A moradia digna constitui um direito social no país, além de configurar um direito inerente à personalidade humana. A não efetivação desse direito propicia a violação a inúmeros outros direitos e valores que visam assegurar a dignidade do ser humano. O Brasil, ao longo dos anos, assumiu vários compromissos internacionais para garantir o direito à moradia digna. O maior avanço, nessa questão, foi a introdução da moradia no rol dos direitos sociais expressos (artigo 6º CF) pela Emenda Constitucional 26 de 14 de fevereiro de 2000. A presente tese analisa o direito à moradia quando judicializado e em colisão com outros direitos fundamentais mais tradicionais como a propriedade, o meio ambiente, e com a legislação urbanística. Busca verificar seu estado de consolidação como direito fundamental social autônomo frente a outros direitos fundamentais também constitucionalmente assegurados. Para alcançar esses objetivos, os estudos foram divididos em duas partes. Na primeira discorre sobre a natureza da norma constitucional, sua forma de interpretação e aplicação, sobre a natureza da norma de direito fundamental social e sobre a criação do arcabouço legislativo infraconstitucional para sua garantia e efetivação, apresentando os instrumentos existentes no ordenamento jurídico para a sua aquisição. Na segunda parte, apresenta a Jurisprudência do Tribunal de Justiça do Estado de São Paulo observando a colisão do direito à moradia com esses outros direitos em 166 Acórdãos, tecendo uma tendência interpretativa desse direito no Tribunal de Justiça Paulista. Constata que o direito à moradia no Brasil, mesmo após 14 anos de existência constitucional expressa, ainda não se consolidou como categoria autônoma de direito. Apesar de todo arcabouço legislativo e esforço interpretativo dos juristas para a sua consolidação como direito subjetivo, não se observa nos julgados, essa assertiva. Existe no Brasil um conjunto de sistemas legais paralelos e desconexos que permite interpretações diversas sem ferir a lógica do ordenamento jurídico. O surgimento do direito à moradia e dos demais direitos ocorreu de forma anacrônica e o surgimento de um não acarretou a exclusão do outro. Há uma tendência de aplicação dos direitos mais antigos nas soluções dos casos concretos, prevalecendo na grande maioria o direito de propriedade e as normas de direito administrativo, em detrimento de uma ponderação da moradia no quadro dos direitos fundamentais. / Dignified housing constitutes a social right in the country, in addition to also being na inherent right to human beings. Not carrying out this right characterizes the violation of countless other rights and values that seek to ensure the dignity of the human being. Throughout the years, Brazil has taken on various international commitments to ensure the right to dignified housing. The most significant advance in this matter was including housing in the list of expressed social rights (article 6 of the Federal Constitution) by Constitutional Amendment 26 of February 14, 2000. This paper seeks to analyse housing after judicialization and compare it to other fundamental more traditional rights such as property, environment, in addition to the urban legislation. It seeks to verify its consolidation as a fundamental autonomous social right compared to other constitutionally assured fundamental rights. In order to reach these objectives, the study was divided into two parts. Firstly this paper discusses the nature of the constitutional standard, how it is interpreted and applied, the nature of the standard on fundamental social rights and the creation of the infra-constitutional legislation framework in order to make it effective and at the same time guarantee it, presenting the existing instruments in the Brazilian legal system for its achievement. Secondly, this paper presents the case law of the Court of Law of the State of São Paulo observing the comparison between the right to housing with other rights and court decision 166, forming an interpretation tendency of this right in the Court of Law of São Paulo. This paper also found that the right to housing in Brazil, even after 14 years of express inclusion in the Constitution, still hasn\'t been consolidated as na autonomous category of rights. In spite of the complete legislation framework and efforts made by jurists to consolidate this matter as a subjective right, this assertive has not yet been observed in judgments. The right to housing and other rights arose in an anachronistic manner and the creation of one did not exclude the other. There is a tendency of applying rights that have been long standing in the solution of concrete cases, this has been observed in most property law cases and standards of administrative law, negatively affecting the pondering of housing and the fundamental rights scope.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-09-06T14:09:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 analuciadamascena.pdf: 799102 bytes, checksum: 1e0d56e9a9c2a156a004b796bfcb7aa0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-09-06T14:14:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 analuciadamascena.pdf: 799102 bytes, checksum: 1e0d56e9a9c2a156a004b796bfcb7aa0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-06T14:14:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 analuciadamascena.pdf: 799102 bytes, checksum: 1e0d56e9a9c2a156a004b796bfcb7aa0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-26 / A presente pesquisa propõe uma reflexão crítica sobre a questão da efetivação dos direitos fundamentais sociais no Estado capitalista, a partir da leitura do tratamento teórico dado pela doutrina de Direito sobre o tema. A resposta à questão da efetivação dos direitos apontada pelo debate jurídico é a aplicação imediata dos mesmos, alimentada pela premissa de um Estado como ente neutro, racional, provedor do bem comum, com consequente judicialização das demandas diante da ineficácia ou inexistência de políticas sociais para enfrentamento da “questão social”. Daí decorre a importância de se buscar as determinações centrais estruturais do processo social que impossibilitam alcançar a efetivação dos direitos fundamentais sociais na ordem capitalista, em contraste com o previsto nos textos constitucionais. Para tanto, adota-se na presente pesquisa a concepção materialista da história, a fim de apontar os fatores externos ao Estado e as múltiplas determinações em seu papel desempenhado na sociabilidade capitalista, em cada momento histórico, a fim de traduzir as limitações à questão da efetivação dos direitos sociais e viabilizar a indicação das possibilidades e limites de seu enfrentamento. Indica-se que, embora a atuação do Judiciário seja necessária e represente uma conquista no Estado democrático de direito, este não pode ser tomada como caminho central. Aponta-se a importância do controle social da Administração Pública e da necessidade de organização das classes subalternas na busca de hegemonia na sociedade civil, a fim de criar mecanismos capazes de tencionar, por meio do Estado, a ordem capitalista na busca de implementação de políticas públicas com caráter de universalidade que possibilitem uma maior efetivação dos direitos constitucionalmente previstos e a conquista, inclusive de novos direitos. Na dinâmica capitalista, a expansão das políticas sociais encontra-se no limite da emancipação política e a efetividade plena de direitos sociais encontra-se condicionada à superação da lógica capitalista. / This research proposes a critical reflection on the question of enforcement of fundamental social rights in the capitalist state, from reading the theoretical treatment given by the doctrine of law on the subject. The answer to the question of the realization of the rights indicated by the legal debate is the immediate application thereof, fueled by the premise of a State as being neutral, rational, provider of the common good, with consequent demands on the legalization of ineffectiveness or lack of social policies for Addressing the "social question." Hence the importance of seeking the central structural determinations of the social process that make it impossible to achieve the realization of fundamental social rights in the capitalist order, in contrast to the provisions in constitutions. Therefore, we adopt in this study the materialist conception of history, in order to pinpoint the factors external to the State and the multiple determinations in its role in capitalist sociability, in each historical moment, in order to translate the issue of the limitations fulfillment of social rights and facilitate the indication of the possibilities and limits of their coping. Indicates that, although the role of the judiciary is necessary and represents an achievement in a democratic state, this can not be taken as the central path. Indicates the importance of the social control of public administration and the need for organization of subordinate classes in the pursuit of hegemony in civil society in order to create mechanisms capable of press, through the state, the capitalist order in the pursuit of policy implementation with public character of universality which allow a greater realization of constitutionally provided rights and conquest, including new rights. In capitalist dynamics, the expansion of social policies is at the limit of political emancipation and full effectiveness of social rights is conditional on overcoming the capitalist logic.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-01-10T13:41:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 nataschaalexandrinodesouzagomes.pdf: 778507 bytes, checksum: 3d355494f9a4ec90f0f947be10296515 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-02-02T11:50:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 nataschaalexandrinodesouzagomes.pdf: 778507 bytes, checksum: 3d355494f9a4ec90f0f947be10296515 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-02-02T11:52:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 nataschaalexandrinodesouzagomes.pdf: 778507 bytes, checksum: 3d355494f9a4ec90f0f947be10296515 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-02T11:52:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 nataschaalexandrinodesouzagomes.pdf: 778507 bytes, checksum: 3d355494f9a4ec90f0f947be10296515 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-14 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o que se entende por mínimo existencial/mínimo vital no México, partindo-se do referencial brasileiro, uma vez que, no Brasil, a despeito de ainda algumas imprecisões e divergências, seu conteúdo já é razoavelmente delimitado. As poucas alusões ao direito ao mínimo existencial/vital na jurisprudência da Corte Constitucional mexicana relacionam-se a aspectos tributários e fiscais, muito embora a doutrina daquele país possua avanços na abordagem do tema. Destarte, partindo-se do conceito de mínimo existencial formulado pelo jusfilófoso alemão Robert Alexy – qual seja, conjunto de direitos fundamentais sociais mínimos para a garantia de nível elementar de dignidade humana - o trabalho definiu qual é o conteúdo atual do mínimo existencial no Brasil e realizou um paralelo entre este e a realidade mexicana. O estudo também trata de questões centrais e intrinsecamente relacionadas ao tema, tais como a justiciabilidade dos direitos fundamentais sociais, o princípio da dignidade humana, o argumento da reserva do possível e colisões de princípios que abrigam direitos fundamentais. / The objective of this study was to analyze what is meant by existential minimum in Mexico, starting from the Brazilian reference, since, in Brazil, despite still some inaccuracies and differences, its content is already reasonably delimited. The few references to the right to existential minimum level in the Mexican Constitutional Court's jurisprudence relate to tax and fiscal aspects, although the doctrine of that country have advances in approach to the subject. Thus, starting from the minimum existential concept formulated by jusfilófoso Robert Alexy - namely, minimum set of fundamental social rights for the elementary level of assurance of human dignity - the work has defined what the current contents of the existential minimum in Brazil and We conducted a parallel between this and the Mexican reality. The study also addresses key issues and intrinsically related to the theme, such as the justiciability of social rights, the principle of human dignity and collisions principles.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2018-05-23T19:19:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 kelviafariaferreira.pdf: 1406552 bytes, checksum: 812832736976539944b9d6bb3d5df049 (MD5) / Rejected by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br), reason: Favor corrigir nome próprio Tribunal Constitucional Português on 2018-06-14T12:36:48Z (GMT) / Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2018-06-14T12:51:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 kelviafariaferreira.pdf: 1406552 bytes, checksum: 812832736976539944b9d6bb3d5df049 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-09-03T16:04:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 kelviafariaferreira.pdf: 1406552 bytes, checksum: 812832736976539944b9d6bb3d5df049 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-09-03T16:04:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 kelviafariaferreira.pdf: 1406552 bytes, checksum: 812832736976539944b9d6bb3d5df049 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-03T16:04:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 kelviafariaferreira.pdf: 1406552 bytes, checksum: 812832736976539944b9d6bb3d5df049 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-23 / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / A presente pesquisa parte da análise das decisões do Tribunal Constitucional português proferidas no contexto do que se convencionou denominar Jurisprudência da crise. Analisouse os acórdãos desta Corte constitucional que julgaram as leis do orçamento do Estado para os anos de 2011, 2012, 2013 e 2014, a fim de verificar se o Tribunal incorreu em supremacia judicial. Para tanto, adotou-se como marco teórico o conceito de Jeremy Waldron sobre qual espécie de atuação judicial, na realização do controle de constitucionalidade forte, tende à supremacia. Desta forma, objetivou-se verificar se, ao analisar a alegação de ofensa a direitos sociais, através das medidas de austeridade presentes nos orçamentos do Estado, o TC atendeu aos pedidos de judicialização destes direitos e se adotou postura de ativismo judicial. O método de pesquisa adotado foi o empírico-qualitativo, de modo que o marco teórico operou como medida para a aferição dos resultados e realização das inferências. Neste sentido, intentou-se testar se a atuação do TC enquadra-se no conceito de Waldron. Assim, através desta abordagem empírica, verificou-se que o Tribunal Constitucional português, no âmbito específico da Jurisprudência da crise, não incorreu em supremacia judicial. Observou-se que a Corte, em todas as decisões, ponderou o interesse público consubstanciado na necessidade de superação da crise econômica, restringindo sua análise à existência ou não de ofensa pontual ao direito social posto para sua apreciação. / This research is based on the analysis of the decisions of the Portuguese Constitutional Court in the context of what has been called of Jurisprudence of crisis. We analyzed the judgments of this Constitutional Court that judged the State Budget Laws for the years 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014 in order to verify if the Court incurred in judicial supremacy. For that, the concept of Jeremy Waldron was adopted as a theoretical framework on which kind of judicial action, in the accomplishment of strong judicial review, tends to supremacy. Therefore, the objective was to verify if, by analyzing the allegation of offense to social rights, through the austerity measures present in the State Budgets, the Court consented to the requests for the judicialization of these rights and adopted a position of judicial activism. The research method adopted was the empirical-qualitative one, so that the theoretical framework operated as a measurement for reach the results and realization of the inferences. In this way, it was tried to test if the performance of the Portuguese Constitutional Court fits the Waldron concept. Thus, through this empirical approach, it was verified that the Court, in the specific scope of the Jurisprudence of the crisis, did not incur judicial supremacy. It was observed that the Court, in all the decisions, considered the public interest consubstantiated in the necessity of overcoming the economic crisis, restricting its analysis to the existence or not of specific offense to the social right submitted to its appreciation.

[pt] O surgimento do Capitalismo produziu uma sociedade segmentada entre classes sociais, que em razão do conflito de interesses instaurou no seio social as lutas entre os proprietários dos meios de produção e o proletariado. O embate derivado desse conflito consubstanciou conquistas históricas determinantes das bases políticas e adventos de novos direitos. Se por um lado, a ideologia capitalista adentrou à atividade Estatal, fazendo com que as decisões políticas fossem tomadas em seu favor, de outro, o abandono das questões sociais acirrou a luta de classes. No contexto das crises cíclicas do Capitalismo, o Estado Liberal necessitava retroceder. O reconhecimento de direitos a classe trabalhadora era necessário a sua própria estabilidade, determinando a mudança do seu paradigma em Estado Social. O advento dos direitos sociais, como resultado desse acirramento, foi resultado desse retrocesso liberal, que determinado pelo embate das lutas de classes, garantia a diminuição da distância promovida entre elas. O direito educacional emergiu como um dos principais fatores responsáveis por essa diminuição, que em razão da dilatação da concepção da cidadania, criou um complexo de interação entre elas e fortaleceu as bases democráticas, geradora de uma nova concepção de participação no poder político do Estado. Diante dessa interdiciplinariedade entre Política e Direito, instâncias participativas, como o Orçamento Participativo, têm assumido grande importância na efetivação dos direitos sociais, diminuindo o traço de dependência econômica e ideológica entre as classes sociais existentes. / [en] The emergence of capitalism has made a divided society between social classes, which on grounds of conflict of interest brought within the social struggles between the owners or the means or production and the proletariat. The shock derived of this conflict has created historical politics conquests and new rights for the people. Thus, the capitalist production engaged to his State activity, taking the politics decisions on its favor, the abandonment of social issues increase the struggles of classes. In the context of the cyclical crises of capitalism, the State Liberal needed go back. The recognition or rights the working class was needed its own stability, determining the change of its paradigm on Social State. The advent of social rights as a result of that increasing was a result of this liberal backlash, which determined by the clash of the struggles of classes, guarantee the reduction of the distance between them promoted. The educational right emerged as one of the main factors responsible for that decline, owing to the expansion fo the concept of citizenship, has created a complex interaction between them and strengthened the democratic foundations, creating a new design for participation in the political power of the State. Given this relation between politic end law, participatory for such as the Participatory Budget (Orçamento Participativo), have assumed great importance in the effectiveness of social rights, reducing the trace or ideological and economic dependence between social class exist.

Une part de plus en plus importante de la société française est confrontée à la nécessité et/ou à la possibilité de recourir au système de protection sociale du fait de l’augmentation des inégalités sociales et des situations de pauvreté. Parallèlement, un phénomène antinomique interroge les pouvoirs publics : le non-recours aux droits sociaux (Warin, 2010). Notre thèse de doctorat s’est focalisée sur la compréhension de ce phénomène en lien avec celui de la pauvreté, du point de vue de la psychologie des représentations sociales (Moscovici, 2013 ; Jodelet, 2015). Une démarche de triangulation méthodologique (Apostolidis, 2006), mêlant méthodes qualitatives et quantitatives, nous a permis d’observer et de recueillir en contextes les représentations sociales décrivant, expliquant et organisant ces pratiques de droit et ce qui les rend difficiles. Plusieurs thêmata participent particulièrement à l’interprétation des expériences vécues et à l’orientation des actions. D’abord le thêmata complexe-simple permet de décrire et d’expliquer les pratiques de droits, renvoyant au processus d’objectivation propre au fonctionnement de la pensée sociale. La simplification de l’accès aux droits et sa familiarisation, nécessaire aux recours, sont rendues possibles grâce aux savoirs acquis dans l’expérience passée de la pauvreté et du droit, et grâce aux autres partageant leurs savoirs expérientiels, scolaires, culturels et experts. Ces expériences vécues font aussi émerger le thêmata force-faiblesse. La force comme vertu sociale, liée au courage et à la volonté, permet de ne pas faiblir, associé l’image de la chute et des corps qui se « laissent aller », et de s’activer pour faire face aux difficultés socio-économiques et d’accès aux droits. Mais la faiblesse apparaît paradoxalement comme un moyen d’être reconnu dans la sphère du droit, mettant en tension la demande de reconnaissance. Cette demande fait cohabiter simultanément les deux mouvements caractérisant le processus d’ancrage : la reconnaissance et la stigmatisation. Ces expériences vécues s’inscrivent encore dans les représentations sociales de la justice et dans des rapports d’allégeance ou de défiance envers le droit et la justice instituée, façonnant des usages différenciés du système de protection sociale et des formes de fragilisation des représentations sociales de la justice. Nous montrons que ces dernières s’inscrivent dans l’échange don/contre-don et façonnent différemment le recours en fonction de qui est identifié comme donateur et donataire. Finalement, à travers ces trois thêmata (simple-complexe, force-faiblesse, justice-injustice) nous avons montré la prégnance, dans ces contextes sociaux, de représentations sociales totales autour desquelles s’organise l’expérience des sujets, leur rapport au monde et à eux-mêmes, leurs recours aux droits sociaux et leurs participations sociales. A travers chacun de ces thêmata se joue l’enjeu de la reconnaissance (symbolisation) ou de la non-reconnaissance (stigmatisation) structurant l’ensemble de la construction des représentations et des pratiques sociales des sujets sociaux recourant aux droits sociaux en situation de pauvreté relative. / More and more, French society is faced with the necessity and/or possibility to resort to the social welfare system because of increasing social inequality and poverty. At the same time, an opposing phenomenon baffles authorities: no take-up of social rights (Warin, 2010). Our doctoral thesis focused on understanding this phenomenon in relation to poverty, from the perspective of social representations (Moscovici, 2013; Jodelet, 2015). Through methodological triangulation (Apostolidis, 2006), combining qualitative and quantitative methods, we observed and collected social representations that describe, explain and organize these legal practices and what makes them difficult.Several themata in particular contribute to the interpretation of experiences and guide action. First, the complex-simple themata describes and explains legal practices, referring to the objectification process specific to the operation of social thought. The simplification of access to rights and their familiarization, which are necessary to be able to benefit from them, are possible because of knowledge gained through the experience of poverty and law, and through shared experiential, scholarly, cultural and expert knowledge.These experiences also bring out the strength-weakness themata. As a social virtue linked to courage and will-power, strength prevents weakness, which is associated with collapse and “letting oneself go”, and helps to cope with socioeconomic difficulties and accessing social rights. Paradoxically, weakness is also a way to be recognized legally, putting pressure on the search for recognition. Hence, both aspects of the anchoring process are present simultaneously: recognition and stigmatization.These experiences also fit into the social representations of Justice and into dynamics of loyalty or defiance regarding law and instituted justice. Hence, they shape different uses of the social welfare system and contribute to weakening the social representations of justice. We show that the latter are part of the donation/counter-donation exchange and take different forms depending on who is identified as the donor and the recipient.Finally, through these three themata (simple-complex, weakness-strength, justice-injustice) and in social contexts, we highlighted the pervasiveness of social representations that organize individuals’ experiences, views of the world and of themselves, their reliance on social benefits and their social participations. In each themata, the issue of recognition (symbolization) and non-recognition (stigmatization) structures the social representations and practices of relatively poor subjects who benefit from social welfare rights.

[pt] O presente trabalho tem, por fim, analisar o procedimento de regularização fundiária como um instrumento de defesa do direito social à moradia no espaço urbano. Nesse sentido, serão apresentados o conceito e a evolução teórica do direito social à moradia, bem como as tensões sociais que contribuíram para a sua previsão atual. Para além, será apresentado o conceito de regularização fundiária sob uma interpretação plena, seus instrumentos de aplicação e sua competência para se verificar como um importante aliado na luta pela concretização do direito à moradia. Por fim, serão apresentadas as razões para que se defenda uma política pública ampla e contínua de regularização fundiária no espaço urbano brasileiro. / [en] This paper is headed to the analysis of the procedure of land regulation as an instrument for the defense of Social Right of Housing in Urban Space. To reach that point, it will be presented the concept and the historical evolution of the social right of housing, as well as social tensions that contributed for present prevision. Beyond that, it will be presented the concept of land regulation under a wide sense interpretation, its applying instruments and its talent as an important alliance in the struggle for fulfilling the right of housing. At last, it will be presented the reasons by which it is needed the defense of a wide and continuous land regulation public policy in brazilian urban space.

Orientador: Patrizia Piozzi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T13:03:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sa_MariaAuxiliadoradeOliveiraNogueirade_M.pdf: 1192271 bytes, checksum: c2470c72acbcd57f274c16414f0957c3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: O presente trabalho tem como objetivo discutir as questões que envolvem o letramento e suas implicações na prática efetiva da cidadania. Recorrendo aos ideais franceses, originados em fase pré-revolucionária, procuramos evidenciar aspectos subjacentes à pratica cidadã no âmbito das relações sociais, bem como a importância do letramento como condição, ou não, para a atuação consciente dos indivíduos na vida social; analisar a evolução da educação pública brasileira em termos quantitativos e qualitativos, e seu alcance no que diz respeito ao objetivo máximo da ação educativa escolar: formar para o exercício consciente da cidadania. / Abstract: This dissertation contemplates questions about literacy and its implications on the effective citizenship practice. Based on french ideals, originated in the pre revolutionary period, this text puts in evidence the underlying aspects related to the citizenship practice in the social relations scope, as well the literacy importance, as a condition, or not, to a conscientious performance of the individuals in their social lives; this text also analyses the Brazilian public education evolution in its qualitative and quantitative terms, and its range in respect to the maximum objective of the school educative action: to form with sights to the conscientious exercise of the citizenship. / Mestrado / Ciencias Sociais na Educação / Mestre em Educação

Pache, maire de la Commune de Paris du 14 février 1793 au 21 floréal an II – 10 mai 1794, a mené une politique visant à garantir les droits naturels de l'homme et du citoyen. Ces droits furent formulés par le peuple parisien, principalement réuni en assemblées générales de sections et théorisés par des Montagnards. Suite à la Révolution des 31 mai - 2 juin 1793, qui aboutit au rappel des députés girondins considérés comme « infidèles » au peuple, la Convention nationale déclara et adopta une législation pour réaliser ces droits. L'application de cette législation fut confiée aux communes. Pache et la Commune de Paris agirent assidûment pour la mettre en place. / The policy conducted by Pache, the mayor of the Paris Commune from 14 February 1793 to 10 May 1794 (21 Floreal Year II), aimed to guarantee the natural rights of man and of the citizen. These rights were formulated by the people at the general assemblies of the Parisian sections, and then theorised by members of the Mountain (Montagnard) faction. Following the insurrection of 31 May -2 June 1793, which resulted in the expulsion of the « unfaithful » Girondin deputies who were considered to have betrayed the people, the National Convention announced and implemented legislation to enact these rights. The communes were entrusted with enforcing this legislation, with Pache and the Paris Commune working hard to ensure its success.

Millions of people in the world and especially in Africa are yet to be delivered from the scourge of poverty. „Over three billion people in the world live on less than $2.50 per day and more than 80% of the world‟s population are living in countries where income differentials are widening. About 1.1 billion people in developing countries lack access to clean water, one out of every three urban dwellers in the cities of developing countries are living in slum conditions and about 790 million people in the world are chronically undernourished‟. These statistics reveal the extent to which millions of people cannot access the very basic services needed for survival due to poverty. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa))--University of Pretoria, 2011. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / nf2012 / Centre for Human Rights / LLM