La distribution des aides directes de la PAC bénéficie-t-elle aux exploitations agricoles les plus favorables à l’environnement ? Suite à un état de l’art sur les méthodes d’évaluation environnementales existantes, le développement d’une méthode originale a permis de classer des exploitations agricoles du RICA en fonction de leurs effets sur l'environnement à partir d’une série d’indicateurs agro-environnementaux. Ces classes ont ensuite été mises en relation avec les montants d'aides perçus à l’hectare. Les résultats sont traités pour 3 OTEX (céréales et oléo-protéagineux, bovins lait, bovins viande). Associée à un examen approfondi des réformes de la PAC depuis 1992, cette étude empirique permet de prendre du recul sur les conséquences des décisions politiques. Il apparait que si les aides du 2nd pilier sont orientées en faveur des exploitations les plus favorables à l’environnement, leur poids reste trop faible par rapport aux aides du 1er pilier, dont les paiements par hectare sont plus élevés dans les exploitations moins vertueuses. Ceci est lié en grande partie au poids des DPU dans les paiements directs, et au choix français de baser leur calcul par rapport à l’historique de l’exploitation. C’est pourquoi les simulations de la redistribution des aides du 1er pilier à horizon 2019 montrent que le rééquilibrage de ces aides entre les exploitations par une harmonisation nationale contribuera à niveler les écarts de paiements directs du 1er pilier par hectare entre les exploitations. La comparaison avec le Royaume-Uni et l’Allemagne montre les effets de la subsidiarité, notamment lors du découplage : l’harmonisation des paiements découplés en permet aux exploitations les plus favorables à l’environnement de toucher des paiements directs par hectare plus élevés. / Does the CAP direct payment distribution benefit to the most environmentally friendly farms? Following an environmental assessment state of the art, a set of environmental indicators has been created to rank farms on their potential environmental impacts using FADN datas. Then, these classes have been connected with the amounts of direct payments received. Results are processed on three types of farm (specialized in cereals and oilseeds, meat cows and milk cows). Associated with a comprehensive study of the reforms of the CAP since 1992, this empirical study allows to stand back on the consequences of the political decisions. It seems that if the 2nd pillar direct payments are directed in favour of the more environmental friendly farms, their weight remains too low compared with the aids of the 1st pillar, which are higher in the less virtuous farms. This is largely connected to the weight of the DPU in the direct payments, and to the French choice to base their calculation with regard to the history of the farm. That is why the simulations of the redistribution of the subsidies of the 1st pillar on horizon 2019 show that the rebalancing of these payments between the farms by a national harmonization will contribute to level the gap of 1st pillar direct payments by hectare between french farms. The comparison with the United Kingdom and Germany shows the effects of the subsidiarity, in particular during the decoupling: the harmonization of the decoupled payments allows the most environmental friendly farms to get higher direct payments per hectare.

Medir o desempenho de organizações é de suma importância para avaliar o desempenho das mesmas, melhor ainda se as medidas forem validadas e se tornem métricas de um sub-setor podendo nortear de forma confiável as decisões a serem tomadas em função destas. O objetivo geral desta tese consiste em propor uma metodologia que possibilite o estabelecimento de métricas para empresas prestadoras de serviços. Um dos objetivos específicos é efetuar a análise da aplicabilidade da metodologia proposta em um conjunto de empresas préselecionadas de um sub-setor de serviços; no caso, concessionárias de rodovias do Estado de São Paulo. Propõem-se uma metodologia que selecione desde o sub-setor de empresas, de forma a participarem do processo de coleta de dados até a obtenção das métricas que são os indicadores de desempenho validados. A TL 9000 do setor de telecomunicações ampara em muito os métodos de coleta de dados propostos. O trabalho apresenta vários indicadores de desempenho baseados nos sete critérios de desempenho propostos por Sink e Tuttle (1993) e avaliados sob os aspectos competitivos dados por Slack (1993), além de outros autores que consubstanciam a metodologias proposta. Destes indicadores obteve-se algumas métricas, as quais permitem conclusões sobre o desempenho das concessionárias de rodovias. Ressalta-se que as métricas propostas são de cunho quantitativo, mensurando a performance das empresas de serviços analisadas. / Performance measurement is extremely important to evaluate organizations performance, depicting even better results if they are validated and become sub-sector metrics, guiding in a reliable way the decision-making process based on them. The main purpose of this study is to propound a methodology which provides the establishment of metrics to outsourcing companies. One of the specific targets is to analyse the feasibility of the proposed methodology in a set of selected enterprises in a service sub-sector; in this case, highway service suppliers in the state of Sao Paulo. It is proposed a methodology that selects from enterprises sub-sectors, so that they can participate in the whole process, from data gathering to the metrics achievement, which are the validated performance indicators. The TL 9000, from telecommunications sector, supports the data gathering proposed methods. This study describes some performance indicators based on the seven performance criteria proposed by Sink and Tuttle (1993) and evaluated under the competitive aspects from Slack (1993), in addition to other authors who corroborate the proposed methodology. Some metrics have been extracted from these indicators, which allow conclusions over the highway service suppliers\' performances. It is important to emphasize that these proposed metrics are focused on quantity, measuring the studied service supplying companies\' performances.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-12-23T14:44:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Paulo Eduardo dos Santos - 2014.pdf: 2388375 bytes, checksum: 1223abc4faafaa196911862eef9cd842 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-01-26T12:52:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Paulo Eduardo dos Santos - 2014.pdf: 2388375 bytes, checksum: 1223abc4faafaa196911862eef9cd842 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-01-26T12:52:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Paulo Eduardo dos Santos - 2014.pdf: 2388375 bytes, checksum: 1223abc4faafaa196911862eef9cd842 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This study is part of the research in State, Policies and History of Education of the Graduate Program of Education Department of the Federal University of Goiás (UFG). This larger research has as central axis an analysis of the State, the changes, impacts and effective developments of actions in the formulation of public policies, mainly in the educational field. Thus, the general objective of this investigation is to understand, based on legal documents and on the perception of the counselors’ who represent the educational workers and those of the executive branch, the institutionalization process of the Municipal Education Councils (MECs) of the Brazilian capitals, especially those from the Center-West Region. One must emphasize that the MCEs are considered here a State organ, of political articulation, located between the government and civil society to address education issues. This study used as analytical reference, mainly from the Gramscian theoretical perspective, concepts such as civil society, political society, State, hegemony, relation between forces, as well as, aspects of the political-administrative decentralization resulting from the Brazilian federalist model. In relation to the research, we chose to use a method of investigation, whose main differential was based on the analysis of dialectic approach. Thus, we sought to use a combination of different techniques of data collection and analysis of reality such as: bibliographic research, analysis of legal documents from MECs of all Brazilian capitals, as well as the application of questionnaires answered by the municipal educational counselors, representatives of the executive branch, and the educational workers in three capitals of the Center-West Region. It must be noted that these subjects were chosen based on what was found in the exploratory phase of this study which detected them as representative segments with higher representativeness in the MECs of the 26 Brazilian capitals. This study, when investigating the institutionalization process of the MECs of the Brazilian capitals, mainly, those from the capitals of the Center-West Region, showed that they are the stage of political conflicts and space of strong relations where the competition between a bureaucratic and a democratic character is constant. This finding seems to indicate that it is exactly in this contradictory movement between the bureaucratic and/or democratic action that lies the possibility of municipal educational advice becoming “advanced trenches”. It is a concrete fact that hegemonic battles are fought, that projects of society and education are confronted and constitute new relationships between civil society and political society, in the attempt to establish a new State and a new society. Finding out that the MECs act preferably in a bureaucratic way seems to indicate the strength of concrete reality acting over them. However, it does not mean that such a circumstance is fateful, for, at the same time in which objective reality imposes itself, it creates spaces for its overcoming. Therefore it is not possible to state that the MECs are only bureaucratic even though this aspect prevails, but such prevalence could be related to the structural limits that the capitalist system imposes on any social organization of democratic style. Certainly, there is no ready and finished advice, as it constitutes a specific process of institutionalization. Thus, it might be said that the advice is, in fact, a space of disputes, a place balance of power. / Este estudo está inscrito na linha de pesquisa Estado, Políticas e História da Educação do Programa de Pós-graduação da Faculdade de Educação – Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG) – que tem como eixo central a análise do Estado, as transformações, os impactos e os desdobramentos efetivos decorrentes de suas ações na formulação de políticas públicas, sobretudo no campo da educação. Sendo assim, o objetivo geral dessa tese é compreender, com base em documentos legais e na percepção dos conselheiros representantes dos trabalhadores em educação e do poder executivo, o processo de institucionalização dos Conselhos Municipais de Educação (CMEs) das capitais brasileiras, especialmente, os da Região Centro-Oeste. Ressalte-se que os CMEs são aqui compreendidos como órgão de Estado, de articulação política, localizado entre o governo e a sociedade civil para tratar de assuntos educacionais. Para a realização deste estudo, foi utilizada como referencial de análise, sobretudo a partir da perspectiva teórica gramsciana, conceitos como sociedade civil, sociedade política, Estado, hegemonia, relação de forças e, além disso, aspectos da descentralização político-administrativa advinda do modelo federalista brasileiro. No tocante à realização da pesquisa propriamente dita, optou-se pelo método de investigação, cuja referência principal está baseada na análise de abordagem dialética, e assim, buscou utilizar uma combinação de diferentes técnicas de coletas de dados e de análise da realidade como: pesquisa bibliográfica, análise de documentos legais referentes aos CMEs de todas as capitais brasileiras, bem como se recorreu à aplicação de questionários aos conselheiros municipais de educação representantes do poder executivo e dos trabalhadores em educação das três capitais da Região Centro-Oeste. Vale esclarecer que estes sujeitos foram escolhidos com base no encontrado na etapa exploratória desse estudo que detectou estes como os segmentos representativos com maior representatividade nos CMEs das 26 capitais brasileiras. O presente estudo, ao investigar o processo de institucionalização dos CMEs das capitais brasileiras, e em especial, os das capitais da Região Centro-Oeste, constatou que eles são palco de luta política e espaço de relações de força em que a disputa entre um caráter burocrático e um democrático é constante e cotidiana. Tal constatação parece indicar que, é exatamente nesse movimento contraditório entre uma atuação burocrática e/ou democrática, que está a possibilidade de os conselhos municipais de educação tornarem-se “trincheiras avançadas” de fato, pois é na realidade concreta que as lutas hegemônicas são travadas, que os projetos de sociedade e de educação são confrontados e que se constituem novas relações entre sociedade civil e sociedade política, na tentativa de estabelecimento de um novo Estado e uma nova sociedade. Constatar que os CMEs atuam preferencialmente de forma burocrática parece indicar a força da realidade concreta se exercendo sobre eles; entretanto, não significa dizer que tal circunstância é um destino, pois, ao mesmo tempo em que a realidade objetiva se impõe, ela cria espaços para sua superação. Assim não é possível afirmar que os CMEs são apenas burocráticos ainda que este aspecto prevaleça, mas tal prevalência pode estar relacionada aos limites estruturais que o sistema capitalista impõe a qualquer organização social de cunho democrático. Por certo, não há um conselho pronto e acabado, pois ele se constitui em um processo particular de institucionalização. Desse modo, pode-se afirmar que os conselhos são, de fato, espaço de disputas, lugar de relações de força.

O objetivo do presente trabalho é investigar se o nível de governo responsável pela prestação da política pública importa para a qualidade dos serviços públicos oferecidos à população. Para tanto, é examinado o caso da municipalização da educação fundamental no Brasil. Secundariamente, tenciona-se também estimar o efeito da municipalização das matrículas e dos gastos em educação no desempenho acadêmico dos alunos, das escolas municipalizadas e das redes escolares. São conduzidas três análises empíricas distintas de estimação do efeito da municipalização nos resultados educacionais. Primeiro, procura-se identificar e mensurar a diferença de desempenho dos estudantes de escolas púbicas estaduais e escolas públicas municipais. Num segundo momento, utilizando dados do SAEB e da Prova Brasil são acompanhados (retrospectivamente) um grupo de escolas em dois pontos no tempo: antes e depois da municipalização. Ou seja, é selecionado um grupo experimental de escolas que estavam sob controle estadual e foram transferidas para o controle municipal, e dois grupos de controle de escolas que estavam sob a gestão estadual ou municipal e assim permaneceram. Dessa forma, é comparado o efeito da municipalização das escolas no desempenho dos estudantes. Alternativamente, é utilizado um painel de dados de 2837 municípios com informações do Censo Escolar entre os anos 1999 e 2005, ao qual são empregadas as usuais técnicas de Mínimos Quadrados Ordinários (MQO) e Efeitos Fixos (EF) para se estimar o efeito da municipalização das matrículas e dos gastos em educação sobre uma série de indicadores educacionais. / This study investigates the impact of level of government on the quality of the policy. the decentralization in the education system that has taken place in Brazil over the last 15 years. Since re-democratization, the Brazilian federal government has approved several laws that encourage municipalities to invest in primary education. The proficiency tests undertaken by MEC/INPEP (Ministry of Education Research Agency) allows for using two different identification strategies. First, I assemble a panel of municipalities using data from SAEB (a standardized proficiency test), Censo Escolar (the School Census), and expenditure on education to compare the evolution of municipalities and states school systems. Second, I compare the difference in the students performance at school level between two periods of time comparing three groups of schools: those that were already under the municipality control at the time of the SAEB exam (control group 1); those that were under the states control in the SAEB exam and remained in it by the time of Prova Brasil (control group 2) and; those that migrated from the state to the municipality control between the two periods exams (treatment group).

Por meio da combinação entre abordagem teórica e prática artística, a pesquisa coloca em questão o modo como os públicos são compreendidos e geridos no âmbito institucional da arte, particularmente no contexto brasileiro. Para isso, adotamos a mediação cultural como locus de investigação e atuação propício à confrontação de enunciados oriundos dos diferentes agentes envolvidos nesse circuito, desde os gestores, curadores, artistas e educadores até os públicos, cujas discursividades e performatividades correspondem ao foco do nosso interesse. Problematizando as formas abstratas de classificação utilizadas para designar e endereçar os destinatários das ofertas institucionais e das práticas artísticas por elas difundidas, o trabalho se imbui da postulação de um estatuto alternativo para os públicos, entendidos aqui como formações emergentes de sujeitos políticos. Isso implica a articulação de referências e precedentes capazes de contribuir para o processo de constituição de outro regime de interação entre os agentes institucionais e aqueles que seriam os beneficiários de suas proposições de viés educativo. A saber, um regime favorável ao surgimento, ao debate e à repercussão das demandas sociais, políticas e culturais manifestas por esses indivíduos e coletividades. Materializada na dissertação, a face teórica da pesquisa reúne e analisa conceitos, problemáticas e exemplos caros ao exercício crítico em torno da condição de público e das iniciativas institucionais, mediativas e artísticas que se ocupam de diferentes modalidades de interação com suas audiências. Já a sua face artística lança mão de um procedimento documentário, elegendo como recorte um formato de atração, organização e condução de visitantes amplamente usado pelas instituições artísticas para intermediar o seu acesso aos bens artístico-culturais. Trata-se das visitas mediadas com grupos. O Diário do busão: visitas escolares a instituições artísticas funciona como um dispositivo de sondagem e tradução das formas de atuação dos estudantes da rede pública de ensino nos equipamentos de arte concentrados no centro expandido da cidade de São Paulo. Com isso, busca conferir linguagem, visibilidade e circulação às suas respostas a uma ação institucional representativa das políticas de democratização cultural. / Through the combination of theoretical approach and artistic practice, this research questions the way publics are understood and managed within the institutional framework of art, particularly in Brazil\'s context. To this end, we adopt cultural mediation as a locus of research and action that is conducive to the confrontation of statements from the different agents involved in this circuit, from managers, curators, artists and educators to the publics, whose discursiveness and performativity are the focus of our interest. By problematizing the abstract forms of classification used to designate and address the recipients of the institutional offers and the artistic practices they disseminate, this work is imbued with the postulation of an alternative statute for the publics, here understood as emergent formations of political subjects. This implies the articulation of references and precedents capable of contributing to the process of constitution of another regime of interaction between the institutional agents and those who would be the beneficiaries of their educationally-directed propositions. Namely, a regime favorable to the emergence, the debate and the repercussion of social, political and cultural demands that are manifested by these individuals and collectivities. Materialized in this dissertation, the theoretical face of the research brings together and analyzes concepts, problems and examples dear to the critical exercise around the condition of public and of the institutional, mediatic and artistic initiatives that deal with different modalities of interaction with their audiences. As for its artistic face, it uses a documentary procedure, choosing as approach a format of attraction, organization and conduct of visitors widely used by artistic institutions to mediate their access to artistic and cultural assets - in this case, mediated visits with groups. The Diário do busão: visitas escolares a instituições artísticas [The big bus diary: school visits to art institutions] works as a device for probing and translating the forms of acting of public school students in the art equipments in the expanded center of the city of São Paulo. With this, it seeks to confer language, visibility and circulation to their responses to an institutional action that is representative of the policies of cultural democratization.

L’histoire de l’industrie française du terrassement est une histoire d’entrepreneurs venus à la profession à la faveur des programmes de grands travaux instaurés en France à partir de la monarchie de Juillet en 1830. Une nouvelle lignée d’entrepreneurs de la trempe de Georges Frot, d’Emile Razel en ou encore Firmin Deschiron, apparut. La construction de lignes ferroviaires en France leur avait offert un important débouché. Ce qui distinguait ces « hommes entreprises » de leurs pairs était dans de nombreux cas, la mise en place et la généralisation d’innovations techniques sur les chantiers dont ils avaient la charge. Les phases de reconstruction qui suivirent les deux conflits mondiaux, permirent à la profession de trouver un débouché dans les chantiers d’excavation et de déblaiement qui caractérisèrent ces périodes et, en particulier, après 1945, grâce à la mise en œuvre du Plan Marshall, lequel permit d’importants transferts de technologies américaines en matière d’engins de génie civil. Au cours des trente glorieuses, le lancement de programmes de grands travaux par les différents gouvernements de cette période continua de maintenir l’activité de la profession au dessus de la moyenne de celle de la branche toute entière des travaux publics. Les années 1980 et 1990 introduisirent l’industrie du terrassement toute entière dans une phase de regroupement et de reconfiguration dont témoigne encore aujourd’hui d’importants groupes de travaux publics comme le groupe Vinci. / The history of the French Industry of Earthworking is an history of entrepreneurs who came to the profession due to the major works program in France setting in place during the July Monarchy in 1830. A new lineage of some entrepreneurs such as Georges Frot, Emile Razel or Firmin Deschiron appeared. The construction of the railway network has given them an important outlet. What was identifying those “men companies” to their peers was, in numerous cases, the establishment and the Generalization of technical innovations on the Roadworks that they were having. The Reconstruction phases that followed the two World Wars enabled to the whole Industry of Earthworking to find an outlet with the different Roadworks of Excavation and clearance of this period, particularly, after 1945, thanks to the Marshall Plan, which enabled some important transfers of Americans technologies in terms of Earthworking machine; During the Thirty glorious, the launching of some politics of major Works by different governments in place continued to maintain the industrial activity to an high level compared with the entire branch of Publics Works. During the years 1980 and 1990, the Industry of Earthworking was introduced in an regrouping and reengineering phase. Some important groups of Publics Works like the Vinci group are still testifying of this change.

En France, l’expression de "deuxième génération" de Harkis renvoie à une réalité sociologique et historique pour le moins surprenante, car un statut administratif serait devenu une caractéristique héréditaire. Le fil d’Ariane de cette étude est la transmission d'une identité. Cette transmission se traduit publiquement par les associations dont les membres s’engagent dans un conflit latent avec les pouvoirs publics. Ainsi, la relation entre les pouvoirs publics français et la population harkie de 1962 à nos jours constitue l'épine dorsale de notre recherche. Après une présentation des débats historiographiques, la gestion étatique de cette population, ses effets matériels et symboliques sont examinés à l’échelle départementale. Le terrain d’investigation choisi est le Lot-et-Garonne, où se situent le Centre d'Accueil des Rapatriés d'Algérie à Bias, et le Centre d’Accueil des Français d’Indochine sur la commune voisine de Sainte-Livrade. Leur approche comparative aide à l’analyse du traitement par l'Etat de cette question sociopolitique dans une France fraîchement décolonisée. L’administration des familles harkies lot-et-garonnaises s’articule autour de trois phases : 1- de 1962 jusqu’au milieu des années 1970, celle-ci se caractérise par une certaine improvisation et une gestion de l’urgence ; 2 - la première révolte de 1975 ouvre la seconde période marquée par le passage d’une question coloniale à une question d’immigration avec une réelle recherche de solutions ; 3 - la rébellion de 1991 inaugure la troisième phase durant laquelle les dirigeants instaurent une politique basée sur un accompagnement social renforcé et une réparation historique. Ce dispositif entérine la double étiquette de la population harkie qui forme une communauté socio-historique singulière. / In France, the expression “second generation” of Harkis is a surprising sociological and historical reality, because an administrative status would become a hereditary characteristic. The main theme of this study is the transmission of an identity. This transmission is publicly conveyed by the associations whose members are in conflict with the authorities. Thus, the relation between the French authorities and the Harki population from1962 to nowadays composes the backbone of our research. After a presentation of the historiographical debates, the management by the French State of this population, its material and symbolic effects are examined on a departmental scale. The chosen place of investigation is Lot-et-Garonne, where the Reception Center for the Repatriated Settlers from Algeria in Bias (or CARA) and the Reception Center for the French people of Indochina on the nearby municipality of Sainte-Livrade (or CAFI) are located. Their comparative approach helps in the analysis of the treatment by the State of this sociopolitical question in newly decolonized France. The management of Harki families in Lot-et-Garonne can be studied according to three periods: 1 - from 1962 until the middle of the 1970’ this management is characterized by a certain improvisation and a sense of urgency; 2 - the first revolt of 1975 opens the second period which is marked by the passage from a colonial question to a question of immigration with a real research of solutions; 3 - the rebellion of 1991 inaugurates the third phase in the course of which the leaders establish a policy based on an intensified social accompaniment and a historic repair. This plan confirms the double label of the Harki population which forms a singular socio-historical community.

Le titre de la thèse renvoie aux deux enjeux principaux qu’elle se propose de traiter. Il s’agit tout d’abord d’approcher empiriquement le processus de socialisation urbaine, peu étudié en tant que tel, en l’abordant par le prisme de l’encadrement parental des pratiques urbaines des enfants. L’étude de ce rôle régulateur des parents permet notamment d’approcher la transmission plus ou moins consciente de compétences d’interaction et de mobilité, mais aussi de normes de jugement et de comportement. Le second enjeu de la thèse est la mise en lumière de la différenciation sociale et spatiale de ce processus, qui conduit à interroger par le biais de pratiques urbaines ordinaires la (re)production d’inégalités entre enfants ainsi que le rapport de leurs parents à l’altérité sociale, dans une perspective complémentaire des travaux disponibles sur la ségrégation résidentielle et scolaire. La première partie de la thèse en précise le cadre théorique et les choix méthodologiques opérés, en particulier l’enquête par entretiens (n=78) auprès de parents d’enfants âgés de 8 à 14 ans, la perspective comparée Paris-Milan et le choix de contextes de mixité sociale. La deuxième partie propose une approche compréhensive des mécanismes de la prise d’autonomie urbaine à partir d’une analyse de ses étapes ainsi que des évolutions perçues par les parents au regard de leur propre expérience enfantine. Enfin, la troisième partie s’attache à informer la différenciation de l’encadrement parental, interrogeant en particulier le rôle tenu dans celle-ci par les propriétés sociales des familles, le sexe des enfants et le contexte national et local. / This work considers the parental supervision of children’s daily urban practices as an original research object for the study of socialization processes in contemporary metropolises. The study of the regulatory role of parents aims to understand how interactional and mobility skills are transmitted, and how social and gendered inequalities arise through this process in urban childhoods. Complementing previous works on urban segregation and school choice, this research compares two socially mixed areas located in Milan (Italy) and Paris (France). The data includes 78 interviews carried out with 88 parents of children aged from 8 to 14 and ethnographic fieldwork. Theoretical and methodological issues are tackled in the first part of the work. The second part focuses on the different mechanisms and stages of the urban socialization process, in both a synchronic and diachronic perspective. The third part highlights the social, sexual and local differentiation of the way children’s urban practices are supervised and suggests the effects on children of these contrasts.

Après avoir présenté le secteur d’activité ainsi que la place de la langue et de l’apprentissage du français dans le monde professionnel, nous décrivons et analysons notre protocole de recherche in-situ, la singularité d’une écoute participante au sein d’un secteur d’activité spécifique et dans le cadre d’une population principalement ouvrière. Cette enquête nous a permis de discuter les méthodologies de la constitution de corpus d’observation et la place du chercheur en entreprise et dans la société. Puis, nous avons mis en lumière l’importance du lien entre parole et action, observé lors de l’enquête. C’est à ce titre que nous avons interrogé plus spécifiquement la question du « speach act » dans des discours marqués par une forte abstraction. De là, nous avons défini la notion de contextualisation, pour le cadre spécifique des BTP, comme étant une matrice régulée par un certain nombre de curseurs que nous avons identifiés et qui sont signifiants pour les participants de l’échange. Suivant cette recherche de la signification, nous avons construit une analyse technique de la spécificité morphologique et syntaxique des discours produits sur les chantiers de BTP. Enfin, nous avons repensé l’approche didactique en incluant à la fois les besoins communicatifs et les stratégies d’apprentissages situées, contextualisées et intégrées au travail, et en l’illustrant par des extraits de contenus pédagogiques de la formation réalisée lors de la phase d’expérimentation. / This present study is a linguistic and didactic fieldwork that has been carried out in several phases. Following a presentation of the business sector and the place of language and that of learning French in the professional world, this present study will describe and analyze the research protocol in-situ, and the peculiarity of participant listening in a specific business sector and within the framework of a mainly working-class population. This investigation will firstly discuss the methodologies of the corpus of observation and the place of the researcher both within the company and in society. Next, the significance of the link between word and action will be highlighted, as observed during the investigation. It is on this basis that questions have been raised, more specifically, on the issue of the “speech act” in discourses that are marked by a strong abstraction. This enabled us to define the concept of contextualization, in the specific context of BTPs, as being a matrix regulated by a certain number of cursors that we identified in this study, and which are significant for the participants of the exchange. From this research on meaning, we constructed a technical analysis of the morphological and syntactic specificity of the discourse produced on BTP construction sites. Finally, we reconsidered the didactic approach by including both the communicative needs and the learning strategies that were situated, contextualized and integrated into the research: this is illustrated with extracts of the educational material that was used in the training carried out over the course of the pilot phase.

Master of Science - Agricultural Education and Communication / Department of Communications and Agricultural Education / Jason D. Ellis / Genetically modified crops have been beneficial to farmers in terms of saved time, money, and energy while increasing yields and often times reducing pesticide dependency. These benefits outweigh the increased costs, allowing genetically modified crops to become one of the fastest adopted farm technologies in history. Despite overwhelming approval of genetically modified crops among farmers, consumers have been hesitant to consume genetically modified food. Consumers see genetically modified food as a risk without immediate reward. Millennial consumers are a powerful population segment that rivals or overtakes other population segments in terms of size, influence, and purchasing abilities. Yet, they are often lumped into one homogenous group by marketers when they are a diverse group comprised of unique segments. The purpose of this study was to better understand how millennial consumers find and process risk information about genetically modified food so that agricultural communicators can better strategize communication efforts. Applying the Situational Theory of Publics and the Risk Information Seeking and Processing Model, this study went one step further by differentiating between Supportive and Non-supportive publics. The research objectives of this study are as follows: 1) Identify the individual characteristics of both Supportive and Non-supportive millennial publics of genetically modified food; 2) Examine relevant channel beliefs of Supportive and Non-supportive millennial publics of genetically modified food; 3) Identify and describe the information gap of Supportive and Non-supportive millennial publics of genetically modified food; 4) Define the perceived information gathering capacity of Supportive and Non-supportive millennial publics of genetically modified food; and 5) Characterize the information seeking and processing behavior of Supportive and Non-supportive millennial publics of genetically modified food. An Internet survey was distributed to individuals between the ages of 18 and 36 within the United States. The majority of Non-supportive publics had a high level of issue involvement and the majority of Supportive publics had a low level of issue involvement. Meaning, the majority of Non-supportive publics are more active about the issue than Supportive publics. Age was found to be correlated with systematic processing and information avoidance with older millennials more likely to systematically process information and less likely to avoid information. Additionally, this study found that regardless of knowledge level, wealthier individuals who do not support genetically modified food are more likely to be actively involved in the issue and wealthier individuals who support the technology are more likely to be passive about the issue. The majority of millennial publics in all eight groups reported a knowledge deficit to some degree. The research also found that heuristic processing was negatively correlated to systematic processing and higher levels of information avoidance were negatively correlated with lower levels of active information seeking. Non-supportive Active publics (high issue involvement/high knowledge) were found to have the highest mean active information seeking and systematic processing scores and lowest mean heuristic processing and information avoidance scores; supporting past findings that knowledge does not always equate to support and that communication practitioners may have trouble changing the opinion of a large portion of Non-supportive publics.