L’objectif général de cette thèse est d’étudier l’évolution au cours du vieillissement des processus automatiques et contrôlés, nécessaires à une bonne adaptation cognitive quotidienne. Nous nous intéressons à l’influence de différentes variables cognitives (mémoire de travail, vitesse de traitement et vocabulaire) ainsi qu’aux préférences de routinisation sur l’expression de ce possible effet de l’âge. Des épreuves de fluidités sémantiques simples (Expérience 1) et alternées (Expérience 2 et 3) et des formats simples (Expérience 5a et 6a) et alternés (Expérience 5b et 6b) de la tâche de Hayling ont été réalisés par des adultes jeunes (18-30 ans), âgés (60-74 ans) et très âgés (75 ans et plus). Ces épreuves nous permettent d’étudier le processus automatique à travers la diffusion de l’activation en mémoire sémantique et les processus contrôlés par le biais de l’inhibition et de la flexibilité. L’activité cérébrale associée à l’exécution de fluidités simples et alternées est étudiée chez des participants âgés à l’aide de l’imagerie optique (Expérience 4). Les résultats obtenus sont en faveur d’une réduction avec l’âge de l’efficience des processus contrôlés alors que celle des processus automatiques semble conservée. Des phénomènes de compensation se mettraient en place au cours du vieillissement, s’appuyant sur les processus automatiques et les connaissances accumulées. / The aim of this thesis is to investigate the changes in automatic and controlled processes during aging which are necessary for satisfactory daily cognitive adaptation. The focus is the impact of various cognitive variables (i.e., working memory, speed of processing and vocabulary) and preferences for routines on the expression of this possible age effect. Simple (Experiment 1) and alternating fluency tasks (Experiments 2 and 3) as well as a simple (Experiments 5a and 6a) and alternating version of the Hayling task (Experiments 5b and 6b) were administered to young adults (18-30 years old), older adults (60-74 years old) and older-old adults (75 years old and over). These tasks allowed the study of automatic processes through spreading activation in semantic memory and of controlled processes through inhibition and flexibility. The cerebral activity associated with simple and alternating fluency task execution was investigated in elderly adults with near-infrared spectroscopy (Experiment 4). The results suggest a decrease with age in the efficiency of controlled processes whereas the efficiency of automatic processes seems to be preserved. Thus, compensation based on automatic processes and accumulated knowledge may appear during aging.

En viktig del i det förebyggande arbetet för att bibehålla hälsa, är att förhindra vårdrelaterade infektioner. Särskilt boende för äldre utgör en arena för vård, omsorg och hälsa. Med vårdrelaterade infektioner menas en infektion som uppkommer hos en person i vård eller omsorg till följd av en åtgärd personen erhållit. En central strategi för att bibehålla hälsa och främja folkhälsa är att förebygga infektionssjukdomar i vårdinrättningarna. Faktorer som påverkar personalens följsamhet till hygienrutinerna i kommunal vård och omsorg är resurser, ledning, personal och externa faktorer. Syftet med studien var att beskriva vad vårdhygien på ett särskilt boende för äldre innebar utifrån ett chefsperspektiv. Metoden var en kvalitativ intervjustudie. Sju chefer på särskilt boende intervjuades med semistrukturerade frågor. Resultatet analyserades med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat och huvudfynd i studien visade att chefer inom särskilt boende för äldre var mycket medvetna om att vårdhygien har stor relevans för att minimera och bryta smittspridning. De belyste även behov av att arbeta mer centrerat och strukturerat med den vårdhygieniska frågan. Faktorer som kunskap, lokaler, inställning, attityder samt ekonomi är områden som ibland brister och kunde arbetas mer med. Slutsatsen av denna studie visar att chefer inom särskilt boende för äldre är mycket medvetna om att vårdhygien har stor relevans för att minimera och bryta smittspridning. Det finns även behov av att arbeta mer centrerat och strukturerat med den vårdhygieniska frågan. Svårigheter med det vårdhygieniska arbete kan grunda sig i att förutsättningar som kunskap, lokaler, inställning, attityder och ekonomi ibland brister. / An important part of preventive work to maintain health is to prevent healthcare-associated infections. Nursing home for the elderly is an arena for health and care. Healthcare-associated infections refer to infections among persons in care as an outcome of an action of care. A central strategy for maintaining health and promoting public health is to prevent infectious diseases in the healthcare facilities. Factors that affect the adherence of staff to the hygiene routines in municipal care are resources, management, personnel and external factors. Aim of the study was to describe what infection control in a nursing home for the elderly meant from a managerial perspective. The method was a qualitative interview study. Seven managers for nursing homes were interviewed with semi-structured questions. The result was analyzed with a qualitative content analysis. Results and main findings in the study showed that managers in nursing home for the elderly were very aware of that work with infection control is of great relevance to minimize and break the spread of infection. They also highlighted needs such as working more centrally and structured with infection control and hygiene issues. Factors such as knowledge, premises, attitude, and finances sometimes fail and could be more elaborated in work. The conclusion of this study shows that managers in special housing for the elderly are very aware that health care is of great relevance to minimize and break the spread of infection. There is also a need to work more centrally and structured with the health-hygienic issue. Identified difficulties with the health-hygienic work since conditions such as knowledge, premises, attitudes, attitudes and finances sometimes fail.

Bakgrund: Vårdandets mål är att lindra eller förhindra lidande. Barn som vistas på sjukhus utsätts många gånger för onödigt lidande. Som barnsjuksköterska har man en viktig roll i mötet med barnet, där barnets perspektiv alltid ska vara i fokus. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att belysa barnsjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att bedöma smärta hos barn i åldern två till sju år. Metod: Semistrukturerade intervjuer med 8 barnsjuksköterskor vid en barnklinik i norra Sverige. Materialet analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Resultatet visade på ett ökat behov av utbildning och tydligare rutiner/riktlinjer. Samtliga barnsjuksköterskor ansågs använda den kliniska blicken i bedömningen av barnets smärta dock var det få som skattade smärta enligt smärtskattningsskala. Slusats: Mer utbildning efterfrågas om barn och smärta, samt i vilken omfattning smärtskattningsinstrument bör användas. / Background: The aim of the caregiver is to alleviate or prevent suffering. Children who are hospitalized are often subjected to unnecessary suffering. As a child nurse, one has an important role in the meeting with the child, where the child's perspective should always be in focus. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to highlight the nurses' experiences of assessing pain in children aged two to seven years. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 8 child nurses’ at a children's clinic in the north of Sweden. The material was analyzed with qualitative content analysis. Results: The result showed an increased need for education and clearer routines / guidelines. All child nurses were considered to use the clinical look in the assessment of the child's pain, however, there were few who estimated pain according to the pain estimation scale. Conclusion: More education is required about children and pain, and to what extent pain assessment instruments should be used / <p>Betyg E, 190603.</p>

<p>Background: Society of today is characterised by greater dynamics and a constant demand for innovation and fresh ideas. This development is often named "the new economy" or "the knowledge society". Independent of how one chooses to name this society, most individuals seem to agree upon the fact that knowledge grows more and more important. New competencies, such as new knowledge and new forms of organising, will be demanded for corporations to be successful in the future. In recent years it has become more common with corporations based on projects. In this context it is interesting to discuss the spread of knowledge. </p><p>Purpose: We aim at create understanding for the spread of knowledge, through focusing on corporate culture, organisational routines, and processes of knowledge transfer in corporation based on projects. </p><p>Realisation: This paper is based on a study of two IT-companies, Cell Network and Framfab. The empirical material, chiefly collected through interviews, has been analysed with starting-point in the frame of references. </p><p>Conclusions: We came to the conclusion that corporate culture, organisational routines, and processes of knowledge transfer, studied separately is not enough to explain the spread of knowledge. Instead the three variables co-operate. Corporate culture cerates common values, organisational routines guide behaviour, and the processes of knowledge transfer results in the actual spread of knowledge.</p>

Background: Society of today is characterised by greater dynamics and a constant demand for innovation and fresh ideas. This development is often named "the new economy" or "the knowledge society". Independent of how one chooses to name this society, most individuals seem to agree upon the fact that knowledge grows more and more important. New competencies, such as new knowledge and new forms of organising, will be demanded for corporations to be successful in the future. In recent years it has become more common with corporations based on projects. In this context it is interesting to discuss the spread of knowledge. Purpose: We aim at create understanding for the spread of knowledge, through focusing on corporate culture, organisational routines, and processes of knowledge transfer in corporation based on projects. Realisation: This paper is based on a study of two IT-companies, Cell Network and Framfab. The empirical material, chiefly collected through interviews, has been analysed with starting-point in the frame of references. Conclusions: We came to the conclusion that corporate culture, organisational routines, and processes of knowledge transfer, studied separately is not enough to explain the spread of knowledge. Instead the three variables co-operate. Corporate culture cerates common values, organisational routines guide behaviour, and the processes of knowledge transfer results in the actual spread of knowledge.

The aim of this dissertation is to improve knowledge of how organizations adapt to their dynamic environments, by developing a detailed understanding of the configuration and evolution of organizational replicators. Among open questions in the literature on organizational adaptation, I have explored the following: How can the structure of organizational replicators and the nature of their components be realistically described? How do different organizational replicators interact with each other at different levels within and across organizational boundaries? How do replicators evolve? Why do firms need dynamic capabilities? I’ve addressed these questions by means of an embedded, longitudinal field study of Alessi, an Italian firm founded in 1921, active in the development and production of hundreds of design household products. Data analysis has been carried out in two steps. First, a longitudinal analysis of available primary and archival data has provided an in-depth understanding of the composite nature of organizational replicators, their mutual relationships, their evolution, their outcome stability. Second, a more structured investigation relying on Optimal Matching Analysis allowed to reliably develop an understanding of replicators complexity and of the mechanisms behind their evolution. There are four key findings. First, replicators are not simply behavioral entities—routines in the “narrow sense”. Reliable performance of a capability requires additional elements of physical, intellectual and social capital, which are essential components of replicators (or “Replication Base—RB”, as I suggest to label these more articulated organizational traits). Second, interactions among components of Replication Bases at different levels within and outside the organization suggest a more articulated perspective on how organizational knowledge develops. Components of Replication Bases are often located at different positions within the organization. Over time, knowledge of a particular organizational process takes different forms across the organizational hierarchy. What is local search at one level of analysis, gradually becomes sophisticated foresight at different, typically higher, levels. Third, over time Replication Bases evolve by means of a complex interplay between random mutations and intentional interventions, supported by articulated learning processes. Finally, development of higher-level replicators is not the ultimate answer to the challenge of adaptation. Rather, it allows managers to focus their intentional interventions to the higher-level problems posed by the dynamism of competitive environments. Part of this liberated managerial attention and resources are focused on the crucial, non-routine task of understanding how the organization’s idiosyncratic attributes affect its prospects in the specific competitive context. Taken together, these findings outline the microfoundations of a framework for interpreting organizational adaptation.

Brytpunkter innebär skiften mellan olika sysselsättningar och områden på utbildnings- och arbetsmarknaden. För att hantera en brytpunkt använder individen olika rutiner. Syftet med studien är att studera sex kvinnors berättelser om brytpunkter och rutiner i karriären. Sex semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts. Vid bearbetningen och analysen av kvinnornas berättelser har en hermeneutiskt ansats använts. Resultatet visar att de sex kvinnorna har upplevt ett flertal brytpunkter i sina karriärer samt att de har använt olika rutiner för att hantera dessa brytpunkter. De flesta brytpunkter är svåra att klassificera som frivilliga eller påtvingade, samt svåra att skilja från rutiner och tidigare brytpunkter. En slutsats blir att karriär kan beskrivas som en livslång process av brytpunkter och rutiner. / Turning points involves shifts between different occupations and areas of education and labor. The individual processes turning points using various routines. The purpose of this study is to examine six women's stories of turning points and routines in their careers. Six semi structured interviews were conducted. A hermeneutic approach has been used in processing and analyzing the stories. The results show that the six women have experienced several turning points in their career and that they have used several different routines to deal with these turning points. Most turning points have been difficult to classify as self-initiated or forced, as well as difficult to distinguish from routines and previous turning points. One conclusion is that career can be described as a lifelong process of turning points and routines.

Enligt Socialstyrelsen (2011) avlider cirka 1 500 människor årligen i Sverige på grund av vårdrelaterade infektioner. Den viktigaste åtgärden för att förebygga vårdrelaterade infektioner är att arbeta utifrån basala hygienrutiner (Socialstyrelsen, 2006). Det är idag oklart hur följsamheten till basala hygienrutiner ser ut inom primärvården i Sverige och bland distriktssköterskor. Syftet med studien var att undersöka distriktssköterskors följsamhet till basala hygienrutiner inom primärvården. Studien var baserad på strukturerade observationer och en enkät. Observationerna utfördes av distriktssköterskestudenter och genomfördes vid nio vårdcentraler i Uppsala. Observationsstudien visade att distriktssköterskorna hade god följsamhet till rådande hygienrutiner gällande klädregler, att hålla långt hår uppfäst och fingernaglar kortklippta samt till att inte använda färgat nagellack, lösnaglar och att inte bära ring. Det finns behov av förbättring av distriktssköterskornas följsamhet till handdesinfektion, att inte bära armbandsur samt korrekt användning av handskar och skyddskläder. Enkätstudien visade att distriktssköterskor inte har tillräckliga kunskaper om basala hygienrutiner. Det finns behov av förbättring inom den enskilda distriktssköterskans hygienarbete och inom arbetsgivarnas ansvarsområden gällande hygien. För att distriktssköterskan skall kunna arbeta med att förebygga smittspridning, behövs uppdaterade kunskaper och mer utbildning inom området. Arbetet med hygien bör lyftas fram och uppmuntras inom primärvården, i större utsträckning än vad som görs idag. / Approximately 1500 people dies, every year in Sweden, as a result of healthcare associated infections (Socialstyrelsen, 2011). The most important action for preventing healthcare associated infections is compliance to hygiene routines (Socialstyrelsen, 2006). Today there is scarce knowledge about the compliance to hygiene routines within the area of primary healthcare and among district nurses in Sweden. This study aimed to examine the compliance to hygiene routines among district nurses in primary healthcare. Data was collected through observations and a questionnaire. The observations were carried out by nurses currently studying to become district nurses and were implemented on nine primary healthcare centers in Uppsala. The study showed that the district nurses had good compliance to the prevailing hygiene regulations concerning, clothing, hair, finger nails and to not carrying fingerings. There are however needs of improvement in the district nurses compliance to handdesinfection, not carrying wristwatches and correct use of gloves and protective aprons. Data from the questionnaire shows that district nurses don’t have sufficient knowledge about basic hygiene routines. There are needs of improvement within the individual district nurse's hygiene work and within the employers' area of responsibility concerning hygiene. In order to making it possible for the district nurse to work with preventing transmission of infectious diseases, more education within the area is needed. The work with hygiene routines should be encouraged within primary healthcare, in a bigger extent than its done today.

Persistent lack of mathematics achievement and disparity in achievement has led to the publication of research findings related to equitable teaching practices. Although the publication of such research provides insights about approaches for potentially increasing equity in mathematics education, teachers must be able to apply what has been learned from these studies to their classroom teaching practices. Despite the widespread expectation that teachers use research-supported teaching strategies to meet the needs of their diverse classrooms, the research to practice gap persists. Little research is currently available to guide mathematics teacher educators in how to prepare future teachers to apply research to teaching practices. Inspired by advancements in social work and other health-related fields, this study departed from the standard approach of preparing teachers to utilize specific, research- based teaching strategies to preparing teachers to engage in the meta-process of applying research to practice. This meta-process has been defined by the health-related disciplines as the process of evidence-based practice (EBP). This process is explicated in a conceptual framework that is composed of the following five steps. The practitioner (1) formulates an answerable practice question, (2) searches for the best research evidence, (3) critically appraises the evidence, (4) selects the best intervention for a specific practice context, and (5) evaluates the outcome of the intervention. The purpose of this study was to examine the process of preparing preservice elementary teachers of mathematics to engage in the five-step process of EBP. Because this process, which can be conceptualized as a routine of practice, has not been identified for the field of mathematics education previously, it was examined using a design-based research (DBR) methodological approach. There were two objectives to the study: (1) to create an empirically tested teaching intervention that mathematics teacher educators can use to prepare preservice teachers to apply research to teaching practice and (2) to create a system of assessment that supports the teaching of this intervention. The study involved five iterations of the DBR process that permited the intervention to be evaluated and revised after each iteration. Although each iteration is discussed, this study focuses primarily on the process used in the fifth iteration of the DBR process. This iteration took place in the context of a mathematics methods course in a clinically-rich, undergraduate residency program for initial preparation of elementary school teachers. The twelve participants were simultaneously enrolled in the methods course and embedded in co-teaching assignments at an elementary school. The intervention to prepare teachers to engage in EBP included two workshops that were co-facilitated by an education librarian and a mathematics teacher educator and a semester-long Education Research Project. The project required participants to identify a problem of practice related to teaching or learning mathematics, find relevant research to address that problem, create an intervention to apply the research findings to classroom instruction, implement that intervention, and collect data to evaluate the effectiveness of the designed intervention. Instruments used to collect data included: (1) a self-report Information Literacy Questionnaire, (2) a self-report Familiarity with the Process of Evidence-Based Practice in Education Scale, (3) the Education Research Project report, and (4) a standardized performance assessment. The standardized performance assessment was used to assess beginning proficiency with the process of EBP. Generalizeability theory was used to evaluate the reliability of the system created for the standardized performance assessment. The system that included three raters, two tasks, and two scoring occasions was found to be fairly reliable (absolute generalizability coefficient = .81). Results from this study revealed that participants were more successful at creating implementation plans and linking those plans to research than they were at modifying their plans to meet the needs of specific students or evaluating their research implementation. This study contributes to both research and mathematics education communities' understandings about the potential of EBP as a high-leverage routine of practice and the use of generalizability theory in the creation of a reliable assessment to evaluate this routine of practice. This study documents the complexity of the process of linking research to practice and provides an empirically tested conceptual framework for preparing preservice teachers to engage in this complex practice.

År 2014 blev komponentavskrivning ett krav för alla bolag som följer K3-regelverket och har materiella anläggningstillgångar med komponenter av betydande värde. K3 är ett principbaserat regelverk vilket innebär att företagen behöver göra sin egen tolkning för hur det ska tillämpas. Den nya redovisningsförändringen innebär att organisationerna måste anpassa deras nuvarande regler och rutiner efter det nya regelverket.Syftet med denna uppsats är att skapa ökad förståelse för förändringsprocessen vid införande av en ny redovisningsstandard och att bidra med större medvetenhet kring dess komplexitet. För att uppnå syftet så användes i studien en kvalitativ metod där det genomfördes sex semi-strukturerade intervjuer. Intervjuerna genomfördes med kommunala fastighetsbolag i Västra Götalands län som alla nyligen infört komponentavskrivning. Den insamlande empirin analyserades sedan med en egenkonstruerad analysmodell med utgångspunkt från tidiga institutionella ekonomin. Genom analysen av den insamlade empirin skapades en ökad förståelse för hur interna regler och rutiner utvecklats i och med införandet av komponentavskrivning.Studien visar att utvecklingen av interna regler och rutiner är en lång process när det saknas vägledning. Motstånd på grund av osäkerhet är en stor bidragande faktor till fördröjningen av införandet. Organisationen behöver vid införandet av en ny redovisningsstandard göra en egen bedömning av vad regeln innebär och hur de ska tillämpa den. Vidare framkom i studien att externa och interna faktorer har stor påverkan på formandet av den interna regeln. / In 2014 component depreciation became a requirement for all who follow the K3 regulatory and have tangible assets with components of significant value. K3 is a principles-based regulatory, which means that companies need to make their own interpretation of how it should be applied. The new accounting change means that organizations must adapt their current rules and routines for the new regulations.The purpose of this paper is to increase understanding of the process of change with the introduction of a new accounting standard and to bring greater awareness of its complexity. To achieve the purpose of the study a qualitative method were used and six semi-structured interviews were conducted. The interviews were conducted with municipal property companies in Västra Götaland county who all recently introduced component depreciation. The collected empirical data were then analyzed with a self-constructed analysis model based of the old institutional economics. Through the analysis of the collected empirical data a greater understanding were created of how internal rules and routines evolved with the introduction of component depreciation.The study shows that the development of internal rules and routines is a long process in the absence of guidance. Resistance due to uncertainty is a major contributing factor to the delay of the introduction. At the introduction of a new accounting standard the organization need to make their own assessment of what the rule means and how to apply it. It also emerged in the study that external and internal factors have great influence on the formation of the internal rule.