<p><strong>Introduction </strong>– Project-based organizations face a series of challenges when trying to implement and manage their project portfolios successfully in line with their strategic goals. Good project portfolio management (PPM) practices play a crucial role in maintaining well performing portfolios, but PPM is still a fairly new academic field. And it was found that the current PPM literature embodies a gap in providing explicit governance criteria to assure consistent portfolio decision-making.</p><p><strong>Problem </strong>– What are the criteria of portfolio governance that contribute to better aligning the project portfolio to organizational strategy? Do project-based organizations in fact not implement a governance framework to guide their decision-making rationale? If there is some sort of a governance framework, do project-based organizations implement it in a consistent manner every time they take portfolio-related decisions?</p><p><strong>Purpose </strong>– The purpose of this study is two-fold. First, we attempt to fill a gap in the current PPM literature by proposing a portfolio governance framework that could enhance project portfolio decision-making. Secondly, it is our goal to find out whether decision makers in project-based organizations consistently cover all issues related to portfolio governance at portfolio meetings.</p><p><strong>Methodology</strong> – The study employs both qualitative & quantitative methods to fulfill the two-fold nature of the study. A Portfolio Governance Framework, comprising 26 statements, was developed on the grounds of existing literature on PPM, strategy & governance. The proposed Framework was then used as a basis to carry out an online survey in which 31 respondents (executive level) from 25 project-based organizations (operating in Sweden) were asked about how consistent they are in discussing relevant portfolio governance issues.</p><p><strong>Conclusion</strong> – The empirical findings of this study indicate that the majority of project-based companies do not employ a governance framework when it comes to portfolio decision-making. In the few cases that they do, it is mostly a set of policies that is not applied on a consistent basis.</p>

Gegenstand dieser Arbeit sind Geraden in komplexen Mannigfaltigkeiten. Dabei wird zum einen ein Geradenbegriff verwendet, der sich aus der Theorie der Twistorräume herleitet. Demnach ist eine Gerade in einer n-dimensionalen Mannigfaltigkeit eine rationale Kurve, deren Normalenbündel isomorph zu dem Normalenbündel einer Geraden im n-dimensionalen komplexen projektiven Raum ist. Einen engeren Geradenbegriff erhält man, wenn man darüberhinaus fordert, dass eine Umgebung der Kurve isomorph zu einer Umgebung einer Geraden im projektiven Raum ist. Solche Geraden heissen tubular. In der Arbeit wird gezeigt, dass die beiden Geradenbegriffe nicht äquivalent sind und ein Kriterium dafür angegeben, wann eine Gerade nicht tubular ist. Mit der Deformationstheorie folgt aus der Existenz einer Geraden in einer Mannigfaltigkeit die Existenz einer Familie von Geraden, wobei die Geraden eine offene Menge überdecken. Daher gibt es auf solchen Mannigfaltigkeiten keine holomorphen Differentialformen und somit sind die meisten Methoden der Klassifikationstheorie nicht anwendbar. Als einziger Zugang bleibt die algebraische Reduktion, die in dieser Arbeit für dreidimensionale Mannigfaltigkeiten mit Geraden untersucht wird, wobei sich zunächst eine grobe Charakterisierung dieser Räume ergibt. Der Fall der algebraischen Dimension 2 erweisst sich dann als besonders günstig, da solche Mannigfaltigkeiten elliptische Faserungen über komplexen Flächen sind und die Existenz der Geraden impliziert, dass diese Flächen rational sind. Elliptische Hauptfaserbündel mit Geraden können dann vollständig beschrieben werden. Allgemeine Faserungen lassen sich auf Faserungen über Hirzebruch-Flächen zurückführen. Für diese werden notwendige Bedingungen an die Existenz von Geraden hergeleitet. / In this work we study lines in complex manifolds. Mostly we use a definition of lines which comes from the thory of twistor spaces. That means a line is a rational curve in a complex manifold with the same normal bundle as a line in a projective space. Another possibility for the definition of lines is to demand that a complete neighbourhood of the rational curve is biholomorphic equivalent to a neighbourhood of a line in a projective space. Such lines a called tubular lines. In this work we show that these two definitions of lines are not equivalent and we give a criterion for a line not to be tubular. From deformation theory follows that the existence of a line in a manifold induces a family of lines which covers an open subset. Therefore there are no non-trivial homolorphic differential forms on the manifold and most of the techniques of classification theory do not work. Therefore we study the algebraic reduction of the manifold. For 3 dimensional complex manifolds with lines we get a rough description. In the case of algebraic dimension 2 the algebraic reduction is an elliptic fibration over a surface and from the existence of lines we can conclude that this surface is rational. For such fibrations we have good descriptions and we can generalize the situation to fibrations over minimal rational surfaces. For them we give necessary condtions for the exitence of lines.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:21:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Reis Ribeiro Bastos.pdf: 1347780 bytes, checksum: 11f0b6a765aa7c568f8cb75f1cf86311 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-01 / The primary objective of this work is to understand how they can give concreteness and effectiveness of Article 93 of the Federal Constitution which IX compliance is necessary to guarantee the democratic rule of law. For this to be done there is to discover what are the criteria to be used to identify an adequate justification for decisions. In the first chapter sought to establish the concept of knowledge and the boundary between knowledge and nonsense. At this point it was determined that the root note of knowledge is the rational justification of a statement and that rationality is defined as the construction of a logical proof in the form of inferences. This logical proof must meet three requirements: A) the axiomatic foundations must be explicit; B) the inference rules used must be clearly defined in advance; C) the semantic content (meaning) of the terms used in the premises of proof should be fixed , clarified and explained. Having established that as much knowledge as court decisions have an equal need for justification is concluded that the standards of rational justification used to distinguish the knowledge of the foolish ones are also needed to give concreteness to the constitutional imperative that determines the need to give reasons for decisions . The next step was, in chapter two, establish what the rules of inference commonly used in legal reasoning. Once established the rules of inference has passed the exposure of many reasons most commonly used in decisions. Then, in chapter four, we tried to establish a model where they explained the criteria imposed by law for fixing the best explanation contained in the minor premise and deductions contained in the major premise. Also, if you attempted to make explicit the semantic content (meaning) of the terms that are used on these premises during the construction of algorithms that operate the system. The next step will be, with the use of what has been researched and above, the formulation of "drawing" of the auxiliary system and the creation of a working prototype that can be taken to test / O objetivo primordial desse trabalho é compreender como se pode dar efetividade e concreção ao artigo 93 IX da Constituição Federal cuja observância é necessária para a garantia do Estado Democrático do Direito. Para que isso possa ser feito há que se descobrir quais são os critérios a serem usados para identificar uma adequada fundamentação das decisões. No primeiro capítulo se procurou estabelecer o conceito de conhecimento e a fronteira entre o conhecimento e a tolice. Nesse ponto se estabeleceu que a nota principal do conhecimento é a justificação racional de uma afirmação e que a racionalidade se define como a construção de uma prova lógica na forma de inferências. Essa prova lógica deve atender a três exigências: A) os fundamentos axiomáticos devem estar explícitos; B) as regras de inferência utilizadas devem ser clara e previamente definidas; C) o conteúdo semântico (significado) dos termos usados nas premissas da prova devem ser fixados, esclarecidos e explicitados. Uma vez estabelecido que tanto conhecimento quanto as decisões judiciais possuem uma igual necessidade de justificação se concluiu que os padrões de justificação racional utilizados para diferenciar o conhecimento da tolice também são aqueles necessários para se dar concreção ao imperativo constitucional que determina a necessidade de fundamentação das decisões. O passo seguinte, foi, no capítulo dois, estabelecer quais são as regras de inferência comumente usadas nos raciocínios jurídicos. Uma vez estabelecidas às regras de inferência se passou a exposição dos diversos fundamentos mais comumente usados nas decisões. Em seguida, no capítulo quatro, se tentou estabelecer um modelo onde são explicitados os critérios impostos pelo direito para a fixação da melhor explicação contida na premissa menor e para as deduções contidas na premissa maior. Além disso, se buscou explicitar o conteúdo semântico (significado) dos termos que serão usados nessas premissas quando da construção dos algoritmos que operarão o sistema. O passo seguinte será, com a utilização do que aqui foi pesquisado e exposto, a formulação do desenho do sistema auxiliar e a criação de um protótipo funcional que poderá ser levado a teste

Introduction – Project-based organizations face a series of challenges when trying to implement and manage their project portfolios successfully in line with their strategic goals. Good project portfolio management (PPM) practices play a crucial role in maintaining well performing portfolios, but PPM is still a fairly new academic field. And it was found that the current PPM literature embodies a gap in providing explicit governance criteria to assure consistent portfolio decision-making. Problem – What are the criteria of portfolio governance that contribute to better aligning the project portfolio to organizational strategy? Do project-based organizations in fact not implement a governance framework to guide their decision-making rationale? If there is some sort of a governance framework, do project-based organizations implement it in a consistent manner every time they take portfolio-related decisions? Purpose – The purpose of this study is two-fold. First, we attempt to fill a gap in the current PPM literature by proposing a portfolio governance framework that could enhance project portfolio decision-making. Secondly, it is our goal to find out whether decision makers in project-based organizations consistently cover all issues related to portfolio governance at portfolio meetings. Methodology – The study employs both qualitative &amp; quantitative methods to fulfill the two-fold nature of the study. A Portfolio Governance Framework, comprising 26 statements, was developed on the grounds of existing literature on PPM, strategy &amp; governance. The proposed Framework was then used as a basis to carry out an online survey in which 31 respondents (executive level) from 25 project-based organizations (operating in Sweden) were asked about how consistent they are in discussing relevant portfolio governance issues. Conclusion – The empirical findings of this study indicate that the majority of project-based companies do not employ a governance framework when it comes to portfolio decision-making. In the few cases that they do, it is mostly a set of policies that is not applied on a consistent basis.

Durch den beobachtbaren Demokratieverlust in Stadtgemeinschaften (hier speziell Chemnitz) wurde die Frage gestellt, ob eine sinnvolle Vernetzung der Akteure Einfluss auf Toleranz und Demokratie ausüben kann. Im Rahmen des Projektes "Soziale Stadt" wurde dazu eine soziale Netzwerkanalyse durchgeführt. Das Ziel war es, Akteure zu finden (Kultureinrichtungen, Selbsthilfegruppen, Gewerkschaft, Privatpersonen etc.), die für mehr Toleranz und Demokratie in der Stadt schon Initiative ergriffen hatten oder sich anschließen wollen. Vorausgegangen ist eine intensive Theoriearbeit, welche die historische Entwicklung von sozialer Netzwerktheorie und -analyse beinhaltet. Erweitert wurde das Netzwerkkonzept durch den Theoriebaustein des Sozialkapitals, der es ermöglicht, vorhandene Defizite teilweise auszugleichen.

The purpose of this research study was to examine the instructional strategies, rationale, understandings, and perceptions of an elementary music specialist, Michelle Roberts, regarding the integration of traditional core content areas (TCCAs) in the kindergarten music classroom. This study sought to scrutinize the characteristics and details of Michelle’s teaching through Elliot Eisner’s notions of educational connoisseurship and criticism and through his conceptualization of educational research and practice as art. A number of early childhood educators and researchers have stressed the importance and pedagogical efficacy of using interdisciplinary, holistic instructional approaches with young children. Such approaches have the potential to create space for a humanizing education in the early childhood classroom. This qualitative research study was conducted at a public elementary school in a large, urban district in Texas, between September 18, 2009 and January 26, 2010. The participant was Michelle Roberts, an elementary music specialist with nearly 25 years of teaching experience. Data sources included classroom observations, examination of instructional artifacts, and semi-structured interviews. Following analysis of the data, three conclusions concerning the music specialist’s rationale, understandings, and perceptions regarding the integration of traditional core content areas and kindergarten music instruction were drawn. First, Michelle’s rationale, understandings, and perceptions regarding the integration of the TCCAs and kindergarten music instruction were grounded in her wealth of teacher knowledge and skills and in her beliefs regarding teaching. Second, Michelle’s rationale for the integration of the TCCAs and kindergarten music instruction was that it allowed her to educate her students in the most fitting manner possible and that it made learning “solid” or “a complete picture” for the students. Third, Michelle’s perceptions and understandings regarding the integration of the TCCAs and kindergarten music instruction were grounded in three beliefs: (a) the integration of the TCCAs and music instruction is beneficial for young children; (b) it is important to maintain the integrity of the discipline of music when integrating instruction in the TCCAs and kindergarten music instruction; and (c) music cannot be taught in isolation from other content areas. / text

If we accept the existence evil and evil people in the world, should we punish them? If so, to what extend? Are we obligated to take an evil person's life and if so, how far does our obligation go? Our inquiry begins with a look into the justifications of capital punishment through three philosophical theories: Locke's Deterrence Theory, Kant's Retributivist Theory, and Matthew Kramer's Purgative Rationale Theory. Next we will look at the economic weight of the U.S. capital punishment system. Lastly, should we accept an obligation to the death penalty, we will discuss whether or not the economic burden is worth our commitment. Our discussion will lead to a synergy of the two, one that reduces the economic burden while providing a richer purpose to capital punishment than merely killing criminals.

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Minn., Univ. of Minnesota, Diss.--Minneapolis, 2004. / Kopie, ersch. im Verl. UMI, Ann Arbor, Mich. - Enth. 3 Beitr.

Calif., Univ. of California, Diss.--Berkeley, 2002. / Kopie, ersch. im Verl. UMI, Ann Arbor, Mich. - Enth. 4 Beitr.