Sweden has been criticized from the United Nations as well as from the European Union for not putting enough effort into discouraging ethnic discrimination on the labour market. At the same time discrimination can be problematic while it’s a personal experience that is to be judged by criterions of the law. This seems to be a particular problem in cases of harassments. The purpose of this study is therefore to examine the national labour law of ethnic discrimination in terms of harassments due to ethnicity. Aiming at creating a more interesting study, the Critical race theory is used to analyze legal judgements from the labour court. By using the legal dogmatic method relevant laws, prepatory works and legal judgements are carefully analyzed in order to answer the research questions of the essay. The results of the study points out a special problem when work places are influenced by a rough jargon. This while the consequences are that harassed workers seems to get problems explaining their feelings of being insulted. A rough jargon also makes it harder for both employers and employees who insults others to get awareness and insight about occurrence of eventual harassments. The Swedish labour court tend to judge cases of harassments due to ethnicity restrictive, which results in an inability to respect the exposed employee’s experience. The way of using the burden of proof in these cases is also shown to be handled in a classic way by the labour court. The restrictive judgements and the way of using the burden of proof can be criticized, especially from a critical race point of view, since the consequence is a difficulty for ethnic discriminated employees to win approval in the labour court. Taken together it appears as the Swedish labour court is a part of the structural ethnic discrimination in the working life of Sweden.

The recruitment processes include evaluation of candidates’ qualifications where the employers got the opportunity to base their recruitment decisions on personal suitability. Although the personal suitability often is used in recruitment decisions there is a lack of legal definition of what is comprised within the term personal suitability. However, there are legal regulations such as the prohibition of discrimination and demands of objective reasons in the public sector that restricts employers’ disposal of the personal suitability. This study aims to define the extent to which the concept can be used without being in conflict with the legal regulations entries that restrict the free admission for employers in the public sector. This is followed by the goal of increasing awareness by trying to identify the risks that is associated with the term and how they can be understood from a perspective of diversity in the labour market. The method used for this study is legal dogmatic with its' purpose to examine how the restrictions stands in relation to the use of the personal suitability in court cases. The result demonstrates that employers must be able to set the personal suitability in relation to the qualifications required for the requested position to prove that there is no violation with neither the prohibition of discrimination or the public requirement of objective grounds. The court cases also showed that despite the guidelines evolved through practice is still not completely uniform because each unique situation affects the legal assessment. The risks identified is that the use of personal suitability could possibly mean that discrimination becomes invisible because of possible underlying factors that will determine conclusions the employers makes to found their recruitment decision. With that realization also the problems highlighted for further studies are to in a more comprehensive study examining norms closely based on either the gender or intersectional perspective to gain a deeper understanding of how the use of the personal suitability may lead to consequences for the working populations’ opportunities in the labour market.

This bachelor thesis examine how the early hip-hop music mirrors the society in the US ghettos in the 80s and 90s in order to explore how the artists' individual experiences take the expression in artistic form of coherent discourse on public issues. It uses structural textual analysis thatencode and analyze lyrics from ten hip-hop songs. The material was studied with the help of Elias and Scotsons theories established and outsiders, Bourdieu's capital types, field and habitus, and postcolonial theory that Eriksson, Eriksson Baaz and Thorn highlights in there book GlobaliseringensKulturer. The survey shows that the songs we analyzed tells of similar problems, which we divided into five themes: crime, poverty, ideals, discrimination and depression. In this way, we concluded that there are common patterns in the songs we chose. In conclusion, the study shows that the analyzed songs express the artists’, both individual problems such as depression, poverty, criminality in an artistic form. But also other issues such as discrimination and racism in a larger level. / Den här studien undersöker hur tidig hiphop speglar samhället i USAs förorter på 80- och 90 talet i syfte att utforska hur artisternas individuella upplevelser tar sig utryck i konstnärlig form i sammanhängande diskurser om allmänna samhällsproblem.    Metoden består utav strukturalistisk textanalys, där texter från hiphopmusik kodas och analyseras. Teorier som använts består utav Elias och Scotsons teorier kring etablerade och outsiders, Bourdieus kapital typer, fält och habitus samt postkolonial teori som Eriksson, Eriksson Baaz och Thörn behandlar i Globaliseringens Kulturer. Undersökningen visar att artisterna berättar om liknade problem och teman i sina låtar som beskrivs efter: kriminalitet, fattigdom, ideal, diskriminering och depression. Slutsatserna som studien drar består av hur låttexterna blir utryck i konstnärlig from sådant som artisternas individuella problem som depression, fattigdom, kriminalitet samt tar upp saker som diskriminering och rasism på ett större makro nivå.

No description available.

The object of this master´s thesis is to investigate how the Swedish person literary society movement acts. The Swedish history contains the well-known popular movements with their 19:th century roots. Today, some of them have turned into factors of power. Does the literary society movement have the chance to take over as such en established popular movement? What is their entire aim? My hypothesis is that the person literary societies bring the literature forward through collective memory making. As a theoretical background, I studied research upon literary tourism and collective memory. Heroic worship and person adoration often have been considered naive from a scientific point of view. For my field survey, I interviewed members of societies associated with Ester Ringnér-Lundgren, Carl Johan Love Almqvist, Carl Michael Bellman, Birger Sjöberg and Per Anders Fogelström. I found out that the person literary society movement might be a factor of power in creating discourses from different aspects of their respective authors. The Bellman society aspires to change people´s opinions upon Bellman, while the other ones principally want to make their authors visible. The person literary societies exist in an intermediate position between the academic comparative literature and the biographical. Their other main tasks are publishing, socializing and being responsible for places related to their authors. Foucault´s notion heterotopia (a place between reality and utopia) is applicable to the experience of participating in a person literary society meeting, according to my investigation. The person literary societies also create and maintain les Lieux de Mémoire. According to Nora, this notion signifies turning points where history meets memory. From one of my informants, I perceived a tension between the traditional popular movement society and the computer age. The relationship towards social media and internet differs among the person literary societies in my study. A possible explanation might be the average age of thier members. The society of the youth novelist Ringnér-Lundgren measures an average age of 50, while the other ones mostly consist of people reaching their retirement age. The Fogelström society stands out in attracting immigrants and in working towards the public. Taking part in the Book and Library Fair is the most common collaboration between the societies and the ALM sector. This is a two years master´s thesis in Archive, Library and Museum studies.

Denna studie undersöker identitetskonstruktionen gällande den arbetande föräldern inom kommunal verksamhet. Studien syftar till att diskursivt belysa identitetskonstruktionen med en teoretisk utgångspunkt inom kritisk diskursanalys (CDA) enligt Fairclough. Den metodologiska utgångspunkten är Faircloughs tredimensionella modell där de tre dimensionerna är bestående av text, diskursiv praktik och social praktik. Dessa tre är enskilt sammankopplade till tre frågeställningar underliggande det övergripande syftet. Det empiriska materialet är bestående av tio semistrukturerade intervjuer av kommunalarbetande föräldrar inom barn och utbildningsförvaltningen i Eskilstuna kommun samt tre av Eskilstuna kommuns policydokument. Studiens resultat synliggör hur den diskursiva praktiken berörande den kommunalarbetande förälderns identitetskonstruktion är bestående av den kommunala medarbetarskapsdiskursen samt föräldraskapsdiskursens samverkan. Dessa inkluderar tillskrivna normativa förväntningar samt ett individuellt ansvar som produceras av individen själv, individens familj samt institutionen bestående av den kommunala verksamheten. Den arbetande förälderns identitet inom kommunal verksamhet placeras även till en kontext kännetecknat av det senmoderna samhället där det egna ansvaret samt reflexivitet i form av anpassning betonas. Den arbetande förälderns identitet inom kommunal verksamhet är i ständig förändring och sker i allt snabbare takt där den arbetande föräldern själv är ansvarig för att eftersträva de rådande normativa förväntningarna.

Formkrav i svensk avtalsrätt innebär bl.a. att vissa avtal måste tecknas i skriftlig form och att de ska undertecknas på papper. I och med digitaliseringen har dock elektroniska medel för ingående av avtal blivit mer och mer av en norm. Smart Contracts är avtal som med tekniska medel syftar till automatisera parternas avtalsprestationer och därmed göra det säkrare för parter att ingå avtal. Detta arbete syftar därmed till att utvärdera huruvida användandet av avtal som ingås via den tekniska företeelsen Smart Contracts kan ersätta användandet av formalavtal.

Reglerna vid tvångslikvidation innebär att styrelsen vid misstanke om kritisk kapitalbrist ska upprätta en kontrollbalansräkning. Uppvisar kontrollbalansräkningen en faktisk kapitalbrist ska en kontrollstämma hållas för att besluta om kapitalbristen ska läkas eller låta bolaget träda i likvidation. Underlåter styrelsen att upprätta en kontrollbalansräkning kan ett personligt betalningsansvar utdömas för styrelseledamöterna. Underlåtenheten omfattar även om styrelseledamöterna tror att de har upprättat en kontrollbalansräkning men den visar sig vara missvisande. Kontrollbalansräkningen kan i sådant fall anses vara felaktig, vilket i resulterar i att den inte är upprättad. Ett personligt betalningsansvar kan även aktualiseras för andra bolagsföreträdare förutsatt att de har vetskap om styrelsens underlåtenhet. Vid avvikelse från reglerna i 25 kap. ABL kan även ett skadeståndsansvar enligt 29 kap. ABL bli aktuellt. När borgenären åberopar personligt betalningsansvar, åligger det den att visa faktisk kapitalbrist samt en ansvarsgrund i 25 kap. ABL. Bolagsföreträdaren kan undkomma det personliga betalningsansvaret om den kan visa att ingen försumlighet har förelegat. Det finns således möjlighet att exculpera sig från ansvaret enligt 25 kap. ABL, medan någon motsvarande exculperingsregel inte finns för skadeståndsansvaret enligt 29 kap. ABL. Trots att grunder för exculpering existerar, tycks restriktivitet råda för bolagsföreträdaren att kunna exculpera sig från det personliga betalningsansvaret. HD har i NJA 2012 s. 858 lämnat vägledning angående försumlighetsprövningen i 25 kap. ABL. Avgörandet har även kommenterats av Stefan Lindskog och Håkan Andersson, varpå de har diskuterat hur försumlighetsprövningen ska bedömas. Upprättandet av en kontrollbalansräkning är till stor del en värderingsfråga beroende av redovisningsrättsliga normer, vilka inbegriper ett utrymme för alternativa lösningar. Konsekvenserna, av en diskutabel försumlighetsprövning och en värderingsproblematik, är att rättsläget för såväl ansvarsfrågan som exculperingsfrågan är svårbedömda.

No description available.

The aim of the paper is (i) to analyze the role of third parties in the VAT collection and remittance, and in the compliance with the VAT legislation according to the OECD; and (ii) to identify and compare concrete measures implemented by different jurisdictions on this subject with a focus in invoicing service providers and online marketplaces. The study is divided into two main parts. In the first part, the author reviews the OECD’s literature on the role of third parties in the VAT collection and remittance, and in the compliance with the VAT legislation. In the second part, the author compares measures taken by some countries regarding the role of third parties in the VAT compliance chain with a focus on invoicing service providers and marketplaces. In the first part of the research, the author concludes that the role of third-parties in the VAT compliance is expanded in each of the OECD’s publications and suggests additional research on the role of payment processors in the VAT compliance chain. In the second part of the research, the author concludes that regulations and liabilities involving invoicing service providers differ considerably according to different jurisdictions and suggests the adoption of international standards to ensure VAT compliance in a worldwide scale. When it comes to marketplaces, the author concludes that there is a trend for the adoption of the deemed supply approach (as such or as a penalty), although there are discordant points about the grounds which marketplaces are held liable for the VAT due in underlying transactions.