The focus of this study is to examine the aesthetics due to a new residential area, Glasberga Sjöstad, located in the outskirts of Södertälje. During the first construction process in the housing estate, some of the buildings appeared not familiar to the Swedish norm, and they did not fit into the concept Garden City, “trädgårdsstaden”. The main research question is to investigate the aesthetics and planning ideals according to the forming of Glasberga Sjöstad and the study focus on the lack of consistency between the vision and the everyday-reality. Another important starting-point is questions about ethnic segregation and aspects of power relations between a majority and a minority in the society. Former research points at causal factors as socioeconomic imbalances and class-aspects as important to understand the ethnic- and race segregated Swedish society, and the main research question in this study, is to add a focus on the aesthetics as an important aspect and more, to pay attention to the middleclass-citizens. The study is built upon in-depth interviews with residents in Glasberga Sjöstad and analyses of planning documents and aesthetic guidelines due to the construction process. The material shows that the aesthetic guidelines are built upon former ideals and it also shows that the inhabitant of Glasberga pay less attentions to the aesthetics of the houses, than to the social relations with their neighbours. The outcome of this study proposes the aesthetics as an important matter in planning and power practices, and proposes for a more open-minded way to embrace and include cultural diversity.

This thesis gives a systematic description of theEnvironmental Load Profile (ELP), an environmental assessmenttool developed for the urban environment. The purpose of thework was to improve the stringency of the system boundaries andfunctional units of the tool. This was achieved by putting theELP structure in the context of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)with a special emphasis on system boundaries. To create animproved scientific base for the ELP, a comparative study wasconducted using an evaluative framework for conceptual andanalytical approaches. Here, the ELP tool is compared with foursimilar environmental assessment tools for the builtenvironment. Since, energy use in the operation phase is an importantfactor for the overall environmental performance of buildings,a sensitivity analysis was performed to investigate how theselection of heat and electricity mix affects the results of anenvironmental assessment of buildings. Four modes ofelectricity production and two modes of heat production wereapplied on three buildings with different technical systems intheir heat supply. The results show that the choice ofelectricity mix has a great influence on the outcome of anenvironmental assessment (EA) and it is suggested that both anaverage and marginal electricity mix should be applied inEA´s of the built environment. Further, it is argued thatconsequences of assumptions made should be explicitlycommunicated in the EA report, to allow the decision-makersrather than the analysts to make the final evaluation. The ELP is primarily developed to follow up theenvironmental goal‘twice as good’and assess theenvironmental performance of Hammarby Sjöstad, a newcity-district in southern Stockholm. The city-district is builtas a continuation of the inner Stockholm and the first part ofthe project, called Sickla Udde, is nearly finished. The ELPtool was applied in a first case study to answer the questionof how far Sickla Udde has reached in achieving the goal. Theassessment indicates that compared to a reference districtbased on the technology used in 1990, the environmentalperformance of Sickla Udde has reached the goal‘twice asgood’for some environmental load categories and 30percent for others. Although these findings are preliminary,they indicate a development in the right direction. Measurestaken contributing to largest environmental improvements are: amore efficient energy production (improved district heating)and use (e.g. lower U-values in the buildings, energy efficientappliances, heat exchange of ventilation air) and improvedsewage treatment. The results also demonstrate that theenvironmental load from domestic transports can be of the samemagnitude as from the buildings situated within thecity-district. Hence, resources spent to decrease environmentalload in the planning process should primarily be divoted toimproving domestic transportation systems and on optimising theoperational phase of the buildings. <b>Keywords:</b>environmental assessment, urban district,environmental load profile, Hammarby Sjöstad, life cycleassessment, LCA, environmental management, builtenvironment / NR 20140805

Sustainable urban development is emerging out as tool to tackle climate change with a big difference mark. With cities acting as emitters of huge chunks of GHG gases, voices from all corners are intensifying pressure to mend the current urban development model and help find a solution. Several UN conferences fuelled the debate to include local people living in cities and held them accountable for their living behaviour towards the natural environment, and help change the existing unsustainable living patterns or practices which already exist in society. Since, it is the humans for whom these technological solutions have been provided, therefore, it becomes important how the humans themselves thinks while adapting or rejecting any sustainable solutions in their daily lives. The role of spatial planning becomes important here, because it involves all round planning which influences their daily living behaviour, considering individual as the ‘bearer’ of its ‘final outcome’. This thesis will help explore human dimensions in the sustainability debate, thoroughly arguing the factors humans consider in their daily lives, while making a new choice between sustainable and unsustainable practices which is introduced by the spatial planning around them. The study also helps to understand that regardless of individual negotiations, how residents motivated to adapt sustainable measures in their lives. This is being done by undertaking two theoretical viewpoints, the social-practice theory and the structure-agency theory.  Social-practice theory helped understand how daily living practices of the residents in Hammarby Sjöstad are related with spatial planning. This relationship between practices and spatial planning involves several rounds of negotiations between individuals and their existing daily routines, before a final choice is made. This second concept is understood through structure-agency theory. The case under study for this thesis is Hammarby Sjöstad, a district located in the south of Stockholm city in Sweden, which is being projected as a model for sustainable urban development. The data for the study was collected through qualitative research method, conducting interviews of the residents in Hammarby Sjöstad. The interviews conducted for the study found out that public transport, waste recycling and open spaces emerged as one of the most effective and efficient spatial planning in Hammarby Sjöstad, according to the respondents. The study also highlights individual cases where respondents have given specific reasons for making particular decisions, highlighting the individual negotiations.

<p>This study focuses on the politics around ecological sustainable development in Sweden today, with emphasis on urban development, building and living. The starting-point for this study is the environmental adapted city district of Stockholm, Hammarby Sjöstad. The primary focus of the study is to investigate what means of control the environmental investment in Hammarby Sjöstad is expressing, and to elucidate their ideological, political and social implications. The empirical material is primarily based up on the local Hammarby Sjöstad environmental program along with qualitative in-depth interviews with citizens of this district. The study is based on critical discourse analysis </p><p>The result of this study is that the ecological investment in Hammarby Sjöstad partly constitutes a hidden exercise of power, taking shape as built-in physical measures in the dwellings and the neighbouring surroundings. Hidden means of control transform political and ideological environmental targets in to practical factual matters. Hidden means of control makes ideological and political environmental issues non-political and reduces them in to technical issues.</p>

This study focuses on the politics around ecological sustainable development in Sweden today, with emphasis on urban development, building and living. The starting-point for this study is the environmental adapted city district of Stockholm, Hammarby Sjöstad. The primary focus of the study is to investigate what means of control the environmental investment in Hammarby Sjöstad is expressing, and to elucidate their ideological, political and social implications. The empirical material is primarily based up on the local Hammarby Sjöstad environmental program along with qualitative in-depth interviews with citizens of this district. The study is based on critical discourse analysis The result of this study is that the ecological investment in Hammarby Sjöstad partly constitutes a hidden exercise of power, taking shape as built-in physical measures in the dwellings and the neighbouring surroundings. Hidden means of control transform political and ideological environmental targets in to practical factual matters. Hidden means of control makes ideological and political environmental issues non-political and reduces them in to technical issues.

<p>Programmes and policies to support ecological sustainable development and the practice of implementation is a question of innovation rather than known and taken for granted procedure. This thesis argues a priori models concerning stability in the social sciences, and human geography especially, are less able to help us understand this practice and planning in such unstable situations. Problematic in common understandings of planning and policy implementation concerning sustainability are the dualisms between physical-social spaces and between rationality-contingency. The first dualism makes it hard to grasp the interaction between humans and nonhumans. The second dualism concerns the problem of how to capture change without resorting to reductionism and explanaining the evolving projects as either technically, economically, or culturally rational. </p><p>The scope of the thesis is to test resources from actor-network theory as a means of resolving these dualisms. The case is the Stockholm Local Investment Programme and the new district of Hammarby Sjöstad. The programme’s objective was to support the implemention of new technologies and systems, energy efficiency and reduced resource-use as well as eco-cycling measures. The case-study follows how the work with the programme unfolded and how administrators’ efforts to reach satisfactory results was approached. In doing this, the actors had to be far more creative than models of implementation and traditional technology diffusion seem to suggest. The recommendation is to take the instrumentalisation framing the plasticity of a project in planning seriously – as innovativeness is not a special but the general case. Hence, to broaden our tools and understanding of planning a human geography of planning projects is pertinent.</p>

I många svenska städer sker omvandling från gamla outnyttjade hamnområden till nya stadsdelar och populära bostadsområden. Dessa nya områden och miljöer har delvis blivit kritiserade för att komma att tillhöra en ekonomiskt stark grupp i samhället som en bidragande orsak av de höga bostadspriserna. Gamla hamnområden är ofta placerade i en central del i staden med direkt närhet till vattnet vilket gör dess läge unikt. Samtidigt diskuteras att staden behöver bli tillgänglig för alla människor och ingen ska glömmas bort i planeringen. Denna diskussion belyser problematiken och principerna för utformningen av det offentliga rummet för att alla ska känna sig välkomna. Detta är ingenting som planeringen kan säkerställa, utan det kan endast försöka planeras för enligt vad forskning och värden inom fysisk planering beskriver för att tillgängliggöra det offentliga rummet. Det offentliga rummet är uppsatsens tema och dessa rum betraktas utifrån ett socialt hållbarhetsperspektiv – offentliga rum ur ett socialt hållbarhetsperspektiv i gamla hamnområden. Det finns mycket komplexitet kring såväl begreppet social hållbarhet som utformningen av det offentliga rummet. I detta arbete kommer begreppen social hållbarhet och offentligt rum förtydligas genom valt forskningsmaterial. Betydelsen av vad social hållbarhet faktiskt innebär är mångtydig och har därför ingen entydig definition. Detta trots att fertal försök har gjorts att skapa en entydig definition av begreppet. Begreppet kan definieras utifrån det specifika syftet som passar situationen. I en undersökande och jämförande fallstudie av hur utformningen har sett ut av det offentliga rummet beskriver denna uppsats vilka möjligheter gamla hamnområden har att bli attraktiva bostadsområden ur ett socialt hållbarhetsperspektiv. Med fallstudie som metod har tre fall i Sverige undersökts – Frihamnen i Göteborg, Västra Hamnen i Malmö och Hammarby Sjöstad i Stockholm. En platsanalys har genomförts på Handelshamnen i Karlskrona vilket tillsammans med fallstudien ligger till grund för två gestaltningsförslag som presenteras i slutet av uppsatsen. Förslagen visar möjlig utformning av bebyggelse samt offentliga rum ur ett socialt hållbarhetsperspektiv för Handelshamnen i Karlskrona. Förslagen visar hur dessa outnyttjade områden kan gestaltas för att bli en integrerad del av staden samt med offentliga platser som tillgängliggörs för alla människor i staden.

Omvandling av hamnområden och att stärka kopplingen mellan staden och havet är en aktuell planeringssituation i dagens ökande urbanisering i våra städer samtidigt som segregering är ett växande problem på många platser. Hållbar utveckling har sedan länge varit aktuellt i planeringsdebatten men under senare tid har en förskjutning skett från de ekologiska aspekterna av stadsplaneringen till de sociala värdena som skapas av densamma. Det har därför inte skrivits och forskats i lika stor utsträckning som inom den ekologiska och ekonomiska hållbarheten då planering för integration och det sociala livet är under pågående utveckling. Arbetet syftar därmed till att behandla synen på social hållbar utveckling och undersöka hur begreppet förstås, vad det innefattar och hur det definieras samt hur det senare kan komma att praktiseras. Detta görs med utgång i en teoretisk diskussion där hållbar utveckling som huvudbegrepp utreds utifrån dess ursprung, hur det används och förstås utifrån forskning kring ämnet, varpå en liknande redogörelse görs av begreppet social hållbarhet, vilket utgör arbetets huvudfokus. För att bringa klarhet i den sociala hållbarhetens koppling till fysisk planering har samtida forskning i ämnet studerats, vilket utgör arbetets forskningsöversikt. utifrån denna forskningsöversikt, tillsammans med studier av två referensprojekt, utrönas gestaltningsprinciper för hur social hållbarhet kan främjas och praktiskt appliceras i ett gestaltningsförslag. Dessa gestaltningsprinciper tillämpas sedan genom arbetets fallstudie av Trelleborgs sjöstad, som även är föremål för den aktuella arkitekttävlingen Europan 14. I fallstudien studeras planeringsförutsättningarna för Trelleborgs sjöstad utifrån den fördjupade översiktsplanen för området samt utifrån dokument tillhörande tävlingsprogrammet för Europan 14. Arbetet mynnar slutligen ut i ett gestaltningsförslag för en centrumnära del av Trelleborgs sjöstad. Förslaget grundar sig i de principer för socialt hållbar planering som baserats på forskningsöversikten, och det visar sig att det är möjligt att planera socialt hållbart utifrån aktuell forskning och samtida planeringsexempel.

Programmes and policies to support ecological sustainable development and the practice of implementation is a question of innovation rather than known and taken for granted procedure. This thesis argues a priori models concerning stability in the social sciences, and human geography especially, are less able to help us understand this practice and planning in such unstable situations. Problematic in common understandings of planning and policy implementation concerning sustainability are the dualisms between physical-social spaces and between rationality-contingency. The first dualism makes it hard to grasp the interaction between humans and nonhumans. The second dualism concerns the problem of how to capture change without resorting to reductionism and explanaining the evolving projects as either technically, economically, or culturally rational. The scope of the thesis is to test resources from actor-network theory as a means of resolving these dualisms. The case is the Stockholm Local Investment Programme and the new district of Hammarby Sjöstad. The programme’s objective was to support the implemention of new technologies and systems, energy efficiency and reduced resource-use as well as eco-cycling measures. The case-study follows how the work with the programme unfolded and how administrators’ efforts to reach satisfactory results was approached. In doing this, the actors had to be far more creative than models of implementation and traditional technology diffusion seem to suggest. The recommendation is to take the instrumentalisation framing the plasticity of a project in planning seriously – as innovativeness is not a special but the general case. Hence, to broaden our tools and understanding of planning a human geography of planning projects is pertinent.

Planeringsprocessen av två svenska stadsbyggnadsprojekt, Hammarby Sjöstad i Stockholm och Västra Hamnen i Malmö, med mål att nå hållbar energianvändning (förnybar energi och energisnåla hus), analyseras från vision till uppföljning. En ambition i bägge stadsdelarna var att bli internationella exempel på miljöanpassat byggande och boende, med ny teknik och förändring av de boendes beteende som strategier för att nå målen. Besluten om miljösatsningar togs av kommunpolitikerna. I Stockholm skedde styrningen genom att den kommunala förvaltningen tog fram mål och planer och i Malmö skulle en utomstående organisation styra planeringsprocessen i samverkan med kommunen. Såväl elmarknaden som bostadsmarknaden avreglerades under 1990-talet och merparten av de byggföretag och energibolag som engagerades i genomförandefasen var privata, eller privatiserades. Dessa hade delvis andra intressen än politikerna och ville främst använda beprövad teknik och ny teknik främst för ”showcase”. Styrningen från de formella styrorganisationerna hanterades olika. Projektet i Stockholm präglades av målstyrning och projektet i Malmö av samråd med målet att nå konsensus i frågor om mål och detaljutformning av områdets energilösning. Detta ledde exempelvis till att i Hammarby Sjöstad fick byggherrar och energibolag själva hitta partners för att testa nya energilösningar för exempelvis energiförsörjning. I Västra Hamnen bildade staden, energibolag och den utomstående styrorganisationen en koalition för val av lösning för energiförsörjning. I båda projekten bygger energiförsörjningen på storskaliga lösningar. Avhandlingen visar att planerings- och byggprocessens organisering, liksom byggherrarnas agerande, hade betydelse för resultatet. En slutsats är att när byggherrarna inte inbjudits att delta i framtagande av mål och planer och var missnöjda, exempelvis med förslagna mål för energiförbrukningen i Hammarby Sjöstad, bildade de hindrande koalitioner och tog makt i processerna. Oavsett om mål om begränsad energianvändning sätts i konsensus eller inte nedprioriterades livscykelperspektivet av byggherrarna av marknadsskäl, exempelvis valdes stora fönster medan installation av individuell elmätning i allmänhet valdes bort och lägenheterna utrustades för resursstarka kunder. Gestaltningsmässiga frågor prioriterades samt att bygga för resursstarka hushåll vilket innebar att byggherrarnas och kommunernas intressen delvis sammanföll. Resursstarka hushåll ger exempelvis ökade skatteintäkter för kommunerna. En slutsats är att kriteriedriven styrning, t ex tävlingar och ekonomiska bidrag, kan stimulera byggherrar att satsa extra, exempelvis på ny teknik, för att nå energimålen, men främst då i enstaka hus. De boende deltog inte i planeringsprocesserna och blev beroende av de lösningar som valts. I bägge stadsdelarna har en del hushåll haft problem med bristande värmekomfort vilket de kopplar ihop med slarv, korta byggtider och bristande kompetens i bygg- och bostadsbolagen. Uppföljning och utvärdering av projekten är framförallt kopplade till de bidrag som erhållits från svenska staten respektive från EU. / In this thesis I examine how issues regarding sustainable energy use are handled in the development of two city districts in two of Sweden’s largest cities: Hammarby Sjöstad in Stockholm and Västra Hamnen in Malmö. The political goal was to build apartments with renewable energy supply and restricted energy use. The planning processes are analyzed from plans and visions to the evaluation phase. Both areas were meant to be outstanding examples of ecological housing development. The documentation pertaining to the objectives in both projects states that, firstly, new technology will contribute to the realisation of the goals, and, secondly, that the residents’ way of living will be decisive for whether the energy objectives are reached or not. The planning of Hammarby Sjöstad village was executed by the public administration of Stockholm City, and the planning of Västra Hamnen was carried out in cooperation with the Bo01-organisation. Deregulations took place in many areas in Sweden in the 1990s, for example subsidies for housing development decreased and the market for electricity was deregulated. This led to the involvement of privately owned buildingproprietors and energy companies in the projects. These actors partly had other interests than the politicians in that the private companies wanted to use time tested technology with new technology mainly as a “showcase”. The planning in Stockholm was characterized by objective oriented steering while the project in Malmö was characterized by consultations with the goal of reaching consensus in questions concerning the goals and design of the project’s energy solutions. In both these areas the solutions for energy supply became large-scale. This thesis shows that the organization of the planning- and building processes and the extra subsidies from the government to environmentally friendly solutions affected the results. One conclusion is that when the building proprietors were not invited to partake in the planning process and was dissatisfied, for example with the goal for reduced energy use (Hammarby Sjöstad), they formed a hindering coalition and took over power in the process. Irrespective of if the energy goals were decided in consensus or not, the lifecycle perspective was not given priority from the building proprietors’ side, for example, large windows were chosen while installations for individual metering were, in general, not chosen and the apartments were well equipped with prosperous consumers in focus. Here the interests of the building proprietors and the interests of the municipalities partly coincided, as the buildings proprietors wanted to build for prosperous groups and the municipalities, in one way, saw that these households could increase the taxes for the municipality. One conclusion is that criteria-driven governing, for example trough competition, can stimulate building proprietors to contribute with an extra effort and test new technology in separate houses. No residents took part in the planning of either district. In both city districts some residents have problems with deficient warmth and comfort which they attribute to an excessively short time for construction, negligence and sometimes lack of competence. Follow-up of the projects is connected to the subsidies given to the projects from the government and the EU-level.