Introdução: o ciclo de sono-vigília é o comportamento rítmico circadiano mais onipresente nos humanos. Ele é estabelecido por um sistema temporizador circadiano endógeno que é regulado pela presença ou ausência de luz no ambiente. O comportamento em relação a dormir e acordar varia entre os indivíduos e essa característica nomeia-se cronotipo. Efeitos negativos à saúde têm sido associados ao cronotipo que apresenta horários para iniciar e terminar o sono mais tarde. A hipótese considerada para explicar esses achados é de que demandas sociais, que não levam em conta essa variabilidade individual, sejam mediadoras dessa relação. Objetivos: avaliar a associação entre cronotipo e saúde mental (bem-estar psicológico e sintomas depressivos) levando-se em conta fatores demográficos (sexo e idade) e as rotinas de escola ou trabalho. Materiais e métodos: estudos transversais aninhados a um estudo epidemiológico em uma amostra de indivíduos do Vale do Taquari, no sul do Brasil. Na primeira avaliação, 6.506 participantes foram avaliados quanto a variáveis demográficas, dados de saúde, sintomas depressivos (Inventário de Depressão de Beck – BDI) e cronotipo (Questionário de Cronotipo de Munique – MCTQ). Na segunda etapa, 1.127 indivíduos entre 18 e 65 anos, selecionados a partir de seu cronotipo foram avaliados através do Índice de bem-estar de 5-itens da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS). O ponto médio do sono nos dias de rotinas de trabalho ou escolares foi utilizado como indicador do cronotipo, sendo “atrasado” aquele que tem o ponto médio mais tarde em relação ao início da noite e “avançado”, mais cedo. Resultados: no primeiro artigo, estudou-se a relação entre cronotipo e depressão em uma amostra de estudantes adolescentes. O modelo de regressão que melhor explicou a diferença entre os grupos com diferentes níveis de sintomas de depressão (BDI<10 X BDI!10) incluiu o sexo feminino e o cronotipo atrasado. O segundo artigo demonstrou que a escala de Bem-estar de 5-itens da OMS tem uma estrutura unidimensional, boa validade interna e externa e utilidade como instrumento de triagem para depressão quando comparada ao BDI. Assim, no terceiro artigo, foi avaliada a relação entre cronotipo e bem-estar, em indivíduos entre 18 e 65 anos. O modelo de regressão que incluiu o cronotipo atrasado, maior carga de trabalho, rotinas de trabalho mais cedo no dia e menor exposição à luz do sol, como variáveis preditoras, e piores escores na Escala de Bem-estar, como desfecho, foi significativo para o sexo feminino. Discussão: a presente tese explicitou a importância de considerar os fatores idade e sexo na expressão do cronotipo e na relação deste com saúde mental. Corroborou com a hipótese de que as demandas sociais mediam a relação entre cronotipo e os desfechos estudados. A expressão do cronotipo nos dias de rotinas escolares ou de trabalho foi identificada como a variável que estabeleceu a mais forte relação com piores escores de bemestar e com mais sintomas de depressão. Por fim, reforçou a necessidade de revermos as rotinas de trabalho e escolares que, ao não considerarem as diferenças fisiológicas individuais, têm-se associado, de forma consistente, a conseqüências negativas à saúde. / Introduction: the sleep-wake cycle is the most ubiquitous human circadian rhythmic behavior. It is established by an endogenous circadian timing system that is regulated by the presence or absence of light in the environment. Sleep and wake behavior varies among individuals and this feature has been termed chronotype. Negative health effects have been associated with the chronotype that presents later start and end sleep times. A hypothesis to explain these findings is that social demands, which do not take into account individual variability, are mediators of this relationship. Objectives: to evaluate the association between chronotype and mental health (psychological well-being and depressive symptoms) taking into account demographic factors (age and sex) and the routines of school or work. Materials and methods: the studies included here are cross-sectional nested to an epidemiological study in a sample of individuals from “Vale do Taquari”, in southern Brazil. In the first evaluation, 6,506 participants were assessed for demographic variables, health data, depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory - BDI) and chronotype (Munich Chronotype Questionnaire - MCTQ). In the second stage, 1,127 individuals between 18 and 65 years, selected based on their chronotype, were evaluated through the Well-being 5 items Index from the World Health Organization (WHO). The midpoint of sleep on working or school days was used as an indicator of chronotype, and considered "delayed" or “late” those who have later midpoints in relation to environmental night and "advanced" or “early”, earlier. Results: in the first article, we studied the relationship between chronotype and depression in a sample of adolescent students. The regression model that best explained the difference between groups with different levels of depression symptoms (BDI<10 X BDI!10) included female sex and late chronotype. The second article demonstrated that the Well-being index has a unidimensional structure, good internal and external validities and might be usefulness as a screening tool for depression when compared to the BDI. Thus, in the third article, we evaluated the relationship between chronotype and well-being in individuals between 18 and 65 years. The regression model that included late chronotype, increased workload, earlier working routines in the day and less exposure to sunlight, as predictor variables, and worse scores on the well-being index, as the outcome was significant for females. Discussion: the present thesis content highlighted the importance of considering age and sex as factors influencing the expression of chronotype and the relationship with mental health outcomes. It corroborated the hypothesis that social demands mediate the relationship between chronotype and the studied outcomes. The expression of chronotype during the days of work or school routines was identified as the variable that established the strongest relationship with worse well-being scores and more depression symptoms. Finally, it reinforced the need to reconsider work and school routines that, by not taking into acount individual physiological differences, have been associated consistently with negative health consequences.

Pendant le 20e siècle, la relation entre médias et organisations sportives ont été symbiotiques. Les ressources obtenues grâce à la vente des droits de diffusion télévisée, la communication et les médias exercent une grande influence sur le succès global du football. C’est une relation de tensions et de coopération entre média et organisations sportives, et aussi les frontières sont floues entre les deux champs. Dans ce travail, nous souhaitons comprendre de quelle sorte les médias influencent les organisations sportives, plus précisément comment les clubs de football deviennent des espaces de production d’informations. Plus récemment, les organisations sportives ont investi dans le secteur de la communication, soit à travers le recrutement des communicants et d’autre professionnels de l’information, soit par la création de canaux de communications propres. Nous avons sélectionné, comme objets d’étude, les médias de trois organisations sportives : la webtélé du Paris Saint-Germain (France), le site web du Botafogo (Brésil) et la chaîne télé du Benfica (Portugal). Le travail empirique est constitué d’entretiens ethnographiques avec des professionnels de l’information et des communicants des clubs de football analysés. Suite à ces entretiens, nous avons l’objectif de répondre à trois questions sur la création des médias de club : quelle est sa motivation ; comment fonctionnent-ils ; et qui sont les responsables pour sa mise en place. Le choix de ces clubs offre l’opportunité d’une étude comparative et l’évaluation de différents marchés avec de degrés inégaux de modernisations, en permettant l’identification des proximités et des divergences, associées aux contextes respectifs, ce qui rend possible une tentative de généralisation sur les médias de club et leurs conséquences pour le journalisme sportif et pour la relation entre sport et médias. / During the 20th century, the relationship between Media and Sport were very fertile. The revenues generated by the sale of broadcast rights, the Communication and the Media have a great influence over the global success of football. Media and sports organizations have a relationship based on tensions and cooperation and also very fluid boundaries between them. In this present work, we want to understand how media influence sports organizations, more precisely, how football clubs become a space of content and information production. Recently, sports organizations have invested on media and communication departments, either by hiring public relations and media professionals or by creating their own corporate means of communication. We have selected as research objects, the media of three sports organizations: the WebTV of Paris Saint-Germain (France), the website of Botafogo (Brazil) and the subscription TV channel of Benfica (Portugal). Our empirical work was based on ethnographic interviews with the media and communication staff at these football clubs. Based on our interviews, we aim to answer three questions about the creation of these club owned media: why they were created; how they are structured; and who is responsible for their implementation. The choice of these three clubs allowed a comparative study and the analysis of different markets and realities with diverse levels of modernization, that together with each local social context made possible an attempt to offer a generalization about club owned media and the consequences for sports journalism and the relationship between sport and media.

Introdução: o ciclo de sono-vigília é o comportamento rítmico circadiano mais onipresente nos humanos. Ele é estabelecido por um sistema temporizador circadiano endógeno que é regulado pela presença ou ausência de luz no ambiente. O comportamento em relação a dormir e acordar varia entre os indivíduos e essa característica nomeia-se cronotipo. Efeitos negativos à saúde têm sido associados ao cronotipo que apresenta horários para iniciar e terminar o sono mais tarde. A hipótese considerada para explicar esses achados é de que demandas sociais, que não levam em conta essa variabilidade individual, sejam mediadoras dessa relação. Objetivos: avaliar a associação entre cronotipo e saúde mental (bem-estar psicológico e sintomas depressivos) levando-se em conta fatores demográficos (sexo e idade) e as rotinas de escola ou trabalho. Materiais e métodos: estudos transversais aninhados a um estudo epidemiológico em uma amostra de indivíduos do Vale do Taquari, no sul do Brasil. Na primeira avaliação, 6.506 participantes foram avaliados quanto a variáveis demográficas, dados de saúde, sintomas depressivos (Inventário de Depressão de Beck – BDI) e cronotipo (Questionário de Cronotipo de Munique – MCTQ). Na segunda etapa, 1.127 indivíduos entre 18 e 65 anos, selecionados a partir de seu cronotipo foram avaliados através do Índice de bem-estar de 5-itens da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS). O ponto médio do sono nos dias de rotinas de trabalho ou escolares foi utilizado como indicador do cronotipo, sendo “atrasado” aquele que tem o ponto médio mais tarde em relação ao início da noite e “avançado”, mais cedo. Resultados: no primeiro artigo, estudou-se a relação entre cronotipo e depressão em uma amostra de estudantes adolescentes. O modelo de regressão que melhor explicou a diferença entre os grupos com diferentes níveis de sintomas de depressão (BDI<10 X BDI!10) incluiu o sexo feminino e o cronotipo atrasado. O segundo artigo demonstrou que a escala de Bem-estar de 5-itens da OMS tem uma estrutura unidimensional, boa validade interna e externa e utilidade como instrumento de triagem para depressão quando comparada ao BDI. Assim, no terceiro artigo, foi avaliada a relação entre cronotipo e bem-estar, em indivíduos entre 18 e 65 anos. O modelo de regressão que incluiu o cronotipo atrasado, maior carga de trabalho, rotinas de trabalho mais cedo no dia e menor exposição à luz do sol, como variáveis preditoras, e piores escores na Escala de Bem-estar, como desfecho, foi significativo para o sexo feminino. Discussão: a presente tese explicitou a importância de considerar os fatores idade e sexo na expressão do cronotipo e na relação deste com saúde mental. Corroborou com a hipótese de que as demandas sociais mediam a relação entre cronotipo e os desfechos estudados. A expressão do cronotipo nos dias de rotinas escolares ou de trabalho foi identificada como a variável que estabeleceu a mais forte relação com piores escores de bemestar e com mais sintomas de depressão. Por fim, reforçou a necessidade de revermos as rotinas de trabalho e escolares que, ao não considerarem as diferenças fisiológicas individuais, têm-se associado, de forma consistente, a conseqüências negativas à saúde. / Introduction: the sleep-wake cycle is the most ubiquitous human circadian rhythmic behavior. It is established by an endogenous circadian timing system that is regulated by the presence or absence of light in the environment. Sleep and wake behavior varies among individuals and this feature has been termed chronotype. Negative health effects have been associated with the chronotype that presents later start and end sleep times. A hypothesis to explain these findings is that social demands, which do not take into account individual variability, are mediators of this relationship. Objectives: to evaluate the association between chronotype and mental health (psychological well-being and depressive symptoms) taking into account demographic factors (age and sex) and the routines of school or work. Materials and methods: the studies included here are cross-sectional nested to an epidemiological study in a sample of individuals from “Vale do Taquari”, in southern Brazil. In the first evaluation, 6,506 participants were assessed for demographic variables, health data, depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory - BDI) and chronotype (Munich Chronotype Questionnaire - MCTQ). In the second stage, 1,127 individuals between 18 and 65 years, selected based on their chronotype, were evaluated through the Well-being 5 items Index from the World Health Organization (WHO). The midpoint of sleep on working or school days was used as an indicator of chronotype, and considered "delayed" or “late” those who have later midpoints in relation to environmental night and "advanced" or “early”, earlier. Results: in the first article, we studied the relationship between chronotype and depression in a sample of adolescent students. The regression model that best explained the difference between groups with different levels of depression symptoms (BDI<10 X BDI!10) included female sex and late chronotype. The second article demonstrated that the Well-being index has a unidimensional structure, good internal and external validities and might be usefulness as a screening tool for depression when compared to the BDI. Thus, in the third article, we evaluated the relationship between chronotype and well-being in individuals between 18 and 65 years. The regression model that included late chronotype, increased workload, earlier working routines in the day and less exposure to sunlight, as predictor variables, and worse scores on the well-being index, as the outcome was significant for females. Discussion: the present thesis content highlighted the importance of considering age and sex as factors influencing the expression of chronotype and the relationship with mental health outcomes. It corroborated the hypothesis that social demands mediate the relationship between chronotype and the studied outcomes. The expression of chronotype during the days of work or school routines was identified as the variable that established the strongest relationship with worse well-being scores and more depression symptoms. Finally, it reinforced the need to reconsider work and school routines that, by not taking into acount individual physiological differences, have been associated consistently with negative health consequences.

Les transitions écologiques et numériques, ainsi que les préoccupations relatives aux inégalités sociales, signalent l’avènement de nouveaux défis complexes pour les villes contemporaines. Ces changements soulèvent la question de la capacité dynamique des urbanistes, plus précisément leur capacité à revoir leurs outils et leurs routines de planification dans les projets urbains afin d’explorer le potentiel des nouveaux paradigmes d’action collective et de favoriser des voies de transition innovantes pour les villes. Les entreprises européennes, en particulier dans le domaine des transports publics, ont relevé ce défi, avec des résultats convaincants, en développant des outils basés sur des théories de conception innovante. L’un de ces outils méthodologiques, le processus Définition-Connaissance-Concept-Proposition (DKCP), a été utilisé pour générer une nouvelle gamme d’options de planification dans trois recherches-interventions à Montréal, au Canada. La routine traditionnelle du planificateur se concentre généralement sur une seule activité du processus, la formulation de propositions (phase P), en adaptant légèrement les anciens projets au contexte et aux règles locales. Cependant, la routine des futurs urbanistes devrait inclure de nouvelles capacités de gestion des étapes en amont des projets sous la forme d’une succession de phases DKCP. La nécessité de relever les défis complexes de la ville du XXIe siècle ouvre la voie à une nouvelle identité professionnelle : celle de « l’urbaniste innovant ». / Ecological and digital transitions, along with concerns over social inequalities, signal the advent of complex new challenges for contemporary cities. These changes raise the issue of the dynamic capability of urban planners: more specifically, their ability to review their tools and planning routines in urban projects in order to explore the potential of new paradigms of collective action and foster innovative transition paths for cities. European companies, especially in public transportation, have responded to this challenge, with convincing results, by developing tools based on innovative design theories. One of these methodological tools, the Definition-Knowledge-Concept-Proposition (DKCP) process, was used to generate a new range of planning options for three urban districts in Montreal, Canada. The traditional planner’s routine generally focuses on a single activity in the process, the formulation of propositions (Phase P), by slightly adapting former projects to the local context and rules. However, the future urban planners’ routine should include new capabilities for managing upstream stages of projects in the form of a succession of DKCP phases. The need to tackle the complex challenges of the 21st century city opens the way to a new professional identity: the “innovative urban planner”.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The family life cycle perspective (McGoldrick & Carter, 2003) recognises that one normative life stressor for families is the transition to parenthood. Still, the Resiliency Model of Family Stress, Adjustment and Adaptation (McCubbin & McCubbin, 1996) holds that one protective resource that could help the family in the face of a stressor is family routines. Even though the Ecological-cultural Niche Model (Gallimore, Goldenberg & Weisner, 1993) gives us some understanding of the family routine as a psychological construct, many gaps exist in the literature. The aim of this qualitative grounded theory study was to better understand family routines as a resilience resource during the transition to parenthood. This aim was broken down into five research questions: (1) What do daily routines look like in the lives of firsttime parents? (2) Why are these family routines important to first-time parents? (3) What challenges do first-time parents face in sustaining their daily routines? (4) What assists firsttime parents in maintaining their daily routines? (5) What accommodations do first-time parents make to adapt to the arrival of their first child? In terms of methodology, ten Coloured couples whose first child was between one and four years of age and who resided in one northern suburb of Cape Town took part in semi-structured interviews. In terms of research question one, the data analysis revealed that family routines look like a sequence of unfolding activities and that this sequence is situated within a temporal structure; that the specific sequence and temporal structure are designed by the family to be functional; but that there also is temporal incongruence in the sequence of routines. Related to question two, the participants felt that their routines were important because a family routine is an opportunity to spend time together, and it is an opportunity for improving child development. For question three, the data analysis revealed that the challenges first-time parents face in sustaining their routines are extra-familial and intra-familial barriers that increase the task and temporal complexity of routines. The analysis of question four revealed that what assists parents in maintaining routines are extra-familial and intra-familial resources that decrease the task and temporal complexity of routines. Lastly, themes related to research question five showed that the accommodations that parents make in routines that help them adapt are temporal accommodations and idiosyncratic accommodations. In future, researchers and theorists should not only investigate an individual family routine in isolation (e.g. just dinnertime or just bedtime), but also look at the structure of the entire daily schedule, the scheduling process, and how the functionality of this daily schedule affects the experience of individual routines. Greater emphasis should also be placed on diverse samples from many ecological and cultural contexts in order to identify more extra-familial and intra-familial barriers and resources that affect the maintenance of a satisfying daily schedule. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die gesinslewensiklusraamwerk (McGoldrick & Carter, 2003) beklemtoon dat een normatiewe lewenstressor vir gesinne die oorgang na ouerskap is. Tog dui die Resiliency Model of Family Stress, Adjustment and Adaptation (McCubbin & McCubbin, 1996) aan dat gesinsroetines een bron van beskerming is wat die gesin tydens ’n groot lewensstressor kan help. Al bied die Ekologies-kulturele Nismodel (Gallimore, Goldenberg & Weisner, 1993) ons ’n sekere mate van begrip van gesinsroetine as ‘n sielkundige konstruk, is daar steeds leemtes in die literatuur. Die doel van hierdie kwalitatiewe gegronde-teorie navorsing was om beter begrip te ontwikkel van gesinsroetines as ’n veerkragtigheidsfaktor tydens die oorgang na ouerskap. Hierdie doel is in vyf navorsingsvrae verdeel: (1) Hoe lyk daaglikse gesinsroetines in die lewens van nuwe ouers? (2) Hoekom is hierdie gesinsroetines belangrik vir nuwe ouers? (3) Watter uitdagings staar nuwe ouers in die gesig wanneer hulle daaglikse roetines probeer volhou? (4) Wat help nuwe ouers om met hul daaglikse roetines vol te hou? en (5) Watter akkommodasies maak nuwe ouers om aan te pas by die koms van hul eerste kind? Wat metodologie betref het tien bruin ouerpare wat se eerste kind tussen die ouderdom van een en vier jaar was en wat in ’n noordelike voorstad van Kaapstad woon aan semigestruktureerde onderhoude deelgeneem. Wat die eerste navorsingsvraag betref, het die dataontleding onthul dat gesinsroetines ’n reeks opeenvolgende aktiwiteite is wat een na die ander ontvou. Hierdie reeks van roetines is geleë binne ’n tydsraamwerk; dit word deur die gesin ontwerp om funksioneel te wees; maar daar bestaan ook tyd-inkongruensies in die reeks roetines. In verband met vraag twee het die deelnemers gevoel roetines is belangrik omdat dit hulle die geleentheid bied om tyd saam deur te bring en dit verskaf ook ’n geleentheid om die ontwikkeling van die kind te bevorder. Op grond van die derde navorsingsvraag het die dataontleding getoon dat die uitdagings wat nuwe ouers in die gesig staar wanneer hulle probeer om hulle gesinsroetines te volhou, buite-gesins en binne-gesins hindernisse is wat take bemoeilik en tyd-kompleksiteit verhoog. Ontledings na aanleiding van vraag vier het getoon dat dit buite-gesins en binne-gesins bronne is wat help om take makliker te maak en tydskompleksiteid te verminder sodat nuwe ouers met roetines kan volhou. Laastens, temas wat na vore gekom het na aanleiding van die vyfde navorsingsvraag toon dat dit tyd- en idiosinkratiese akkommodasies is wat ouers help om aan te pas. In die toekoms moet navorsers en teoretici nie net ‘n individuele gesinsroetine in isolasie bestudeer nie (bv. net ’n aandete-roetine of net ’n slapenstyd-roetine), maar ook kyk na die struktuur van die hele daaglikse skedule, skeduleringsprosesse, en hoe die funksionaliteit van hierdie daaglikse skedule die ervaring van individuele roetines beïnvloed. Meer klem moet ook geplaas word op steekproewe vanuit ekologies en kultureel diverse kontekste ten einde meer buite-gesins en binne-gesins hindernisse en bronne wat die instandhouding van bevredigende skedules beïnvloed, te identifiseer. Kernwoorde: gesinsroetines, oorgang na ouerskap, gesinsveerkragtigheid, gesinslewenssiklus, Ekologies-kulturele nis.

The purpose with this study is to enhance the understanding of how a companies in the ICT industry can increase customer value in the new environment enabled by 5G. Furthermore, the study concretizes the interactions and experiences between different actors on the market, with focus on the subjective values, or as we call them, the non-functional differentiators. To be able to fulfil the purpose, the study explored the routines regarding the non-functional differentiators in the environment of 5G. In order to conduct this study, an exploratory research with an inductive qualitative approach was used. A single case-study design was chosen on the company of Ericsson. In total 25 interviews were held within five different business areas at Ericsson. The interviews were of semi-structured character and the data was analysed through a thematic analysis. The findings from the study revealed five different themes. The first two represent the new ecosystem with the key actors and the new environment. The next two themes illustrate the most important routines in this new environment. Lastly, the findings present the importance of relationship experience and which of the non-functional differentiators that has the most impact. The study has enhanced the understanding of how customer value could be increased by identifying the routines of the interactions between different actors and how they should be acclimatized in the new environment. This study contributes to the literature regarding the environment of the ecosystem, the routines of the co-creation process and experiences of the relationship in it. Furthermore, the study concretizes the routines in the co-creation process which will assist the managers in their work of generating customer value. However, the study is limited due its single case-study were only one of the key-actors was investigated. A suggestion for future research is to do a multi-case study, which includes the perspectives of not just one key-actor, but the other key-actors as well, i.e. Ericsson’s customers. An approach like this could validate our findings and thereby ensure the findings transferability.

[pt] As rotinas organizacionais constituem um elemento central nas organizações; uma grande parte do trabalho é realizada por meio de rotinas (FELDMAN, 2000). As rotinas impactam na performance das organizações, e são uma importante fonte de mudança endógena (CACCIATORI, 2012). Uma série de artefatos podem ser associados às rotinas organizacionais. Muitos desses artefatos são denominados artefatos tecnológicos, e estão relacionados à tecnologia da informação, como os sistemas ERP s (Entreprise Resource Planning) (D ADDERIO, 2003). As rotinas organizacionais podem ser estudadas por meio de seus aspectos ostensivos (padrões abstratos), performativos (ações específicas) e artefatos (manifestações físicas das rotinas) (PENTLAND e FELDMAN, 2005). O papel da tecnologia também pode ser percebido na construção e no desenvolvimento das competências coletivas, por meio da aprendizagem e interações dentro das comunidades de prática (HSIAO et al., 2006), ou pela transferência das competências na gestão da mudança tecnológica (BARBAROUX e GODÉ, 2012). Retour e Krohmer (2006) oferecem uma proposta para o estudo das competências coletivas, por meio da articulação entre quatro atributos constituintes (referencial comum, linguagem compartilhada, memória coletiva e engajamento subjetivo). Outros trabalhos trazem a dentificação das competências coletivas por meio destes atributos (PAUVERS e BIENFAIT, 2011; COLIN e GRASSER, 2011), mas não se relacionam à ação direta ou indireta do componente tecnológico. Este estudo tem como objetivo investigar, a influência de um artefato tecnológico sobre as rotinas organizacionais e em decorrência, sobre os atributos das competências coletivas da organização. Com isso, tem-se a pergunta de investigação: como a inserção de um artefato tecnológico pode (re)configurar as rotinas organizacionais e por consequência impactar os atributos das competências coletivas em uma organização.? A proposta metodológica consiste em um estudo de caso (YIN, 2010), baseado em uma instituição pública federal de ensino. Trata-se de uma organização complexa, regulamentada, distribuída e com uma formação histórica heterogênea de suas unidades, e que passa por um momento único, com a implantação de um artefato tecnológico de grande porte (denominado Projeto Conecta), ocasionando mudanças em toda estrutura organizacional. A pesquisa foi realizada a partir de 25 entrevistas semiestruturadas, obtidas em cinco unidades da instituição, localizadas em quatro diferentes cidades em Minas Gerais no período de março a maio de 2016. A delimitação foi dada a partir de um projeto de implantação de um novo artefato tecnológico, abrangendo toda a instituição. Os dados foram analisados sob uma abordagem qualitativa, interpretativa, com a técnica de análise de conteúdo (BARDIN, 1977). Os resultados evidenciaram não somente uma modificação, mas também uma ressignificação das rotinas a partir da inserção do novo artefato tecnológico. Essa ressignificação das rotinas também trouxe impactos em níveis diferentes para cada atributo das competências coletivas, sugerindo também uma possível ressignificação destas competências. As relações entre os elementos analisados configuram um mapa conceitual, construído a partir das seguintes categorias gerais: descrição das rotinas do estudo, normatização das rotinas, artefato na ação das rotinas, reconfiguração das rotinas pelo artefato, ação das rotinas no referencial comum, ação das rotinas na linguagem compartilhada, ação das rotinas na memória coletiva, ação das rotinas no engajamento subjetivo. / [en] Organizational routines are a central element in organizations; a large part of the work is performed through routines (FELDMAN, 2000). Routines impact organizational performance, and are an important source of endogenous change (CACCIATORI, 2012). A number of artifacts can be associated with organizational routines. Many of these artifacts are referred to as technological artifacts, and are related to information technology, such as ERP systems (Entreprise Resource Planning) (D ADDERIO, 2003). Organizational routines can be studied through their ostensive (abstract), performative (specific actions) and artifacts (physical manifestations of routines) (PENTLAND and FELDMAN, 2005). The role of technology can also be perceived in the construction and development of collective competences, through learning and interactions within the communities of practice (HSIAO et al., 2006), or by transferring skills in the management of technological change (BARBAROUX and GODÉ, 2012). Retour and Krohmer (2005) offer a proposal for the study of collective competences, through the articulation between four constituent attributes (common referential, shared language, collective memory and subjective engagement). Other works bring the identification of collective competences through these attributes (PAUVERS and BIENFAIT, 2011; COLIN and GRASSER, 2011), but are not related to the direct or indirect action of the technological component. This study aims to investigate the influence of a technological artifact on organizational routines and, as a result, on the attributes of the collective competencies of the organization. Thus, the research question is: how can the insertion of a technological artifact (re) configure organizational routines and consequently impact the attributes of collective competencies in an organization.? The methodological proposal consists of a case study (YIN, 2010), based on a federal public institution of education. It is a complex organization, regulated, distributed and with a heterogeneous historical formation of its units, and that goes through a unique moment, with the implantation of a large technological artifact (named Projeto Conecta), causing changes in every organizational structure. The research was carried out from 25 semi-structured interviews, obtained in five units of the institution, located in four different cities in Minas Gerais from March to May 2016. The delimitation was given from a project of implantation of a new artifact The whole institution. Data were analyzed using a qualitative, interpretive approach using the content analysis technique (BARDIN, 1977). The results evidenced not only a modification, but also a re-signification of the routines from the insertion of the new technological artifact. This re-signification of routines also brought impacts at different levels for each attribute of collective competencies, also suggesting a possible re-signification of these competencies. The relationships between the analyzed elements constitute a conceptual map, constructed from the following general categories: description of the routines of the study, normalization of the routines, artifact in the action of the routines, reconfiguration of the routines by the artifact, action of the routines in the common reference, action of the routines in the shared language, action of the routines in the collective memory, action of the routines in the subjective engagement.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-04-10T19:12:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Felipe Moura de Oliveira.pdf: 36831738 bytes, checksum: 9b5942a71796e30852bcc0c8ffbd42c4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-10T19:12:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Felipe Moura de Oliveira.pdf: 36831738 bytes, checksum: 9b5942a71796e30852bcc0c8ffbd42c4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-04 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta dissertação dedica-se a refletir acerca da construção da notícia sobre os movimentos sociais. Trata-se de uma análise das rotinas produtivas que elege como ambiente para a investigação as redações de dois jornais de Porto Alegre (RS): Correio do Povo e Zero Hora. Inspirado na etnografia, o método consiste na observação das práticas de jornalistas no seu cotidiano - sete dias em cada redação -, e na produção, à luz das teorias mobilizadas, de inferências que contribuam à compreensão do problema: quanto da complexidade dos movimentos sociais o Jornalismo pode representar? E mais: que fatores da ordem das relações políticas, econômicas e sociais incidem nesse processo? A discussão é iluminada pela Teoria Geral dos Signos, de C.S. Peirce, em especial no conceito de semiose. Portanto, a notícia é entendida como signo, constituído por lógicas diversas, que alimentam complexos processos de semiose, e fator de mediação entre os acontecimentos e o público/leitor. Alia-se a isso a definição de acontecimento em Louis Quéré, dotado de um poder hermenêutico que revela campos problemáticos representados como objeto semiótico do signo/notícia. Propõem-se um exercício dialético de definição dos conceitos-base, seguido da ida ao campo, para, então, na abstração, no cotejamento entre teoria e prática, estabelecer uma síntese razoável. E o resultado se mostrou revelador. Em meio a uma sociedade marcada pelo "consenso neoliberal", um Jornalismo que preserva convenções fortemente redutoras da complexidade semiótica de organizações que não alinham-se à essa perspectiva e ao Jornalismo tratado como negócio no capitalismo, há, sim, espaços alternativos de produção de sentido pelos quais se processa uma semiose da notícia que constrói um signo capaz de dar a ver mais das demandas dos movimentos sociais na condição de campo problemático enquanto objeto. O desafio é saber ocupá-los. / This dissertation is designed to reflect on how the news about social movements is made. The paper analyses productive routines whose research environment are two newspapers’ newsrooms in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul: Correio do Povo and Zero Hora. Inspired by ethnography, this method consists of observing journalists in their daily practice – for seven days in each newsroom – and, based on theories applied to this matter, making inferences which lead to the understanding of the problems: how much of the complexity of social movements journalism is able to represent; and, what factors concerning political, economic and social relations affect this process. The discussion is enlightened by the General Theory of Signs, by Charles Sanders Pierce, especially in relation to the semiosis concept. Therefore, the piece of news is understood as a sign, made up of several mechanisms which feed complex semiosis processes and it is the interface between events and the public/reader. In addition to this, there is the concept of event by Louis Quéré, which is embedded with considerable hermeneutic approach, revealing problematic areas represented as a semiotic object of the sign/piece of news. A dialectical exercise of defining basic concepts followed by field work is proposed. Thus, by linking theory and practice, a reasonable synthesis is reached. The outcome has been shown revealing. Among a society marked by the ‘new liberal consensus’, a kind of journalism keeping reductionist conventions of the complexity of organizations which do not fit this perspective and the journalism treated as business in the capitalism, there are, definitely, alternative spaces for producing meaning. Through these alternative spaces, a kind of semiosis of the news is processed, building a sign which sees better and offers more in relation to the social movements needs under the condition of a problematic field as an object. The challenge is to make use of them.

Titel: ”Hot och våld - en del av jobbet?” - En kvalitativ studie om socialtjänstens säkerhetsarbete med hot och våld. Författare: Tess Hellman och Caroline Ivarsson Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur ett urval av socialkontor arbetar med säkerhetsfrågor avseende hot och våld. Studiens frågeställningar är följande: ❖ Vilket säkerhetsarbete har socialkontoren avseende hot och våld? ❖ Hur arbetar socialsekreterare innan, under och efter ett klientmöte som befaras som hotfullt eller otryggt? ❖ Hur upplever socialsekreterare att deras säkerhetsarbete avseende hot och våld fungerar på arbetsplatsen? Studien är kvalitativ och empiri har insamlats via intervjuer från sex socialsekreterare som arbetar på olika socialkontor i Mellansverige. Empirin har tolkats genom innehållsanalys där följande huvudteman framkommit: Beskrivning av säkerhetsarbete, Beskrivning av rutiner samt Beskrivning av respondenternas upplevelser. Empirin har sedan analyserats utifrån tidigare forskning samt teorierna Normalisation Process Theory och KASAM. I resultatet framkommer att de olika socialkontoren som respondenterna företräder arbetar olika med hot och våld. En del respondenter har fått utbildning och har handledning. Det finns rutiner och riktlinjer för hur man ska arbeta förebyggande med hot och våld men även åtgärder efter att någonting har hänt. Några rutiner som ska följas är att larm finns tillgängliga vid klientmöten samt att vid hembesök ska det vara två socialsekreterare. Socialsekreterarna följer inte alltid de rutiner som finns. En orsak till detta är att “hot och våld” uppfattas olika. Det som någon anser är hotfullt kanske någon annan inte uppfattar likadant. / Title: “Threats and violence - A part of the job?” - A description of the social services´ security work with threats and violence. Authors: Tess Hellman and Caroline Ivarsson The purpose of this study is to investigate how a selection of social services works with security issues regarding threats and violence. The main questions are: ❖ Which security work does the social services have regarding threats and violence? ❖ How does social workers work before, during and after a client meeting when there is a fear that the meeting will become threatful or unsafe? ❖ How does social workers experience their safety work at their workplace regarding threats and violence? The study is qualitative and empirical data has been collected through interviews from six social workers that works at various social offices in central Sweden. The empirical data has since been interpreted through a content analysis where the following main themes have emerged: Description of security work, Description of routines and Description of the respondent’s experiences. The empirical data has been analysed based on previous research and the theories Normalization Process Theory and KASAM. The result shows that the various social offices that the respondent´s represent work differently with threats and violence. Some respondents have received education and have guidance. There are routines and guidelines for how to work with prevention with threats and violence, but also intervention after something has happened. Some routines that must be followed are that alarms are available at client meetings and at home visits it must be two social workers. The social workers do not always follow the routines that exist. One reason for this is that “threats and violence” are perceived differently. What someone thinks is threatening may not be threatening to someone else.

[pt] Nas organizações industriais contemporâneas, a competição global e o avanço das tecnologias de informação tornam os produtos e processos cada vez mais semelhantes. O desempenho operacional passa, então, a ser um dos principais mecanismos de diferenciação. Nesse cenário, a área de planejamento e programação da produção ganha um inédito papel estratégico. O presente estudo se propôs a investigar esse novo papel com um olhar centrado nas rotinas organizacionais e nas pessoas que exercem a função. Mais especificamente, a partir de uma abordagem qualitativa e interpretativa, o trabalho utilizou o método fenomenográfico para compreender como os programadores concebem a competência nas suas rotinas organizacionais. A análise das entrevistas identificou três diferentes concepções. A primeira está associada à tarefa de alocação eficiente de recursos e materiais. A segunda vê a programação como um processo de mediação entre as diferentes áreas da empresa. E a terceira atribui ao programador de produção a reponsabilidade de fazer a gestão estratégica da operação. Além disso, foram identificadas seis dimensões do fenômeno que explicam e diferenciam as concepções, são elas: Raciocínio lógico, Conhecimento técnico (do processo produtivo), Conhecimento sistêmico (de outras áreas), Estratégia de negociação, Aspecto manifesto da rotina e Envolvimento com a estratégia corporativa. Os achados sugerem, por fim, que a dimensão estratégica da programação é verificável, em diferentes graus, nas suas rotinas. Além disso, ao revelar a concepção competência como sendo a mediação entre as diferentes áreas da empresa, o estudo traz as estratégias de negociação para o centro do debate sobre a realização competente das rotinas de programação da produção. / [en] In contemporary industrial organizations, global competition and the advancement of information technologies make products and processes increasingly similar. Operational performance then becomes one of the main differentiation mechanisms. In this scenario, the area of production planning and scheduling gains an unprecedented strategic role. The present study aimed to investigate this new role with a focus on the organizational routines and the people who perform them. More specifically, from a qualitative and interpretative approach, this study used phenomenography method to understand how schedulers conceive competence in their organizational routines. The analysis of the interviews identified three different conceptions. The first is associated with the task of efficient allocation of resources and materials. The second sees scheduling as a process of mediation between the different areas of the company. And the third assigns to the production planner the responsibility to do the strategic management of the enterprise operations. In addition, six dimensions of the phenomenon that explain and differentiate the conceptions are identified: Logical reasoning, Technical knowledge (of the productive process), Systemic knowledge (of other areas), Negotiation strategy, Manifested aspect of the routine and Involvement with corporate strategy. The findings suggest that the strategic dimension of scheduling is verifiable, to different degrees, in production planning routines. In addition, by revealing the concept of competence as being the mediation between the different areas of the company, the study brings negotiation strategies to the center of the debate on the competent realization of production planning routines.