作為政府規模的衡量指標，採用1996年至2005年台灣地區23縣市的追蹤資料，由於使用固定效果模型時產生計量上問題，故改以處理混合資料為主的普通最小平方法進行實證估計。研究結果發現，地方政府規模對地區性經濟成長之影響，係隨規模的增加由正轉負，符合 Armey curve的非線性關係，亦即倒U型的曲線關係，也就是說，適當的政府規模對整體經濟有利，過小或過大的政府規模將會阻礙經濟發展。且因地方政府規模對地區性經濟成長之間存在倒U型的曲線關係，可發現能使地區性經濟成長率達最大化的地方政府最適公務人力規模為21.49，平均而言，台灣地方政府規模仍低於此一最適水準。 在本研究中亦發現，同時加入實證模型的其他解釋變數對於地區性經濟成長存在顯著的作用，包括了房屋稅收入、地價稅收入、土地增值稅收入結構比以及相對薪資率具有正向的刺激效果，而政府預算赤字以及人事費用的增加將不利於地區性經濟成長。 / The role of public employment is significantly important to the economic development because public employees are the only vivid resource of government to offer public service, such as justice、education and health etc. However existing researches about the expansion of public employment also have inconstant effect on economic growth. The Armey curve infers that the government size and economic growth have an inverse U shape, and that one can find the optimal government size that promotes the greatest economic growth rate. This study measures public employment as government size and employs the panel data and ordinary least squares regression model to test whether the Armey curve exists in the local government in Taiwan. The result indicates that a non-linear relationship of the Armey curve indeed exists in the local government in Taiwan. And the average size of the local government in Taiwan is smaller than the optional size that promotes the greatest regional economic growth rate.

Submitted by Rafael Machado Parente (rparente@fgvmail.br) on 2016-04-25T16:53:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert-RafaelParente.pdf: 658314 bytes, checksum: 19e085c3296f2258351a8b6239b7d2a8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by BRUNA BARROS (bruna.barros@fgv.br) on 2016-04-25T19:44:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert-RafaelParente.pdf: 658314 bytes, checksum: 19e085c3296f2258351a8b6239b7d2a8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2016-04-27T18:10:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert-RafaelParente.pdf: 658314 bytes, checksum: 19e085c3296f2258351a8b6239b7d2a8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T18:10:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert-RafaelParente.pdf: 658314 bytes, checksum: 19e085c3296f2258351a8b6239b7d2a8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-16 / Population ageing is a problem that countries will have to cope with within a few years. How would changes in the social security system affect individual behaviour? We develop a multi-sectoral life-cycle model with both retirement and occupational choices to evaluate what are the macroeconomic impacts of social security reforms. We calibrate the model to match 2011 Brazilian economy and perform a counterfactual exercise of the long-run impacts of a recently adopted reform. In 2013, the Brazilian government approximated the two segregated social security schemes, imposing a ceiling on public pensions. In the benchmark equilibrium, our modelling economy is able to reproduce the early retirement claiming, the agents' stationary distribution among sectors, as well as the social security deficit and the public job application decision. In the counterfactual exercise, we find a significant reduction of 55\% in the social security deficit, an increase of 1.94\% in capital-to-output ratio, with both output and capital growing, a delay in retirement claims of public workers and a modification in the structure of agents applying to the public sector job.

The aim of this study was to explore evaluation in the Swedish Public Employment Service, with particular focus on how the use of evaluations looks like. The study consists of two studies. The first one is an analysis of the Employment Service’s all policy documents that describe or mention evaluation as well as an interview-study with all the management staff in one of the Employment Service’s local labor market units. The second study is a comparative study with analysis of the Employment Service’s entire evaluation production for the years 2010 and 2015. The results show that the Swedish Public Employment Service is a hierarchically controlled governmental organization with routines for effective communication of management's messages to all levels in the organization. Employment Service's evaluation is governed and implemented centrally and communicated from the top, down through the organization. Evaluations are mainly used as a routine for checking and reporting, as well as accounting to the government. Managers on a middle and local level find that much of the evaluation is about control, and that control is not adapted to needs of the everyday business on the local level. Evaluation activities are extensive. Evaluations seems to have become an end in itself, used in legitimizing purposes rather than as a tool for developing of the service to the clients. Half of the evaluations that the Employment Service carried out by their own, is regular evaluations. Almost all evaluations carried out by the European Social Fund Council in Sweden and “Samordningsförbund” (associations for coordination of social projects) are single occasion-evaluations. Legitimizing dominates the use of evaluation, both 2010 and 2015 in evaluating production. Evaluation for improving of the service to the clients is mentioned only in a small number of policy documents. Evaluations that includes the client’s perspective as well as proposals for change occurs to a limited extent in both 2010 and 2015. The Organization of the Employment Service's evaluation activities are heavily influenced by New Public Management's management philosophy.

The thesis deals with an institutional reform of public employment services implemented in the Czech Republic in 2011. By merging social benefits administration with employment services into the newly established Labour Office of the Czech Republic, the right-wing government attempted to reduce the staffing and administrative costs of these services and to improve the governance of local labour offices. Another aim of the reform was to unify the management of employment services. Using the theoretical concept of "policy cycle" and "policy fiasco" the thesis analyses these organisational changes in the functioning of public employment services in the Czech Republic. Data consist of interviews with experts on labour market policy in the Czech Republic and two focus groups with employees of labour offices. The thesis concludes that there appeared several mistakes during implementation of the institutional reform of public employment services in the Czech Republic in 2011 in terms of the policy cycle and it can be referred to as a policy. The reform harmed the reputation and efficiency of employment services.

Über die letzten zwölf Jahre sind globale Indikatoren für Demokratie- und Freiheitsrechte kontinuierlich gesunken. Demokratie ist eine wichtige Triebkraft für wirtschaftliche Entwicklung, daher folgen aus diesem Vertrauensverlust auch Sorgen über die Zukunft des ökonomischen Wohlstandes. Diese Dissertation besteht aus drei Essays und untersucht mögliche Reformen für effektivere politische Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten in demokratischen Systemen: Dezentralisierung und Privatisierung. Das erste Essay überprüft, ob durch Dezentralisierung der öffentlichen Arbeitsvermittlung mehr Arbeitslose in freie Stellen vermittelt werden können. Dafür untersuche ich die Kommunalisierung deutscher Jobcenter im Jahr 2012. Dabei stelle ich fest, dass sich durch Dezentralisierung die Neuanstellung von Arbeitslosen um rund 10% verringern. Es zeigt sich, dass dezentralisierte Arbeitsvermittlungen vermehrt öffentlich geförderte Arbeitsbeschaffungsmaßnahmen nutzen. Das zweite Essay beschäftigt sich mit finanzpolitischen Wechselwirkungen zwischen Gemeinden in Kolumbien, wo die Verantwortlichkeit für einen großen Teil des Staatsbudgets an die kommunale Regierungsebene übertragen wurde. Es ergeben sich starke räumliche Autokorrelationen im lokalen Ausgabeverhalten. Allerdings zeigt sich durch einen Instrumentalvariablenansatz, dass es keine kausalen fiskalischen Interaktionseffekte zwischen den Gemeinden gibt. Das dritte Essay analysiert, ob Regierungen ökonomischen Effizienzüberlegungen folgen, wenn sie entscheiden, welche staatlichen Firmen für eine Privatisierung ausgewählt werden. Basierend auf der Massenprivatisierung in Folge des Falls der Berliner Mauer untersuche ich Firmendaten, welche mehr als 6.000 Privatisierungs- und Liquidationsentscheidungen umfassen. Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass Privatisierungsentscheidungen weniger politisch, sondern stärker ökonomisch orientiert sind, als dies durch bisherige Studien bekannt ist. / Global indicators of democracy and civil liberties have continually decreased over the past twelve years. Scholars have identified weak public policy-making as an origin for low levels of trust in democratic governance. In three essays, this dissertation studies two reform options to improve policy-making, namely decentralization and privatization. The first essay examines whether the decentralization of public employment services (PES) increases job placements among the unemployed. Using a difference-in-differences design, I exploit unique within-country variation in decentralization provided by the partial devolution of German job centers in 2012. I find that de-centralization reduces job placements by approximately 10% while expanding the use of inefficient public job creation schemes. Essay two explores fiscal interactions in Colombia, a developing country which shifted the responsibility for a large share of public spending from the central to local governments. I find evidence of strong spatial autocorrelation of local public spending. However, an instrumental variable approach reveals that there are no significant causal fiscal interaction effects between municipalities. The third essay studies whether governments incorporate economic efficiency considerations when choosing which firms they select for privatization. Analyzing mass privatizations following the Fall of the Berlin Wall in Germany, I employ previously unavailable firm data on more than 6,000 privatization and liquidation decisions. The analysis suggests that privatization decisions are less politicized and more efficiency-oriented than found in previous studies.