This dissertation tests the theories put forth by Mr. E.P. Thompson (The Making of the English Working Class) where he points to 18th century hunger riots as examples of incipient class formation. Using untapped local source documents, the dissertation examines the hunger riots of 1766 one by one and also in regional contexts. The dissertation concludes that issues of class have very little to do with explaining the origins of the hunger riots. Instead, what was involved was an unexpected European-wide failure of the wheat crop following an unusual weather pattern which interrupted the westerly movement of weather masses. The sudden demand for wheat was picked up by English corn merchants and they quickly acted to export large amounts of wheat to reap windfall profits. The English river and canal system, the turnpike roads and the English coastline made rapid export both possible and expedient. Large populations of rural textile workers in East Anglia, the Upper Thames Valley and the West Country were faced with vanishing supplies of bread which they relied upon. The crowds made use of common law concepts and Tudor statutes restricting sale and resale of wheat and establishing the “assize of bread”. The functioning of the central government is closely examined. The episode caught the establishment entirely off guard. Troops were sent, the riots were quashed, the rioters were quickly tried and either hung, deported to North America or merely chastised. The riots show how the industrialization of Britain led to wholly unexpected events and social situations. E.P. Thompson’s thesis was not directly supported by the evidence adduced in this study. In 1776 Adam Smith used the hunger riots of 1766 to show how the private act of hoarding grain for profitable resale could serve the public purpose of avoiding dearth and starvation. The hunger riots of 1766 are therefore what might justly be deemed the “proximate cause” of the free market economy

This thesis aim to investigate the living conditions among marginalized habitants of suburbs in the Swedish welfare state. To approach an understanding of the complexity of marginalized urban areas, this thesis focus on studying the Stockholm suburb Husby in a context of the May riots 2013. The research method used is qualitative interviews with seven informants, who have a connection to the Husby area. The theories applied to the empirical material is Gösta Esping-Andersens theory on welfare state regimes and Loïc Wacquants theory on advanced marginality, also known as “The new urban poverty”. By observing the complexity of the Husby riots in a contextual aspect of the Swedish welfare state and the living situation in Husby, the analysis has shown that the Swedish welfare model is going through a changing process. This process means a shift from a social democratic welfare model towards a more liberal regime, with an increased privatization of public welfare and a focus on individual responsibility regarding the citizens own living conditions. Husby as an area is characterized by a low socioeconomic status, a high level of unemployment and poor school results. The growing market and the increasing focus on individual responsibility regarding decent living conditions, has excluded large groups of economically vulnerable habitants of Husby. Hereby, the welfare state has decreased its earlier caretaking of its citizens, and the changing welfare state has shaped a marginality in urban areas. / Denna studie syftar till att undersöka livsvillkoren bland marginaliserade förortsbor i den svenska välfärdsstaten. För att uppnå en förståelse av denna komplexitet, fokuserar arbetet på Stockholmsförorten Husby i en kontext av de upplopp som ägde rum i maj 2013. Undersökningsmetoden är kvalitativa intervjuer med sju informanter. Samtliga har en koppling till Husbyområdet. Teorierna som appliceras på det empiriska materialet är Gösta Esping-Andersens teori om välfärdsstatsregimer samt Loïc Wacquants teori om avancerad marginalisering, även kallad ”Den nya urbana fattigdomen”. Analysen visar att den svenska välfärden genomgår en förändring. Denna förändring innebär en transformering från en socialdemokratisk modell mot en liberal regim, med en ökad privatisering av allmän välfärd samt ett fokus på individens eget ansvar i fråga om dess levnadsstandard. Husbyområdet präglas av en låg socioekonomisk status, en hög nivå av arbetslöshet samt dåliga skolresultat. Den växande marknaden har exkluderat stora grupper av ekonomiskt utsatta invånare i Husby. Välfärdsstaten har därmed minskat sitt tidigare omhändertagande av medborgarna, och denna förändring har skapat och format en marginalisering i urbana områden.

A collection of five memoiristic essays arranged about themes of family, womanhood and the African-American community with a preface. Among the experiences the memoirs recount are childhood abandonment; verbal and emotional child abuse; mental illness; poverty; and social and personal change. Essays explore the lasting impact of abandonment by a father on a girl as she grows into a woman; the devastation of family turmoil and untreated mental illness; generational identity in the African-American community. One essay describes the transition from the identity-forming profession of journalism to academia. The last essay is about complicated and conflicting emotions toward patriotism and flag-waving on the part of a black woman who has lived through riots, little known police shootings of students on black campuses, and many other incidents that have divided Americans.

In much existing literature the incidence of sexual violence during Hindu-Muslim conflict has been attributed to the militant ideology of Hindu nationalism. This thesis interrogates this view. It first examines the ideological framework laid down by the founding ideologues of the Hindu nationalist movement with respect to sexual violence. I argue that a justification of sexual violence against Muslim women is at the core of their ideology. In order to examine how this ideology has contributed to the actual incidents, this thesis studies the episodes of Hindu-Muslim violence that occurred in 1969, 1985, 1992 and 2002 in the western Indian city of Ahmedabad, Gujarat. An examination of these episodes shows that sexual violence against Muslim women, in both extreme and less extreme forms, were significantly motivated by Hindu nationalist ideology. However, in addition to this ideology, patriarchal ideas that serve to normalize sexual violence as ‘sex’ and sanction its infliction to maintain gendered hierarchies also motivated such crimes. Moreover, this thesis argues that the manifestation of Hindu nationalist and patriarchal motivations in acts of sexual violence was enabled by the breakdown of neighbourhood ties between Hindus and Muslims in 1969 and 2002. By contrast, during the 1985 and 1992 riots Hindus and Muslims strengthened neighbourhood ties despite extensive communal mobilization, which seems to have prevented the perpetration of extreme sexual violence against Muslim women. Thus, by providing a comprehensive analysis of the contribution of Hindu nationalist ideology, and arguing for the significance of the patriarchal ideas and neighbourhood ties in the infliction of sexual violence during conflict, this study contributes to and departs from the existing literature.

Les calculs statistiques ont été effectués à l'aide du logiciel SPSS. / Suite aux émeutes du Printemps Arabe de 2011 et l’incapacité avouée à prévoir ce genre d’évènements à l’échelle mondiale, nous nous sommes intéressés à une nouvelle approche macroscopique quantitative qui doit permettre de mieux comprendre cette problématique dans son ensemble. Après avoir considéré, au travers des connaissances existantes, la conception d’un cadre théorique éclectique considérant l’émergence des émeutes, nous avons procédé à une analyse par recension de leurs facteurs regroupés en sphères politiques, économiques, sociales et technologiques. De ces analyses nous avons tiré trois grandes catégories d’émeutes, à savoir, les émeutes ethniques-religieuses, les émeutes socio-économiques, et les émeutes de masse-politiques. Dans la deuxième partie de notre recherche, nous avons abordé la problématique sous l’angle quantitatif. Tout d’abord, nous avons effectué des analyses bivariées entre les différentes catégories d’émeutes et les différentes sphères de variables. Nous avons ainsi remarqué que les émeutes de masse-politiques sont principalement sensibles aux facteurs politiques des pays. Les émeutes socio-économiques de notre échantillon sont quant-à-elles fortement liées aux variables des sphères sociales et économiques. Enfin, les émeutes de type ethniques-religieuses sont liées à la fois à la sphère sociale, et plus particulièrement à l’aspect d’hétérogénéité ethno-religieuse, et également aux variables de la sphère économique. Si ces constatations peuvent sembler tautologiques, en fait il n’en est rien. Ce que nous avons identifié ici est le fait que les différentes typologies d’émeutes, comme nous les avons établies, ont un lien direct avec les sphères de variables concordantes, répondant ainsi à une logique quantitative. Ensuite, nous avons établi des modèles statistiques par le biais de régressions linaires multiples. Plusieurs modèles ont été créés pour répondre aux différentes typologies d’émeutes. On retrouve ainsi un modèle global visant à comprendre les émeutes dans leur ensemble, et également des modèles spécifiques créés pour analyser les sous-catégories d’émeutes. Deuxième point important de notre étude : il est possible d’établir des modèles statistiques fiables pour analyser les émeutes de manière macroscopique et ces derniers varient en fonction des catégories d’émeutes. Ainsi, notre modèle multivarié principal explique 50% de la variance du taux global d’émeutes. / Following the 2011 Arab Spring’s riots and apparent difficulty predicting such events worldwide, the study is interested in developing a new macroscopic approach that utilizes quantitative aspects of the issue to generate a systemic view. Building on existing knowledge, considering the design of an eclectic theoretical framework for the emergence of the riots, the study conducts an analysis of their political, economic, social and technological factors. From the analysis the study has considered three main categories of riots: the ethnic-religious riots, the socioeconomic riots, and the mass-political riots. In the second part of the research we have addressed the issue from quantitative perspective. Initially, we conducted bivariate analysis between the different categories of riots and the different variables grouped in the political, economic, social and technological areas. Statistical analysis of these variables points out that the different spheres of variables act differently on different categories of riots. The study has also remarked that the mass-political riots are mainly sensitive to countries' political factors. Socio-economic riots in our sample are tightly bound to social and economic variables. Finally, ethnic-religious riots are related to social variables, especially ethnical and religious homogeneity. These findings may seem tautological, but our study leads us to think otherwise. This study identifies an interesting relationships: various types of riots, as we have established, have a direct link to certain spheres of variables, following a quantitative logic. Additionally, we developed statistical models through multiple linear regressions. For each type of riot, a specific model has been created. The study utilizes a comprehensive model to understand the riots as a whole, as well as specific models designed to analyze subcategories of riots. Second important point of the study: it is possible to build reliable statistical models to analyze the riots in a macroscopic approach and they vary based on the categories of riots. Thus, our main multivariate model explains 50% of the riots rate’s variance.

Adequar-se ao tempo métrico homogênio abstrato é requesito necessário aos sujeitos sujeitados à lógica da produção de mercadorias. Perturbações na normalidade dilaceradora geram reações adversas. Docilizados, introjetado o açoite, as mônadas seguem o fluxo. O desejo de realização no metabolismo social gera os gases que a alimentam as explosões. Se você tem em mãos este exemplar, certamente pagou o bilhete de entrada. Boa viagem. / To adapt to the abstract homogeneous metric time is requisite necessary to subject subjected to the logic of commodity production. Disruptions in the normal tearing, generate adverse reactions. Tamed, introjected the scourge, the monads follow the flow. The desire for achievement in the social metabolism generates gases that feed the explosions. If you have on hand this exemplary, certainly paid the entrance fee. Good trip.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:39:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rosa Maria Carollo Blanco.pdf: 944447 bytes, checksum: 23093a503f811e7d6b2666da4c58e713 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-12-14 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / To think and to construct a psychological clinic from the psycopathology were a teaching that lode of Carl G. Jung, when the schizophrenia composed its workmanship taking as paradigm. This proposal was taken ahead by James Hillman, extending it for any types of psychic suffering: he suggested that let us see each one as a conscience style, with a proposal ethical and aesthetic that belongs to the suffering and not to its carrier. To compose a clinic that understands the integrant pathology as something in the life and of the life, instead of something to be terminated or to be cured. For this the Kairós Clinic-Workshop was created. As therapeutics, the carried through artisan work in set with a group of carriers of mental riots was chosen. The objective was built to excite a space of making, creating, to coexist, in contraposition to the usual inactivity, paralysis and isolation in the life of this population. An unfolding of this project resulted in one critical retaken of the consecrated clinical procedures and pointed ways to compose other clinics. For this, it is necessary to give passage and listening to the speeches of the psycopathology, instead of, only, diagnosing them or analyzing them / Pensar e construir uma clínica psicológica a partir da psicopatologia foi um ensinamento que veio de Carl G. Jung, quando compôs sua obra tomando a esquizofrenia como paradigma. Esta proposta foi levada adiante por James Hillman, ampliando-a para quaisquer tipos de sofrimento psíquico: sugeriu que vejamos cada um como um estilo de consciência, com uma proposta ética e estética que pertence ao sofrimento e não ao seu portador. Compor uma clínica que compreenda a patologia como algo integrante na vida e da vida, ao invés de algo a ser extirpado ou sanado. Para isto foi criada a Clínica-Oficina Kairós. Como terapêutica, foi escolhido o trabalho artesanal realizado em conjunto com um grupo de portadores de distúrbios mentais. O objetivo era suscitar um espaço do fazer, criar, conviver, em contraposição à inatividade, paralisia e isolamento costumeiros na vida desta população. Um desdobramento deste projeto resultou em um uma retomada crítica dos procedimentos clínicos consagrados e apontou caminhos para compor outras clínicas. Para isto, é necessário dar passagem e escuta aos discursos da psicopatologia, ao invés de, apenas, diagnosticá-los ou analisá-los

Esta dissertação tem como objetos centrais a Câmara Municipal de Vila Rica e as elites locais que controlaram suas prerrogativas, desde sua fundação em 1711, ate as revoltas que ocorreram no sertão de Minas Gerais a partir de 1736. Analisa-se, ao longo de cinco capítulos, as estratégias usadas pelos dois grupos que controlaram as prerrogativas da instituição, um durante a década de 1710, outro durante as décadas de 1720 e 1730. A partir da observação das rotinas administrativas e das finanças locais, e do estudo da trajetória dos 520 indivíduos que exerceram funções na instituição durante o período estudado especialmente dos 26 indivíduos mais influentes constatou-se uma oscilação da jurisdição do poder local, vinculada a uma redução das prerrogativas da Câmara Municipal. Este movimento foi causado pelo aumento da pressão dos agentes do monarca sobre as elites locais institucionalizadas, e por uma mudança de estratégia destas elites a partir da repressão à Revolta de Vila Rica em 1720. Antes deste episódio, o grupo dominante local era mais resistente aos interesses do rei na região, depois de 1720, o novo grupo que assumiu o controle da política local adotou uma linha mais conciliadora em relação aos agentes régios. A consolidação das elites locais, a partir deste momento, esteve diretamente vinculada a uma diminuição da jurisdição dos poderes locais em relação ao poder central. / This dissertation has as central objects the Municipal Council of Vila Rica and the local elites who controlled their prerogatives, from its foundation in 1711 until the riots that occurred in the hinterland of Minas Gerais in 1736. Over five chapters, we analyze the strategies used by the two groups that controlled the prerogatives of the institution, one during the decade of 1710, the other during the decades of 1720 e 1730. From the observation of local administrative routines and the study of the trajectory of the 520 individuals working in the institution during the period studied especially the 26 most influential individuals it was found oscillation of the jurisdiction of local authorities, linked to a reduction of the prerogatives of the Municipal Council. This movement was caused by increased pressure of the king\'s agents on institutionalized local elites, and a change of strategy of these elites from the repression of Villa Rica Revolt in 1720. Before this episode, the dominant local group was more resistant to the king\'s interests in the region; after 1720, the new group who took control of the local policy chose a more conciliatory line in relation to the king\'s agents. The consolidation of the local elites, since the decade of 1720, was directly linked to their decreasing autonomy in relation to the central power.

Entre avril et juin 2008, le prix des commodités (blé, maïs, riz) a atteint un niveau impressionnant, mais pas exceptionnel. Les populations de 48 pays ont été affectées par une sévère sous-alimentation. La plupart d’entre eux avait déjà été affaiblie par des conflits et des catastrophes naturelles inhabituelles et dramatiques. Ces facteurs ont souvent interagi pour aggraver la situation. Pourtant, si la crise de 2007-2008 a été un «problème extraordinaire», c’est aussi parce que la connaissance scientifique «normale» a échoué face à la complexité de la «poly-crises» alimentaire (Morin, 2011). En réponse, nous avons conçu un cadre épistémologique, méthodologique, et technique, à partir de deux approches face à la complexité, celles de Hayek (1899-1992) et de Simon (1916-2001), avec un objectif, satisfaire au critère de cumulativité, un reproche traditionnellement adressé à ce type d’approche. Ce travail a produit deux enseignements. Premièrement, les fondements épistémologiques de la production de la connaissance en économie doivent être révisés en environnement complexe et incertain: 1) du certain/de l’objectif vers l’incertain/le subjectif; 2) de la prédiction exacte vers la conception; 3) de la causalité linéaire inappropriée, ou pire, menaçant la liberté individuelle, vers une causalité complexe. Deuxièmement, dans le processus d’adaptation, le rôle de la production et du partage de la connaissance «tacite» est central. Pour cette raison, le problème économique n’est plus un problème d’allocation des ressources. Il est de savoir comment des êtres humains aux capacités cognitives «limitées» computent et socialisent (Nonaka et alii, 1994, 2001) la connaissance et l’information disponibles, mais dispersées, pour la convertir en heuristiques ou patterns favorisant l’adaptation. Deux autres hypothèses les renforcent : 1) les dynamiques du changement s’enracinent «dans la pensée et la créativité des gens impliqués dans des situations complexes et dans leur capacité à restructurer leurs propres modèles d’interactions», (Ostrom, 2011) ; 2) l’altruisme réciproque (Simon, 1992, 1993) est un comportement rationnel qui peut être plus efficient dans les interactions sociales en environnement complexe que le comportement maximisateur ou égoïste. Ces résultats ont été synthétisés dans une interface que nous avons créée et qui a pris la forme d’une boucle de la connaissance à deux allèles, une pour la connaissance générique, l’autre, pour la tacite, qui, par récursion, produisent une méta-connaissance. Cette interface est à la fois ouverte et fermée et reflète ainsi la position défendue par Hayek et Simon pour qui la science économique est une «science frontière». Une part de la recherche est consacrée à la création d’outils, par exemple à un indicateur de perception de la contribution des facteurs au déclenchement et/ou à l’aggravation de la crise, à partir : 1) des allocutions des 138 Chefs d’État et de Gouvernement présents à la Conférence de Haut Niveau sur la Sécurité alimentaire mondiale (3-5 juin 2008) ; 2) des analyses des économistes, 3) des témoignages des gens qui ont subi la sous-nutrition ou la hausse des prix des denrées alimentaires (database IRIN). Nous proposons également une typologie actualisée des policy-mix mis en œuvre par 18 pays divisés en 3 groupes : des pays en développement, pour la plupart importateurs nets, sévèrement touchés par la crise et qui ont connu des «émeutes de la faim» (Égypte, Tunisie, Cameroun, Côte d’Ivoire, Sénégal, Mauritanie, Haïti, Bangladesh) ; des pays Membres du groupe de Cairns ayant connu soit des «émeutes de la faim», soit des désordres sociaux (Indonésie, Philippines, Thaïlande, Afrique du Sud) ; enfin, des pays ayant adopté des restrictions et/ou prohibitions aux exportations (Chine, Inde, Indonésie, Égypte, Cambodge, Ukraine, Vietnam) [...]. / Over the April-June 2008 period, prices of the commodities such as wheat, maize, rice and vegetable oils, reached impressive yet not exceptional peaks. By contrast, the populations of 48 countries were stricken by severe under nutrition. Most of them had already been weakened not only by conflicts, social disorders, dramatic and unusual climatic and natural disasters, but also by outbreaks, epizooties, and population displacements. In some cases, all these factors together played a significant role in the worsening situation. However, another important reason could be advanced to explain why the 2008 food crisis was an “extraordinary problem”. This one is that “normal” scientific knowledge was defeated by the complexity of what it appears now as a food “poly-crises” (Morin, 2011). We answered by designing an epistemological, methodological, and technical knowledge base from two very different and alternative economics approaches of facing complexity. The first is the Hayekian approach (1899-1992), and the second, the Simonian approach (1916-2001). The research intends to fulfill cumulativity criteria, traditionally difficult to satisfy with the ones of complexity. From the following analysis we mostly learned two things. First, epistemological grounds of economics needed to be broken in complex environment(s): 1) from certainty/objectivity to uncertainty/subjectivity, 2) from accurate prediction to design, 3) from linear causality deemed inappropriate or, worse, threatening people freedoms, to complex causality. Second, in the adaptation process, the role of “tacit” knowledge production and sharing is central. For that reason, the core of economics problem is not allocation of resources anymore. Now, the main problem for humans whose cognitive capacity are “bounded” is to compute, to “socialize” (Nonaka et alii, 1994, 2001), available but dispersed information and knowledge and to converse them into heuristics or patterns allowing the adaptation to complex and uncertain environment(s). Two others auxiliary hypotheses –E. Ostrom (2011) will endorse them later- can be drawn from that preliminary work: 1) the dynamics of change rooted “in the thinking and in the creativity of people involved in complex situations and their capacity to restructure their own models for interactions”, 2) reciprocal altruism (Simon, 1992, 1993) is a rational behavior which can be more effective in/for the social interactions in complex environment(s) than maximizing or selfish behavior. To present preliminary results in an effective way, we created a very simple interface scheme. It takes the form of a three-dimensional knowledge loop with two strands, “generic” and “tacit” knowledge connected between themselves to produce by recursion a meta-knowledge. We made the choice of the interface because it reflects with the most accuracy the position defended by Hayek and Simon which is that economics is a frontier science. Moreover, the interface has the advantage of being both open and closed. A part of the research is more specifically dedicated to design tools increasing the understanding of the “polyfood” crises. We elaborated a three-level indicator with: 1) perceptions of the contribution of each factor to the outbreak and the worsening of the situation; 2) contributions of actors to the explanation of the food crisis proposed in 2008. It was developed from: 1) a case study comparing and contrasting explanations proposed a) in their statements by 138 Heads of State and Government attended the High Level Conference on World Food Security (3-5 June 2008), b) in their analyses by economists, c) in their testimonies by people hit by under nutrition/rising food prices (database IRIN); 2) a new and more updated typology focused on the responses addressed by 18 countries split into 3 groups [...].

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