This thesis builds on the fields of Participatory Design and Service Design to develop an inquiry into future repair practices: what they could be, how they might be encouraged and what would be their relations with public policies. It presents the concept of a municipal scheme promoting a better use of old electrical and electronic items through the creation of dedicated spaces where items can be repaired, sold or recycled and the granting of credit to be spent on repair services. Through this concept, this thesis presents a reflection on how technological infrastructures, policy instruments and local actors could be combined to encourage new practices. It therefore contributes to the research on Interaction Design and sustainability by arguing that the field can embrace a transdisciplinary perspective to design both infrastructure changes and their technological mediations.

The aviation industry has some tough years behind it due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the emergence of low cost carriers. In the competition of retaining and attracting passengers, the importance of the passenger's airport experience has been discovered. This thesis investigates how digitalising of airports can lead to an enhanced airport experience for passengers. With the use of a digital transformation model and the field of service design a research design of four phases has been assembled. Through in-depth interviews, participation in a vision seminar and shadowing of passengers, the current state of digitalisation at airports has been assessed and goals for a future digital airport has been defined. This laid the foundation for the developed vision for future digital airports presented in this thesis. The results indicated that digitalisation can have a great impact on passengers' airport experience if properly designed. In fact, simply digitising is not enough, the airports must undergo a digital transformation to reach the full potential of digitalisation. The digital maturity of passengers is also found as a key point to successfully change the way airports operate.

[pt] Esta tese investiga a contribuição do design para a inovação social dos serviços públicos de atenção primária à saúde. Para tanto, a tese foi organizada em três etapas (1) pesquisa em dados secundários sobre os campos do saber do design, dos serviços e do design de serviços; (2) observação participante em um projeto de pesquisa da Lancaster University, chamado Design in Practice, no qual foi possível identificar as abordagens utilizadas pelos designers de serviços voltados à criação de novos serviços de saúde para o Sistema de Saúde Público Inglês (NHS); (3) pesquisa-ação para avaliar o potencial do método, pela criação de um novo serviço de atenção à saúde, no contexto brasileiro, voltado aos portadores de diabetes tipo II. Esta foi conduzida na Unidade Básica de Saúde (UBS) Vila Gaúcha, na cidade de Porto Alegre, a partir da aplicação da abordagem projetual centrada na experiência dos usuários. Nessa etapa, foi possível fazer uma intervenção de design de serviços, criar um novo serviço de atenção de saúde aos portadores de diabetes tipo II e avaliar os resultados alcançados pelo novo serviço. Os resultados encontrados sugerem que a competência em design pode contribuir de diferentes maneiras para criação de serviços de atenção básica à saúde, a saber: (1) pela interpretação do valor e do significado do serviço para os diferentes atores envolvidos no seu uso; (2) pela tradução desse conhecimento em uma linguagem visual compreensível a todos, possibilitando a (co)criação de uma solução; (3) pela configuração do conceito do serviço, contribuindo para a construção de um argumento persuasivo sobre como as pessoas devem agir em uma determinada situação; (4) pela inclusão das pessoas, cujo comportamento precisa ser afetado, no processo de (co)criação desse argumento, favorecendo o surgimento de uma inovação social. Por fim, a tese apresenta uma proposta de método design de serviços para aqueles que têm por foco uma inovação social. / [en] This thesis investigates the design discipline contribution on primary care health services social innovation. To this end, the thesis has been divided in three stages: (1) desk research about design, service and service design disciplines; (2) participant observational research in Design in Practice research project at Lancaster University, where it was possible to identify the service designers approaches to create new services for British National Health System (NHS); (3) an action research to evaluate the potential of service design method by creating a new primary care health service for patients with type II diabetes, in the Brazilian context. This design project was conducted at Vila Gaucha Basic Health Unit, at Porto Alegre city, by using experience based design approach. At this stage, it was possible to make a service design intervention; to create a new primary care health service for patients with diabetes type II and to evaluate the results reached by this new service. The results shows that the design competence could contribute in different ways for the creation of new primary care health services: (1) by interpreting service value and meaning for different actors involved in its use; and (2) by translating this knowledge into a visual language understandable to all, allowing the co-creation of solution; (3) by configurating services concepts, it building a persuasive argument about how people should act in a certain situation; and (4) by including these people, whose behaviour needs to be affected, in the argument co-creation process, design makes more favourable the emergence of a social innovation. As a result of this investigation, this thesis proposes a method for designing services that focus on social innovation.

People play games now more than ever before. While the digital gaming industry dominates the market, boardgaming has been living in its shadow. Board games offer a physical tangibility and a social experience that can be found in few digital games.How do we create a tool that further builds upon those strengths?The purpose of this study is to examine the possibility of developing a service that consists of an mobile application and board game events to promote social face-to-face interaction. Focus has been on the social face-to-face interaction in the context of a board game session. We have through the use of service prototyping and low-fi prototypes created a small-scale context in which we have conducted our research in.This study has been conducted with the use of observations of board game events and with the use of low-fi prototypes.The thesis treats theories and methods that have been used throughout this project.We can also find the documentation of our research data, read about the following design process of creating the service and results of usertesting.Finally in the conclusion we present the results of our research, our final design and suggestions on further development.Keywords:

Design är ett mångfacetterat område som handlar om att medvetet forma vår omgivning till det bättre. Det är ett strategiskt verktyg för att identifiera och lösa problem med människor som utgångspunkt. Tjänstedesign är en tvärvetenskaplig disciplin vars metodik främjar utforskandet av verkliga behov genom att aktivt involvera människor i samskapande. Metodiken strävar efter att identifiera och adressera de rätta problemen för att designa attraktiva produkter och tjänster. Detta examensarbete har utförts i syfte att introducera tjänstedesign till en kommunikations- byrå med målet att undersöka och förmedla värdet metodiken kan tillföra genom att tillämpa de kunskaper vi erhållit från vår utbildning i teknisk design vid Luleå tekniska universitet. För att förverkliga vårt mål har vi utgått från en designtänkandeprocess i fem faser: empatisera, definiera, idégenerera, prototypa och testa. Varje fas inkluderade centrala metoder inom både teknisk design och tjänstedesign, såsom intervju, fokusgrupp och observation, för att utforska och förstå intressenterna i den rätta kontexten. Den insamlade informationen definierades till behov och nyckelinsikter med metoder som personas, Service Blueprint och Developing Key Insights. Nyckelinsikterna resulterade i att öka designmedvetenheten och främja samskapande både inom byrån och gentemot deras kunder. Vi anordnade därtill workshops för kreativt skapande vilket resulterade i idéer som iterativt testades och justerades baserat på användarnas feedback. Denna process möjliggjorde designandet av ‘En guide till tjänstedesign.’ ‘En guide till tjänstedesign’ är en interaktiv prototyp bestående av två delar: den ena fokuserar på förhållningssätt inom tjänstedesign medan den andra vägleder användaren genom en designprocess. Förhållningssätten innehåller teoretiska aspekter av tjänstedesign, värdeskapande, människor i centrum, verkliga behov, samskapande, visuell kommunikation, helhetsupplevelsen och en iterativ process. Dessa teorier syftar till att introducera användaren till området. Processguiden vägleder i sin tur användaren genom designprocessen med hjälp av sex utvalda faser; planera, empatisera, definiera, skapa idéer, utveckla och leverera. Varje fas demonstrerar hur det praktiska genomförandet kan gå till genom aktiviteter, metoder samt tips och trix. Genom att kombinera teoretiska aspekter med konkreta exempel ger guiden användaren möjlighet att effektivt genomföra och tillämpa tjänstedesignmetodiken i verkliga projekt. / Design is a multifaceted field that involves intentionally shaping our environment for the better. It is a strategic tool for identifying and solving problems with humans at its core. Service Design is an interdisciplinary discipline whose methodology promotes the exploration of real needs by actively involving people in co-creation. The methodology aims to identify and address the right problems to design attractive products and services. This thesis was carried out to introduce Service Design to a communication agency with the goal to explore and convey the value of the methodology; by applying the knowledge we have gained from our education in Industrial Design Engineering at Luleå University of Technology. To achieve our goal, we followed a Design Thinking process in five phases: empathize, define, ideate, prototype, and testing. Each phase included key methods from both Industrial Design Engineering and Service Design, such as interviews, focus groups, and observations, to explore and understand our stakeholders in the right context. The collected information was defined into user needs and key insights using methods like Personas, Service Blueprint, and Developing Key Insights. The key insights resulted in increasing design awareness and promoting co-creation both within the agency and with their clients. Additionally, we organized workshops for creative creation, which resulted in ideas that were iteratively tested and adjusted based on user feedback. This process enabled the design of ‘A Guide to Service Design.’ ‘A Guide to Service Design’ is an interactive prototype consisting of two parts: one focusing on service design approaches and the other guiding the user through a design process. The approaches cover theoretical aspects of Service Design, Value Creation, Human-centeredness, Real Needs, Collaborative, Visual Communication, Holistic Experience, and An Iterative Process. These theories aim to introduce the user to the field. The process guide, in turn, leads the user through the design process with the help of six selected phases: plan, empathize, define, ideate, develop, and deliver. Each phase demonstrates how practical implementation can be carried out through activities, methods, tips and tricks. By combining theoretical aspects with concrete examples, the guide enables the user to effectively execute and apply the Service Design methodology in real projects.

Manufacturing support services, operating as call centres, are one of the fastest growing and preferred means of service delivery in today's ever-changing manufacturing environment. The call centre has a significant potential to provide support to manufacturing organizations with business intelligence captured during contacts with customers. Research has shown that affective commitment is of particular significance in the workplace since this has been found to have the greatest impact on individuals performance, on-work behaviour and ultimately organisational effectiveness (Porter, Steers & Boulian 1974, Sung 2007, Shum 2008, Herscovitch 2002, Gong 2009). Meyer and Allen (1991) define affective commitment as a measure of the employee's emotional attachment to the organisation, the strength of identification with the goals of the organisation and strength of commitment to its success and continuous improvement. However, call centres are mechanistic structure models represented by close monitoring of words, stressful working loads, emotional exhaustion and burnout, and minor empowerment of employees. As a result employees lack affective commitment which detrimentally influences the service quality and has consequences such as high employee turnover and low customer satisfaction. Mechanistic structures are inward oriented structures that must be shielded from the environment but call centres are outward-facing entities. This firmly implies that call centres must be given a certain form of organic structure that will stimulate affective commitment building among employees and improve work conditions. This study aims to identify that by the implementation of an organic structure, through a systems engineering approach, to the design of manufacturing support services, the affective commitment of front-line employees will significantly increase, and due to that significant, but often counter-intuitive, benefits can be created. Conducted on a multiple-case design, three organisations were selected in this research study to collect both qualitative and quantitative data. Results were analysed for each case individually before it was analysed on inter-case basis. This has been done to show differences and similarities in patterns of data across the case studies. Results from the research show that structuring call centres around the principles of systems thinking will produce an organically structured support services department that will improve employees working conditions, and will formally institute the integration of call centre with other business units in the manufacturing organisation. The cross-case comparison revealed significant improvement in employees affective commitment level using organic structure when contrasted with employees working under mechanistic structure designs. It was revealed that by leveraging employee s affective commitment that significant benefits can be created at different levels in the organisation; an employee s level, managerial level, customer level, and the overall business level. A novel methodology for organic structures implementation, as a value creating model, was formulated. The emerged methodology consists of six major tasks and a decision making criteria. Results from this research indicate that there is a need for manufacturing organisations to structure their support services departments following organic structures that could provide a rewarding working experience for their employees while achieving organisational goals. The study makes an explicit practical contribution for manufacturing organisations in the selection of proper support service design and contribute substantially to the theory about manufacturing support services structures and management.

Att fånga kundens behov och förväntningar är nyckeln till stärkt konkurrensförmåga och ökad lönsamhet. Trots detta är offentliga verksamheter dåliga på att ta till vara på kunden och dennes erfarenheter och kunskap som en resurs i kvalitetsförbättringsarbetet. I januari 2012 trädde den nya kollektivtrafiklagen i kraft i Sverige. En tydlig målsättning med den nya kollektivtrafiklagen är att resenärsperspektivet i större utsträckning ska vara en del av kollektivtrafikplaneringen. Syftet med denna uppsats är att utveckla kunskap om hur offentliga verksamheter med ansvar för kollektivtrafik kan uppnå ökad kundorientering med hjälp av co-production, co-design och service design. Undersökningsdesignen innebär en fallstudie av Uddevalla kommun och bytespunkten Uddevalla C. I undersökningen tillämpades service design-metoderna direktobservationer, servicesafari, kundresor genom samtalsintervjuer, mobiletnografi, persona och storyboards för att undersöka och visualisera arbetspendlares upplevelse av Uddevalla C som bytespunkt. Resultatet visar att tillämpning av service design-metoder kan användas i kollektivtrafikplaneringen för att skaffa värdefull kunskap om kundernas behov och förväntningar. Uppsatsen och dess resultat bidrar till att visa hur offentliga verksamheter med ansvar för kollektivtrafik kan uppnå ökad kundorientering genom tillämpning av service design där co-production och co-design spelar en avgörande roll. / Capturing the needs and expectations of the customers is key to an enhanced competitiveness and increased profitability. Despite this, the public activities of the poor to take advantage of the customer and his experience and knowledge as a resource in quality improvement efforts. In January 2012, a new Public Transport Act came in to force in Sweden. A clear goal of the new law was to enhance the travelers’ perspective as an important part of the public transport planning process. The purpose of this paper is to develop knowledge on how public agencies responsible for public transport planning can achieve greater customer orientation with the use of co-production, co-design and service design. A case study of the Uddevalla Municipality and Uddevalla Central Station as transfer node was conducted. The service design methods direct observations, service safaris, customer journey mapping through in-depth interviews, mobile ethnographies, persona and story boards were applied to examine and visualize commuters’ experience of Uddevalla Central Station as the transfer node. The result show that the application of service design methods can be used in public transport planning in order to gain valuable information about customers' needs and expectations. The thesis and its results will help to demonstrate how public organizations responsible for public transport planning can achieve greater customer orientation through the use of service design where the co-production and co-design play a crucial role.

The purpose of this study is to explore patients’ experiences and preferences concerning communication with primary care, as well as their attitude towards a future digital system to manage communication. The Swedish county councils and municipalities (SKL) is developing a new digital tool as a complement in the communication between patients and physicians, thus this research is a preliminary investigation of a larger approach. The research has been based on 20 semi-structured interviews with patients in ages between 21 and 86 from 13 different health care centers in Sweden. The interviews indicate that the communication between patients and physicians needs development in numerous ways and that the system used by the primary care contributes to negative outcomes in the communication. Patients’ attitudes towards a new digital system to manage communication were investigated and a majority was positive. The study’s results pointed out the importance of the physicians’ attitudes in the physician-patient communication, and brought some possible improvements to be done in the actual primary care system; as for example implementing new communication channels to allow an easier contact of patients with their health care center. The new communication tool was overall well received and even appeared to be a suitable solution for some of the problems discovered along the patients’ journey. The overall results obtained are positive and promising towards its implementation in Sweden.

Physical customer products have an environmental impact, such as greenhouse gas emissions, due to the use of virgin resources from cradle-to-grave, especially when the origin of the material is from fossil resources. This thesis aims to create a circular business model, by investigating the product ‘stroller’ and place it in a Product Service System, where the user subscribes to the Stroller Service System. This means that the product gets a service function: ‘transportation of a child’, mapped with a user-centered approach. The main objective is to lower the ecological footprint by adopting a modular design including bio-based material and stainless steel, and also include services to address economical and social sustainability goals. The methodology that is used is divided into two parts: Status Analysis – which consists of stroller related literature study, literature review and case study, and the second part is the Design Process – creating the product-, service- and system design. The results are grounded in user insights, life cycle assessment and co-creation with experts, where the conclusions are that a PSS Model Stroller should be used by 4-6 users which translate to about 15-20 years of usage for the steel layer. The way of refurbishing the strollers is done by contract workers that exist where the users exists, i.e. Ease Stroller Hub, who change the bio-based material in-between the use-phases and hands over the refurbished stroller to the next user. Add-on services of access to car pools and grocery delivery is included in the system to ease the stroller user’s everyday life and is a way to designing out the need of owning a car, to lower the overall environmental impact.

The theoretical part is devoted to an explanation of the issue. Specifics of services are outlined as well as trends that will shape future services. A service design is presented as a main topic. Its aim is to find all customer-service "touchpoints", to discover a customer's journey through the service and, on the basis of these inputs, to innovate the service for the highest customer satisfaction and efficiency for a provider on the other hand. There are also presented arguments for the service design as well as methods how services can be improved -- "customer journey map", "personas", own experience with the service, "ethnographic research" and "webdesign". These methods are also used in a practical part. The practical use of the service design is shown on a business "Glasses home". Its focus is a sale of glasses through an e-shop bryle-domu.cz as well as through a patented self-service optician "Optiscont". Using the previously introduced methods, a survey for "Glasses home" is realised. The survey have two phases. The first phase is devoted to the testing of a service prototype, the second phase is devoted to the complex assessment of the service that has been innovated based on the first phase. The final part is devoted to interpretation of results. Based on the practical part, a "customer journey map" is compiled, including "personas" -- archetypes of service customers. The "reservoir of good will" is used to present the strengths and weaknesses of the service. Finally, recommendations for innovations are formulated. The main message is to simplify the website, to explain the "Optiscont" concept to customers at the point of sale and to focus on interconnecting all touchpoints.