Hygiene routines and practices is an important part of healthcare. Without hygiene routines there might not be a functional health care system nor would the hospitals be a safe environment. Patient safety is one of our most important tasks as nurses and in order to achieve that, we need good education. Of the actively working nurses in Indonesia 29% have a diploma, 1% has a higher degree and the remaining 60% only obtains a high school level of knowledge and education. Although the country is in development there are currently still problems in the education of nursing. The aim was to describe nurses’ experiences of hygiene routines and practices in hospitals in Bali, Indonesia. A qualitative interview study with semi structured interviews was carried out at hospitals in Bali, Indonesia. A qualitative content analysis was used to transcribe and analyze data from four interviews with different educated nurses. The result shows four themes and ten subthemes. In addition to hygiene and education, teamwork was also frequently mentioned. To make sure the patient was happy was also an answer given many times during the interviews. Some participators had a hard time explaining their experiences of hygiene routines and practices, which made it seem like they were lacking in knowledge due to shortage of context in education. / Hygienrutiner och dess utövande är en viktig hörnsten i hälso- och sjukvården. Utan det hade vi inte haft ett fungerande hälso- och sjukvårdssystem och sjukhusen hade inte heller varit en säker miljö att vistas i. Patientsäkerheten är en av våra viktigaste begrepp uppgifter och för att uppnå det så behövs en bra utbildning. Av de aktivt arbetande sjuksköterskorna i Indonesien har 29 % tagit en treårig examen, 1 % med högre utbildning och de resterande 60 % erhåller endast en gymnasienivå av kunskap och utbildning. Trots att landet är under utveckling finns det fortfarande problem i vårdutbildningen. Syftet var att beskriva sjuksköterskornas erfarenheter av hygienrutiner och dess utförande på ett/flera sjukhus på Bali, Indonesien. En kvalitativ intervjustudie med halvstrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes på ett/flera sjukhus på Bali, Indonesien. En kvalitativ innehållsanalys användes för att transkribera och analysera data från fyra intervjuer med olikt utbildade sjuksköterskor. Resultatet visar fyra huvudteman och tio subteman. Förutom hygien och utbildning nämndes även teamwork ofta. Att se till att patienten är glad och nöjd var ett frekvent svar i intervjuerna. Vissa deltagare hade svårt att förklara sina erfarenheter av hygienrutiner och dess utövande. Vilket fick det att se ut som att de saknade kunskap. Kunskapsbristen skulle kunna vara på grund av att utbildningen saknar innehåll om hygienrutiner.

Product innovation is a key driver of any company’s growth. The biggest challenge in managing product innovation is in determining the most promising new product development (NPD) projects from the many ideas generated, known as portfolio management. In practice, NPD portfolio management still bears some problematic issues, including focusing mainly on portfolio selection rather than managing the entire process, the vague links between the process and business strategy, and a lack of formal process. Therefore, a study that looks at NPD portfolio management through different perspectives is required. NPD portfolio management deals with dynamic decision-making processes, involving not only selection decisions, but also decisions to delay, continue or even terminate projects. To understand this integrative process, a systematic literature review that explored four knowledge domains, i.e., NPD portfolio management, decision- making, strategy and organisational routines, was carried out. It involved 40 articles published from 1981-2012. The review focused on revealing how decision-making processes in NPD portfolio management are conducted and how they relate to the strategy process and organisational routines. The key findings show that decisions in the NPD portfolio management process are made through interaction between cognitive and political factors, overlooking the organisational factors in the process. Furthermore, the extant literature does not explicitly explain how to link the NPD portfolio management process to the strategy process. Also, the findings indicate that the concept of organisational routines had not been used when investigating NPD portfolio management. These are the research gaps that led to the three research questions: 1) How are organisational factors involved with the cognitive and political factors in the decision-making processes in NPD portfolio management?; 2) How do the decision-making processes in NPD portfolio management link to the business strategy?; and 3) To what extent are organisational routines related to the decision-making processes in NPD portfolio management?

Objective: Public projects are used to delivery policy objectives. From a financial perspective, the Major Projects Authority (MPA) estimated a whole life investment of £488 billion for 199 major projects in 2014, only a small subset of the total number of public projects. Given the financial exposure, the impact of endemic public project failures could put the economic health of the nation at risk. This thesis studies the challenges facing public projects. It applies an organisational capabilities lens to investigate projectification, when organisations shift away from functional-based organising (FBO) toward project-based organising (PBO). Research Design: This study adopts an interpretivist research paradigm, with a constructionist epistemology and an idealist ontology, and employs an abductive research strategy. Structurally, it follows the Cranfield Executive Doctorate in Business Administration (DBA) methodology, with a linking document that summarises three complementary research projects: a systematic literature review (SLR) followed by two empirical studies that investigate the Department of Health (DoH) during the early phases of the Next Stage Review Implementation Programme (NSRIP). The findings are derived from over 250 academic literature sources, 100 government publications and 41 semi-structured interviews. ...[cont.]

This study investigates the various types of practice concert pianists utilize in preparation for performance. There are surprisingly few published documents which examine the highest levels of piano practice, and this study examines these scarce ideas in comparison with the newly collected material given by eight selected concert pianists regarding their practice methods, techniques and regimes. Keyboard practice techniques from the middle of the 19th century until the present are examined and presented here. Some of the techniques are physical applications of how to practice the instrument, and others are mental preparations which suggest philosophical guidance toward physical practice or enhance performance capabilities. Advice from many famous (older) concert pianists regarding their practice is compared with the newer advice of the eight pianists selected for this study. The amalgamation of all the compiled suggestions should enlighten any pianist’s approach toward practice, and could also be a helpful compendium to any professors of piano who wish to offer a wider variety of practice methods to their students. / Thesis (DMus)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / hb2013 / Music / unrestricted

This study investigates the influence of unscheduled maintenance activities on delays and disruptions during the execution of aircraft heavy maintenance services by developing a simulation model based on Systems Dynamics (SD) and supported by an Evidential Reasoning (ER) rule model. The SD model studies the complex interrelationship between scheduled and unscheduled tasks and its impact on delays during a maintenance service execution. It was found that the uncertain nature of the unscheduled maintenance tasks hinders the planning, control and allocation of resources, increasing the chances to miss deadlines and incur in cost overruns. Utilising causal loop diagrams and SD simulation the research explored the relevance that the resource allocation management, the precise estimation of the unscheduled tasks and their prompt identification have on the maintenance check duration. The influence that delays and attitudes in the decision-making process have on project performance was also investigated. The ER rule model investigates the uncertainty present during the execution of a maintenance check by providing a belief distribution of the expected unscheduled maintenance tasks. Through a non-parametric discretisation process, it was found that the size and array of distribution intervals play a key role in the model estimation accuracy. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis allowed the examination of the significance that the weight, reliability and dependence of the different pieces of evidence have on model performance. By analysing and combining historical data, the ER rule model provides a more realistic and accurate prediction to analyse variability and ambiguity. This research extends SD capabilities by incorporating the ER rule for analysing system uncertainty. By using the belief distributions provided by the ER model, the SD model can simulate the variability of the process given certain pieces of evidence. This study contributes to the existing knowledge in aircraft maintenance management by analysing, from a different perspective, the impact of uncertain unscheduled maintenance activities on delays and disruptions through an integrated approach using SD and the ER rule. Despite the fact that this research focuses on studying a particular problem in the airline industry, the findings and conclusions obtained could be used to understand and address problems embodying similar characteristics. Therefore, it can be argued that, due to the close similarities between the heavy maintenance process and complex projects, these contributions can be extended to the Project Management field.

The purpose of this study was to examine how different county boards in Sweden work with ecological compensation in case of intrusion in wetland habitats. The study also aimed to see if their work differ from each other or if they use similar processing routines. The study was performed by using a questionnaire which was sent out to three county boards in Sweden (Västerbotten, Gävleborg and Skåne). The questionnaire contained questions about wetland presence and exploitation of wetlands in the county, if/ how the county boards applied ecological compensation in case of intrusion in wetland habitats and lastly the county board’s own perception of ecological compensation as a tool. The results showed that the use of ecological compensation was very limited, Skåne was the only one that has demanded ecological compensation in matters regarding intrusion in wetland habitats. This was due to several factors, including an overall low interest from businesses to exploit wetlands, the high value of wetlands which often led to rejections of the applications and also some difficulty to demand ecological compensation with the support by the law that was being used. However, all three county boards thought of ecological compensation as a good tool to use at intrusion in wetland habitats. In the future we might see a better use of ecological compensation due to the new legislative changes that are being discussed today and that would make it easier to demand compensation.

The concept of behavioural additionality, which was originally associated with the question of 'what difference does policy make in the behaviour of the firms it supports?', has increasingly been used by scholars, evaluators and policy-makers not only in the field of evaluation of innovation policies but also within the context of fundamental discussions of policy rationales. A survey of the evaluation literature concludes that the concept lacks a clear definition and theoretical background as it does not have a unit of analysis. An empirical analysis of the current practice of innovation policy evaluation endorses this finding and outlines the uniqueness of behavioural additionality in terms of its evaluation. A survey of policy discussions around the concept reveals that behavioural additionality has been argued as the hallmark of an evolutionary view in respect of innovation policy. However, the thesis suggests that the concept also lacks an appropriate framework of analysis to accomplish this.The thesis argues that behavioural additionality should be redefined by using the concept of organisational routines as the unit of analysis and the evolutionary approach as the framework of analysis. To this end, a theoretical and generic approach that conceives behavioural additionality as the government-influenced evolution of organisational routines at the micro, meso and macro levels is devised. The thesis unfolds how behavioural additionality is created by reinforcing ostensive, performative and artefact aspects of routines within firms. The possibility, rationale and evaluation of behavioural additionality are also discussed. Empirically, the thesis applies a plausibility probe that employs two case studies of Turkish TIDEB and British Collaborative R&D programmes to illustrate the micro level of the approach developed.It is concluded that the proposed approach provides a better theoretical understanding for behavioural additionality, which would increase its impact on policy-making. This new approach also represents a concrete attempt to utilise the framework and unit of analysis of the evolutionary approach in the field of evaluation for the first time.

The present study aims to explore and delve into early childhood education teachers’ perception and interpretation of children’s agency and participation in the daily routines and planned activities in kindergartens in Finland. The daily established routines and planned activities take a significant amount of time in kindergarten. Therefore, it is essential to scrutinize how teachers engage children’s preferences, opinions, and participation in daily practice. The abovementioned rationale motivates the present qualitative research study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with five early childhood teachers. Three of them work in international kindergartens and two of them in bilingual kindergartens (Finnish-English). The interview consisted of open-ended questions. They were structured to probe early childhood teachers’ experience in respect of the implementation of children’s agency and participation in the daily practices and the challenges that pedagogical personnel face.  The collected data from the semi-structured interview were analyzed through thematic analysis. On one hand, the results showed a none or limited amount of children’s agency and participation in the daily established routines, whereas the amount of agency and participation is increased regarding the planned activities. On the other hand, challenging parameters are the management of the kindergarten and the number of children in a group.

I fall där barn försvinner från skolan och misstänks föras utomlands av sina vårdnadshavare har det visat sig att barnen löper stor risk att utsättas för hedersrelaterade brott. Skolan har en stor roll i att förebygga och arbeta mot denna typ av problematik, men i dagsläget tycks det finnas en övergripande osäkerhet och brist på rutiner gällande arbetet mot detta. Syftet med den föreliggande studien var därmed att undersöka hur skolan arbetar med problematiken kring att barn försvinner från skolan, misstänks föras utomlands och utsättas för brott. Det innefattar att undersöka skolans rutiner och förväntade agerande, hur personalen i skolan upplever att rutinerna fungerar samt följs och vad som kan förbättras när det kommer till att skydda dessa barn. Studien har en kvalitativ ansats och bygger på sju semistrukturerade intervjuer med rektorer och kuratorer från fem skolor i Sverige. Resultatet visar på en generell brist på rutiner och riktlinjer kring skolans förebyggande arbete, arbete vid misstankar och arbete när ett barn har försvunnit från skolan. Det som bland annat utmärker sig är ett stort behov av gemensamma rutiner och riktlinjer. Därutöver finns även ett behov av resurser i form av personal och kunskap samt att samverkan med framförallt socialtjänst förbättras. / In cases where children disappear from school and are suspected of being abducted abroad by their caregivers, it has been found that these children are at great risk of being victimized to honor-related crimes. The school has a major role in dealing with this kind of problem, but currently there seems to be an overall uncertainty and lack of routines regarding this. The purpose of this study was to investigate how the schoolworks with the problem of children disappearing from school, are suspected of being abducted abroad and victimized to crime. This includes examining the school routines and expected actions, how the staff at school are experiencing that the routines work,  are followed and what can be improved when it comes to protecting these children. The study has a qualitative approach and is based on seven semi-structured interviews with principals and curators from five schools in Sweden. The result shows lack of routines and guidelines regarding schools work against the problem. What stands out among other things is a great need for common routines and guidelines. There is also a need for resources in terms of staff and knowledge and a need to improve collaboration with especially social services.

Idag förväntas IT-konsulter kunna utföra en större variation av arbetsuppgifter och besitta kunskap inom fler tekniska områden än någonsin tidigare. Då komplexiteten inom IT industrin tydligt trappats upp, en komplexitet som konsulterna förväntas kunna hantera bra, har det blivit allt viktigare för varje konsult att arbeta effektivt och därmed bidra till IT-konsultföretagens totala effektivitet. Denna studie undersöker därför hur den interna effektiviteten inom IT-konsultföretag skulle kunna ökas och hur företagens ledare bör agera för att öka effektiviteten kortsiktigt som långsiktigt. Vår studie bygger på en fallstudie baserad på 17 intervjuer och två workshops genomförda på ett svenskt IT-konsultföretag lokaliserat i Stockholm, samt på tre externa intervjuer och en kontinuerlig och iterativ litteraturstudie. Den interna effektiviteten inom IT-konsultföretag skulle kunna ökas genom förbättring av de individuella aktiviteterna anslutna till deras organisationsrutiner. De individuella aktiviteterna som indikerar störst potential för ökad intern effektivitet är de lågt prioriterade aktiviteterna; individuella aktiviteter som konsulterna tenderar att prioritera lägre, vilket ofta resulterar i att aktiviteterna förskjuts. Dessa aktiviteter är genomförda mer ineffektivt än andra individuella aktiviteter är på grund av fyra gemensamma rotorsaker: (1) bristande strukturkapital, (2) bristfälligt stöd av organisationskulturen, (3) otillräckliga kommunikationspolicys, and (4) brist på incitament. Denna studie tillhandhåller därtill konkreta åtgärder för hur detta kan hanteras kortsiktigt som långsiktigt av gruppledarna respektive ledningsgruppen i IT-konsultföretag. / Today’s IT consultants are expected to carry out an increasing variety of tasks and possess knowledge within more technology areas than previously. As the complexity within the IT industry evidently is stepping up and the consultants are expected to manage this complexity well, it becomes more crucial than ever for each consultant to work efficiently and contribute to the IT consultancy firms’ overall efficiency. This research therefore investigates how the internal efficiency within IT consultancy firms could be increased as how the firms’ leaders should act in order to enhance the efficiency in the short and long run. Our research is based on a case study of 17 interviews and two workshops performed at a Swedish IT consultancy firm located in Stockholm, as well as three external interviews and a coherent and iterative literature review. The internal efficiency within IT consultancy firms could be increased by improving their individual activities attached to their organisational routines. The individual activities indicating the greatest potential to increase the internal efficiency are the low-prioritised activities - individual activities that consultants tend to prioritise lower, which often results in postponement of the activities. Why these activities are performed more inefficiently than other individual activities are due to four common root causes: (1) insufficient structural capital, (2) insufficient cultural support, (3) poor communication policies, and (4) lack of incentives. Concrete actions for how this could be operated in the short as well as the long run, are provided by this research. Its managerial implications are therefore directed towards the team managers as well as top management within IT consultancy firms.