This paper discusses if Margin of Appreciation is compatible with the idea of universal human rights. Through the case of Negative freedom of association in Sweden, it studies the phenomenon that Giorgio Agamben has called the State of exception. The questions that are discussed and answered are 1) How does the rights theories of Jack Donnelly and Ronald Dworkin relate to Margin of appreciation, and 2) How has Margin of appreciation been applied in cases concerning the negative freedom of association in Sweden, in the European court for human rights. These questions and answers are then used in the discussion on how Margin of appreciation affects the concept of universal human rights. / Denna uppsats diskuterar frågan om Margin of Appreciation är förenligt med tanken om universella mänskliga rättigheter. Genom studier av den negativa föreningsfriheten i Sverige, så undersöks doktrinen Margin of appreciation och hur den förhåller sig till tanken om universella rättigheter. Frågorna som diskuteras och besvaras är 1) hur förhåller sig Jack Donnellys respektive Ronald Dworkins rättighetsteorier till Margin of appreciation, samt 2) Hur har Margin of appreciation tolkats i europadomstolens i fall gällande den negativa föreningsfriheten i Sverige. Dessa frågor tas till hjälp i diskussionen kring hur Margin of appreciation påverkar tanken om universella mänskliga rättigheter.

The thesis comprises three foundational studies on the topics named in its title, together with an introduction. Ch. 1 argues against a popular combination of views in the philosophy of language: Propositionality, which says that the semantic values of natural language sentences (relative to contexts) are the propositions they express (in those contexts) and Compositionality, which says that the semantic value of a complex expression of a natural language (in a context) is determined by the semantic values its immediate constituents have (in that same context) together with their syntactic mode of combination. Ch. 1 argues that the Naïve Picture is inconsistent with the presence of variable-binding in natural languages. Ch. 2 criticizes the strategy of using “operator arguments” to establish relativist conclusions such as: that the truth values of propositions vary with time (Time Relativism) or that they vary with location (Location Relativism). Operator arguments purport to derive the conclusion that propositions vary in truth value along some parameter P from the premise that there are, in some language, sentential operators that operate on or “shift” the P parameter. I identify two forms of operator argument, offer a reconstruction of each, and I argue that both they rely on an implausible, coarse-grained conception of propositions. Ch. 3 is an assessment of the prospects for semantic internalism. It argues, first, that to accommodate Putnam’s famous Twin Earth examples, an internalist must maintain that narrow semantic content determines different extensions relative to agents and times. Second, that the most thoroughly worked out version of semantic internalism – the epistemic two-dimensionalism (E2D) of David Chalmers – can accommodate the original Twin Earth thought experiments but is refuted by similar thought experiments that involve temporally or spatially symmetric agents.

I am a draftsman, painter and printmaker. This first person statement is a written extension of the art that constitutes my thesis. It discusses the links between my work and the Enlightenment, Humanism, Catholicism, ethics and the Western canon as well as my use of perspective and other classical techniques in relation to history, language, high art, popular culture, propaganda, contemporary upheavals, Christian and Islamic Fundamentalism, globalization and the digital revolution. Furthermore, the main arguments draw upon my Cuban origin and European ancestry, the Cuban Revolution, my Belgian early education and eventual American hybrid identity. The overriding theme, however, concerns the continuing relevance of drawing, high art and history. As such, it forms a personal art theory and critique of contemporary culture. Supporting sources include history, art history, art theory, philosophy, science, religion and politics.

This MA thesis is focused on discovering the literary motif of journey in selected works defined by Australia. These works also share the interest in shaping Australian identity. A socio-historical background of colonisation and the first settlement in Australia is provided and the key terms of cultural anthropology are further elaborated on. The thesis depicts traditional Aboriginal culture and focuses especially on its earthbound philosophy. Special attention is paid to the differences among various literary approaches towards the subject matter, to the application of cultural anthropology findings, to the depiction of clashes between different cultures and possibilities of their reconciliation. Furthermore, the works of selected authors are closely characterised from the point of view of their degree of authenticity and the genre specifics. Various treatments of the literary motif of journey are compared and critically analysed. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

La thèse examine, à partir d’une relecture de Peirce et de certaines de ses interprétations des philosophes et des problèmes antiques, les arguments qui peuvent permettre à une conception pragmatiste des croyances et de la signification de parer aux accusations de conduire au relativisme. Ces arguments résident dans la façon dont ces conceptions s’articulent entre elles, et acceptent une forme de réalisme / This thesis examines arguments taken from Peirce’s reading in Ancient philosophy, which could be used to block accusations of relativism being latent in a pragmatist conception of belief and concepts. The argument lies in the articulation of the two conceptions and their compatibility with a realist view

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:26:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcelo Veiga.pdf: 319455 bytes, checksum: 92a44d4f6665e7f2c3e13bba5d04ce79 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-12-10 / The present work aims to approach the concepts of human rights and dignity human being from the conception of modern politics. It presents a synthesis of the evolution of the modern thought as for the establishment of the concepts of individual, society and State, basic for the definition of the contours and limits of the human rights seen as universal. After that, exposes the debate concerning the tension produced for the positions that defend the universalism and the cultural relativism, in face of a paradox that demonstrates the affirmation of fundamental rights and, at the same time, its constant disrespect. As alternative for the overcoming of the tension and the paradox, it presents the contributions of Boaventura de Sousa Santos sociologist, who suggests the adoption of a new paradigm supported for the possibility of construction of an intercultural dialogue and for the concepts of emancipation politics and diatopic hermeneusm. / O presente trabalho visa abordar os conceitos de direitos humanos e dignidade humana a partir da concepção política moderna. Apresenta uma síntese da evolução do pensamento moderno no que se refere ao estabelecimento dos conceitos de indivíduo, de sociedade e de Estado, fundamentais para a definição dos contornos e limites dos direitos humanos vistos como universais. Em seguida, expõe o debate acerca da tensão produzida pelas posições que defendem o universalismo e o relativismo cultural, em face de um paradoxo que explicita a afirmação dos direitos fundamentais e, ao mesmo tempo, o seu constante desrespeito. Como alternativa para a superação da tensão e do paradoxo, apresenta as contribuições do sociólogo Boaventura de Sousa Santos, que sugere a adoção de um novo paradigma sustentado pela possibilidade de construção de um diálogo intercultural e pelos conceitos de política emancipatória e hermenêutica diatópica.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T17:27:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Joao Ribeiro de Almeida Borba.pdf: 2396785 bytes, checksum: 1e086dea321bf99c332b62ac2eba5aa3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this study is to examine how the method and the knowledge theory of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1808-1865), multi-disciplinar thinker and theorist-founder of the political anarchism, replays to the important philosophical problem of the construction of objective knowledges when this construction is confronted with some particular difficulties, that are imposed by contaminations due to the presence of personal approaching filters. The objective is justified by the fact whereof, although the number of studies about the proudhonian thoughs in sociology, economy and politics, the studies upon the philosophy of Proudhon, until now, are very poor. Until now, this author is almost unknown in the philosophical researches. The objective is justified, moreover, because his philosophy offers a way to establish a better dialogue and interaction among the philosophical theories and the popular thinking, applied to the social and diary-life questions. The pointed problem brings forward the discussions that Proudhon establish with known philosophies, and clearly localize, to the philosophers and academical searchers, his place in this particular area of knowledge. Focused in Proudhon s theory, the pointed problem offers, as a natural complement, a landscape of the political-philosophical confrontations at the XIXth century, about the destiny and the ways of human thinking, at the cross-roads of the alternatives offered by philosophy, religion and science. The examined hypothesis is that the way found by Proudhon to respond the focused problem, is a coherent and fruitful combination of relativism and skepticism, in an universal method to evaluate and develop knowledges. The Proudhon s theory is named by him Serial Theory , and his method, Serial Dialetics . This explanation, consequently, will show how relativism and skepticism are combined by Proudhon at the construction of this method and this theory, to offer a replay to the focused philosophical problem / O objetivo desta pesquisa é examinar o modo como o método e a teoria do conhecimento de Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1808-1865), pensador multi-disciplinar e fundador teórico do anarquismo político, respondem ao importante problema filosófico da construção de conhecimentos objetivos em face das dificuldades que se impõem a esse conhecimento devido à contaminação do saber filosófico por filtros de abordagem personalizados. O objetivo se justifica pelo fato de que, embora se tenha um conhecimento razoável de sua sociologia , de sua economia e de seus princípios políticos, os estudos sobre a filosofia de Proudhon são ainda muito pobres, visto que o autor não tem despertado a atenção de pesquisadores dessa área. Justifica-se também porque sua filosofia oferece um caminho para o maior diálogo e interação entre as teorias filosóficas e o pensamento popular, voltado para questões que a vida diária e o convívio social lhe sugerem. O problema focalizado traz à tona o debate de Proudhon com filosofias conhecidas, e o situa no centro de discussões com as quais os estudiosos de Filosofia já estão bem familiarizados, oferecendo também, em sua esteira, um panorama dos confrontos político-filosóficos no século XIX em torno da questão do destino e dos rumos do pensamento humano, em face da religião, da filosofia e da ciência como alternativas. A hipótese examinada é a de que, diante do problema da construção de conhecimentos objetivos em face dos filtros de abordagem personalizados da filosofia, Proudhon oferece como resposta um método universal para a avaliação e o desenvolvimento dos conhecimentos, que segue por um lado o caminho do ceticismo, e por outro o do relativismo, combinando as duas tendências de maneira coerente e frutífera. Proudhon chama sua teoria do conhecimento de Teoria Serial , e seu método, de Dialética Serial . Esta pesquisa, portanto, deve revelar o modo como o relativismo e o ceticismo se combinam, na construção desse método e dessa teoria do conhecimento, de maneira a oferecer uma resposta, a resposta proudhoniana, ao mencionado problema

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T17:27:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Emerson Ginetti.pdf: 664930 bytes, checksum: 7584d2eecbcbbd465127b00f2dcb8f59 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-10 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This work aims to make an analysis of the crisis of ethical values while considering it to be a crisis of historical values, according to Ferdinand Max Scheler. There exists an explanation to the crisis, as well as a possible solution: the rescue of material ethics of objective values, which are shaped in configurations prevalent within modern man, lacking references capable of sustaining an ethic that will lead to perfect morality and its own achievement. Note that the crisis is marked by secularism, relativism and subjectivism in the axiological field. The current crisis gives a reversal in the hierarchy of values. This trend is the subordination of the highest to the lowest. This reversal in the hierarchy of values, according to Scheler, is motivated by the morale of those who are affected by "resentment" and "humanitarianism". Note that the need for sustained moral values is more stable and durable. Non-impregnated interests or subjective elaborations where the moral act is sustained by the paradigms presented by modernity. The highest values are subject to those associated with sensitivity to the matter. Thus, Scheler proposes his objectivist ethics as a possible replacement for subjectivism predominant in modern society, aspiring to something that sustains human life and work / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo tecer uma análise da crise dos valores éticos, considerando-a como uma crise de valores históricos, segundo o pensamento de Ferdinand Max Scheler. Há uma explicação da crise que também poderá ser ainda uma possível solução: o resgate de uma ética material dos valores objetivos, que não se molda nas configurações predominantes no seio do homem moderno, carente de referenciais capazes de sustentar uma ética que o conduza à perfeição moral e à sua própria realização. Nota-se que a crise é marcada pelo secularismo, relativismo e subjetivismo, no campo axiológico. Na crise atual dá-se uma inversão na hierarquia dos valores. Tal tendência é a subordinação dos valores mais altos aos mais baixos, passando, estes, a serem considerados superiores. Esta inversão na hierarquia dos valores, segundo Scheler, é motivada pela moral daqueles que se encontram acometidos pelo ressentimento e pelo humanitarismo . Nota-se a necessidade de uma moral sustentada por valores que sejam mais estáveis, duradouros, não impregnados de interesses ou elaborações subjetivas onde o ato moral, que deve orientar a conduta humana, é sustentado nos paradigmas apresentados pela modernidade. Os valores mais altos estão submetidos aos que estão ligados à sensibilidade, à matéria. Desse modo, Scheler propõe sua ética objetivista como possível substituto para o subjetivismo predominante na ética da sociedade moderna, aspirando-se a algo que sustente o ser e o agir humanos e dê razão aos mesmos

Bakgrund: I Sverige uppskattas att närmare 38 000 flickor och kvinnor varit utsatta för någon typ av kvinnlig könsstympning. Av dem tros 7000 vara flickor under 18 år. Andelen flickor som befinner sig i riskzonen för könsstympning är oklar. Tidigare forskning visar att flickor i riskzonen är de vars mödrar är könsstympade samt familjens attityd till traditionen. Betydelse för att hamna i riskzon för det beror även på hur länge de bott i Sverige samt integrationen. Barnhälsovårdspersonal har till uppgift att främja hälsa på lika villkor genom att tidigt identifiera och initiera åtgärder vid problem i barns hälsa, utveckling och uppväxtmiljö. Samverkan mellan barnavårdscentral och socialtjänst genom utökat hembesöksprogram är ett arbetssätt som bygger på förtroende mellan personal och föräldrar. Ett ökat föräldrastöd och kortare vägar till hjälp hos socialtjänsten. Barnhälsovårdspersonalen som kommer att börja arbeta med ett utökat hembesöksprogram ska kunna känna sig trygga i att de kan möta barnfamiljer med flickor i riskzonen för könsstympning. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka barnhälsovårdspersonalens förhållningssätt i arbetet med flickor i riskzonen för könsstympning. Metod: En kvalitativ intervjustudie med åtta deltagare inom barnhälsovården. Urvalet var strategiskt och intervjuerna spelades in, transkriberades och analyserades enligt kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i temat ojämlikt bemötande och påvisade att personalen inom barnhälsovården bemöter flickor i riskzonen för könsstympning olika. Resultatet visar att det finns olikheter i förhållningssättet med att bemöta flickor i riskzonen för könsstympning och även hur hälsovårdspersonalen inom barnhälsovården hanterar att det finns flickor i riskzonen för könsstympning. Deltagarna hade utvecklat olika strategier eller inga strategier alls för att hantera frågan. Slutsats: Det råder ett ojämlikt bemötande av flickor i riskzonen för könsstympning inom barnhälsovården och det behöver utvecklas en mer jämlik barnhälsovård i socioekonomiskt utsatta områden. En god samverkan innebär hållbarhet både på kort och lång sikt. / Background: In Sweden, it is estimated that nearly 38,000 girls and women have been exposed to some type of female genital mutilation. Of those, 7000 are believed to be girls under 18 years of age. The proportion of girls in risk zone is unclear. Previous research shows that girls at risk are those whose mothers are genital mutilated and how the family´s attitude to the tradition. Significance for ending in a risk zone depends on how long they lived in Sweden as well as integration. Child health care staff have an important role to promote health on equal terms by identifying and initiating early action on problems in children´s health, development and growth environment. The interaction between child health care and social services in expanded home visit programs means a way of providing increased resources. It is a way of working based on trust between personal and parents. Increased parental support and shorter ways to assist in social services. The staff in the child health care who will start this model should be able to feel conscious and confident that they can meet families with girls at risk of genital mutilation. Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate the attitude of the child health care staff in the work of girls at risk of genital mutilation. Method: A qualitative interview study with eight participants in child health care was done. The selection was strategic and the interviews were recorded, transcribed and analyzed by a qualitative content analysis. Results: The analysis resulted in the theme unequal treatment and shows that the child health care personnel treats girls at risk of genital mutilation differently. There are differences in the approach of responding to girls at risk of genital mutilation and also how child health care personnel handle there are girls at risk of genital mutilation. The participants had developed different strategies or no strategies at all to handle the issue. Conclusion: The results show different approaches to the work of girls at risk of genital mutilation in child health care and it reinforces the picture of the importance of a more equal child health care in socio-economically vulnerable areas. Good cooperation means sustainability in the short and long term.

This ethnographic study was designed to explore the phenomenon of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the mining industry. The research addressed the impacts of a problematic, systemic, and ethnocentric (top-down) CSR approach driven by a transnational mining company, and proposed a novel cultural relativist (bottom-up) CSR approach looking at the social needs of the community. Solving the problem stemming from the ethnocentric approach is important for both the mining company and the community affected by the CSR program, as it will alter dynamics between actors and mitigate social conflicts. The purpose of this study was to investigate factors that improve the fractured relationship between the community and the mining company and put its social license to operate at risk. The mitigation of social conflicts is needed for the mining corporation to maintain its social license to operate in a harmonic and collaborative mining-community relationship. The research question was designed to gather the perceptions of corporate leaders and community members in Chile's Andacollo mining area regarding the imbalance between the ethnocentric and cultural relativism perspectives adopted in CSR policies and practices. A purposive sample of 30 subjects was interviewed to collect data regarding their perceptions that were then categorized, coded, and interpreted using an inductive approach and thematic networks. The research findings showed that improvements in CSR practice are likely to result from the mining company placing emphasis on the social dimension. A shift from a top-down to a bottom-up CSR approach will contribute to the reduction of social conflicts, build a socially sustainable setting, and foster positive social change with benefits for the society.