The purpose of this study is to analyze the writing of Annie Ernaux in two early texts LaPlace and La Honte. We will explain the notion of “écriture plate” (neutral writing) firstdefined by Roland Barthes and we will examine Ernaux’s narrative approach regarding thisconcept. We will also review the place and the use of the sociological in the two novels,focusing on the intertextuality between Ernaux’s and Bourdieu’s work. Our theoreticalbackground will be based on Barthes’ literary critic in Writing Degree Zero and onBourdieu’s general studies about class distinction and reproduction of social structures.

O mundo passa por um acelerado processo de urbanização marcado por desequilíbrios sociais e ambientais. As cidades concentram parte relevante do impacto ambiental e consomem recursos e geram resíduos a uma taxa muito maior do que seu território pode absorver, fazendo com que as áreas urbanas sejam cada vez mais importantes na busca pela sustentabilidade. Nesse contexto, a agricultura urbana e periurbana (AUP) surge como uma alternativa para a urbanização sustentável, devido, principalmente, à sua contribuição para o aumento da segurança alimentar, redução de impacto ambiental, reutilização de resíduos orgânicos, revitalização de áreas, desalienação dos moradores e aumento do bem-estar físico e psicológico. Além da falta de dados, a análise da AUP é dificultada pela sua heterogeneidade, nos mais diversos ângulos de análise: interpretação de seus significados, local, forma de governança e técnicas. Esta dissertação propõe sua divisão em quatro tipologias: (i) fazendas urbanas; (ii) terrenos intraurbanos vazios sem interesse imobiliário; (iii) telhados com produção intensiva; e (iv) residencial e institucional. São Paulo é a maior cidade do Brasil, com 12 milhões de habitantes e, apesar de a AUP acontecer no município em diversas tipologias, são escassos os dados sobre a quantidade de alimentos produzidos atualmente e o crescimento dessa atividade na cidade. O objetivo desta dissertação é, por meio de revisão bibliográfica e de estudos de casos, identificar e analisar os fatores que interferem no crescimento da AUP na cidade de São Paulo. A AUP é aqui interpretada pela lente teórica da teoria das práticas, destacando-se as relações recursivas entre seus agentes e as estruturas, por meio dos recursos, normas e esquemas interpretativos. Conclui-se que são onze os principais fatores que interferem no crescimento da AUP na cidade de São Paulo: (i) acesso à terra; (ii) acesso a equipamentos manuais, insumos e máquinas; (iii) acesso a conhecimento técnico e mão de obra; (iv) capacidade de cumprir normas de viabilidade financeira e regras de mercado/empresariais; (v) capacidade de obtenção de certificação; (vi) presença em leis de ocupação da cidade; (vii) poder de mobilização social e audiência nas mídias sociais; (viii) capacidade de gerar atividade profissional com geração de renda; (ix) capacidade de gerar empreendedorismo social; (x) capacidade de desempenhar produção ecologicamente correta; e (xi) capacidade de engajar e promover o ativismo de ocupação do espaço público, senso de comunidade e desenvolvimento de relações não capitalistas. Nota-se que a importância de cada fator é diferente entre as tipologias, conforme demonstraram os estudos de caso. Destaca-se que para as três primeiras tipologias, apesar de seus benefícios ambientais e sociais, a AUP está inserida em normas de mercado tradicionais, e sua possibilidade de crescer e produzir alimentos em quantidade relevante depende do atingimento de viabilidade financeira. Para isso, a AUP se vale de seu discurso pautado pela sustentabilidade para obtenção de cessões de terras, doações de recursos, leis de incentivo e valores de venda acima de mercado. Para a última tipologia, seu crescimento está sujeito a uma mudança mais radical na lógica de consumo e na disseminação do ativismo e de relações não mercantis / The world goes through an accelerated process of urbanization marked by social and environmental imbalances. Cities concentrate a significant part of the environmental impact and consume resources and generate waste at a much higher rate than their land can absorb, making urban areas increasingly important in the pursuit of sustainability. In this context, urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) emerges as an alternative to sustainable urbanization, mainly due to its contribution to increasing food security, reducing environmental impact, reusing organic waste, revitalizing areas, de-alienating citizens and increasing physical and psychological well-being. In addition to the lack of data, analysis of UPA is hampered by its heterogeneity, at the most diverse angles of analysis: interpretation of its meanings, location, form of governance and techniques. This dissertation proposes its division into four typologies: (i) urban farms; (ii) empty intra-urban land with no interest of real estate development; (iii) intensive production rooftops; and (iv) residential and institutional. São Paulo is the largest city in Brazil with 12 million inhabitants, and although the UPA happens in the city in several types, data on the quantity of food currently produced and the growth of this activity in the city are scarce. The objective of this dissertation is, through bibliographical review and case studies, to identify and analyze the factors that interfere in the growth of AUP in the city of São Paulo. The UPA is here interpreted by the theoretical lens of the theory of practices, highlighting the recursive relations between its agents and the structures, through resources, norms and interpretative schemes. It is concluded that there are eleven main factors that interfere in the growth of UPA in the city of São Paulo: (i) access to land; (ii) access to equipment, supplies and machines; (iii) access to technical knowledge and labor; (iv) ability to comply with financial viability standards and market / business rules; (v) ability to obtain certification; (vi) presence in occupancy laws of the city; (vii) power of social mobilization and audience in social media; (viii) ability to generate professional activity with income generation; (ix) ability to generate social entrepreneurship; (x) ability to perform ecologically correct production; and (xi) ability to engage and promote the activism of public space occupation, sense of community and development of non-capitalist relations. It is noted that the importance of each factor is different between the typologies, as the case studies showed. It should be noted that for the first three typologies, despite its environmental and social benefits, the UPA is embedded in traditional market norms, and its ability to grow and produce food in a relevant quantity depends on the attainment of financial viability. For this, the UPA relies on its sustainability-based discourse to obtain land assignments, resource donations, incentive laws and above-market sales values. For the latter typology, its growth is subject to a more radical change in the logic of consumption and the spread of activism and non-market relations

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:22:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bianca Casale Kitahara.pdf: 603842 bytes, checksum: b8e6f3250763ab642853b6c7e39d9ed6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-13 / The aim of this study is to analyze if the social order structured in Brazil is effective to protect of social rights and maintaining dignified life for workers against the capitalist system that we have today. There is also the approach on fundamental rights and their protection structure, the difference between fundamental rights and human rights as well as social rights are fundamental rights. To be able to contextualize the social guarantees and social rights in the economic system of the country contemporaneously, going to analyze the prevailing capitalism, its historical evolution and the phenomenon of globalization. Finally, this paper analyzes the social order in the Federal Constitution of 1988 and control structures, such as the Ministry of Labour and Employment, Ministry Public Labor and, finally, the Labour Court, the relationship of these structures with social order as well as the fulfillment of these globalized the international legal order / Analisa-se se a ordem social estruturada no Brasil é eficiente para proteção dos direitos sociais e manutenção de vida digna dos trabalhadores frente ao sistema capitalista que se tem hoje. Há ainda a abordagem sobre os direitos fundamentais e sua estrutura de proteção, a diferença entre direitos fundamentais e direitos humanos, bem como se os direitos sociais são direitos fundamentais. Para que se possa contextualizar a estrutura social e as garantias aos direitos sociais no sistema econômico do país contemporaneamente, passa-se a analisar o capitalismo vigente, sua evolução histórica e o fenômeno da globalização. Por fim, analisa-se a ordem social na Constituição Federal de 1988 e as estruturas de controle, como o Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego, o Ministério Público do Trabalho e, por fim, a Justiça do Trabalho, a relação destas estruturas com a ordem social, bem como o atendimento destas à ordem jurídica internacional globalizante

The American Dream promised success to Americans in the nineteenth century. This study analyzes the possibilities for average individuals to succeed in rapidly growing Dallas, Texas from 1880 to 1910. Success is measured in terms of occupational, property, and geographical mobility. Available materials dealing with average persons from Dallas: tax rolls, city directories, and the manuscript census for 1880 are evaluated, The focus of this study is primarily on the black population, but for comparison whites and immigrants were also studied. A sample of 216 whites, 212 immigrants, 210 blacks, and 81 mulattoes was randomly drawn from the 1880 census schedules. These men were traced through directories and tax rolls for the period from 1880 to 1910. Information was also tabulated on the female heads of household in Dallas in 1880.

Enabled by a Minor Field Study scholarship from SIDA, this thesis examines indigenous involvement in ecotourism in the Ecuadorian Amazons. Indigenous people are the most marginalized social group world-wide, and coincidingly often live in resource rich pristine land. The oil-rich lands of the Amazons is called a resource frontier and is now increasingly important for the tourism sector, which comes to entail conflict of interests between the State and indigenous communities living in this area. Both the global call for sustainable development and national policies of “Buen Vivir” promotes ecotourism as an ecologically, socio-economically, and culturally sustainable activity. Scholarly opinion suggest that ecotourism generates potential tools of empowerment for the involved indigenous communities. With this backdrop and with the theoretical framework of the postcolonial debate, main opportunities and challenges are examined with the correlation of tourism ventures and socio-political implications in the local reality of indigenous organizations in Tena, Napo. Complex impediments are uncovered and analysed within the social field of indigenous ecotourism. The conviction of the study holds the call for attentive cross-cultural communication in order to continue the seemingly inevitable path of globalization in a more sustainable and non-discriminatory manner.

This thesis presents Bayesian solutions to inference problems for three types of social network data structures: a single observation of a social network, repeated observations on the same social network, and repeated observations on a social network developing through time. A social network is conceived as being a structure consisting of actors and their social interaction with each other. A common conceptualisation of social networks is to let the actors be represented by nodes in a graph with edges between pairs of nodes that are relationally tied to each other according to some definition. Statistical analysis of social networks is to a large extent concerned with modelling of these relational ties, which lends itself to empirical evaluation. The first paper deals with a family of statistical models for social networks called exponential random graphs that takes various structural features of the network into account. In general, the likelihood functions of exponential random graphs are only known up to a constant of proportionality. A procedure for performing Bayesian inference using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods is presented. The algorithm consists of two basic steps, one in which an ordinary Metropolis-Hastings up-dating step is used, and another in which an importance sampling scheme is used to calculate the acceptance probability of the Metropolis-Hastings step. In paper number two a method for modelling reports given by actors (or other informants) on their social interaction with others is investigated in a Bayesian framework. The model contains two basic ingredients: the unknown network structure and functions that link this unknown network structure to the reports given by the actors. These functions take the form of probit link functions. An intrinsic problem is that the model is not identified, meaning that there are combinations of values on the unknown structure and the parameters in the probit link functions that are observationally equivalent. Instead of using restrictions for achieving identification, it is proposed that the different observationally equivalent combinations of parameters and unknown structure be investigated a posteriori. Estimation of parameters is carried out using Gibbs sampling with a switching devise that enables transitions between posterior modal regions. The main goal of the procedures is to provide tools for comparisons of different model specifications. Papers 3 and 4, propose Bayesian methods for longitudinal social networks. The premise of the models investigated is that overall change in social networks occurs as a consequence of sequences of incremental changes. Models for the evolution of social networks using continuos-time Markov chains are meant to capture these dynamics. Paper 3 presents an MCMC algorithm for exploring the posteriors of parameters for such Markov chains. More specifically, the unobserved evolution of the network in-between observations is explicitly modelled thereby avoiding the need to deal with explicit formulas for the transition probabilities. This enables likelihood based parameter inference in a wider class of network evolution models than has been available before. Paper 4 builds on the proposed inference procedure of Paper 3 and demonstrates how to perform model selection for a class of network evolution models.

Enligt den svenska förvaltningstraditionen, vilken bygger på den Weberianska byråkratimodellen, ska politiker fatta beslut och tjänstemännen verkställa dem. Men, relationen mellan politiker och tjänstemän i den kommunala vardagen förefaller inte vara så enkel. Förtroendevalda politiker upplever ett problem med att tjänstemännen har för stor makt, vilket leder till ett inflytande på den politiska processen som inte står i proportion till deras formella position. Problemet bottnar i att den Weberianska byråkratimodellen inte längre fungerar som ett vägledande ideal i praktiken. Den kommunala vardagen karakteriseras istället av en otydlighet i hur makten i praktiken konstitueras och distri-bueras i relationen mellan politiker och tjänstemän, med resultat att icke-förtroendevalda chefstjänstemän kan hamna i en maktsituation där de kommer i besittning av, förutom sin legitima chefsmakt, en reell politisk makt. Som en följd av detta kan våra svenska kommuner komma att ledas av en profession som tränger undan och kanske i praktiken övertar politisk ledning – en profession som enligt den Weberianska byråkratimodellen formellt ska vara politiskt maktlösa. Mot bakgrund av detta syftar studien till att bidra till kunskapen om de kommunala chefstjänstemännens politiska agerande och de maktförhållanden som konstituerar detta agerande. Med makt avses i avhandlingen en kapacitet att handla som ägs av agenter och som kan identifieras i kraft av chefspositionens varaktiga relationer med underliggande sociala strukturer mellan politik och förvaltning, mellan politiker och tjänstemän. Makt betraktas följaktligen som en förklaringsfaktor för att förstå chefstjänstemännens politiska agerande. Avhandlingen baseras på en fallstudie av kommunchefer, dvs. kommunens ledande tjänsteman som befinner sig i den omedelbara närheten av den kommunövergripande politiska ledningen, och som därigenom verkar i gränslandet mellan politik och administration. För att bidra till denna kunskap utvecklas i avhandlingen en analysmodell med utgångspunkt i den kritiska realismens synsätt på sociala strukturer och kausalitet. Modellen baseras på tre olika typer av analyser, en strukturell analys, en kausal analys och en förståelseanalys. Med hjälp av den strukturella analysen identifieras tre stycken strukturella maktresurser som kan ses som förbundna med den kommunala chefstjänstemannapositionen. Dessa benämns centralitet, kontroll över kritiska resurser, och närhet till makt. Med hjälp av den kausala analysen studeras vad och hur dessa maktresurser tillåter innehavaren av chefstjänstemannapositionen att påverka för att uppnå effekter. Analysen visar att de strukturella maktresurserna möjliggör för chefstjänstemannen att påverka hela den politiska beslutsprocessen genom att med rätt timing i ärendehanteringen, och de beslutsunderlag som ligger bakom detta, presentera olika problembilder och konsekvensbeskrivningar. Med hjälp av förståelseanalysen studeras chefstjänste-männens politiska agerande. Med utgångspunkt i en kritisk realistisk ansats kan de kommunala chefstjänstemännens politiska agerande förstås i termer av en proaktiv politisk roll som är inneboende i chefspositionens generiska karaktär. Den proaktiva rollen är intimt sammanlänkad med strukturella maktresurser genom det att den för sin existens kräver strukturella maktresurser som är förbundna med den kommunala chefstjänstemannapositionen. / Politicians are meant to make decisions and administrators are supposed to execute them according to the Swedish public administration tradition; a tradition built on the Weberian bureaucracy model. But, power relations between politicians and administrators in municipal practice do not appear as unambiguous as the tradition purports. Administrators have too much power according to elected officials, which in turn have an impact on the political process that is not consistent with the administrators’ formal position. This causes tension in the relations between politicians and administrators. The problem seems to stem from the fact that the Weberian bureaucracy model no longer serves as a guiding ideal in practice. Instead the local government practice is characterized by how vaguely the power is constituted and distributed in the social relation between politicians and administrators, resulting in the fact that non-elected public managers find themselves in a power position encompassing not only their legitimate managerial power, but also real political power – which is not consistent with the ideal bureaucracy model according to which this type of power is reserved only for elected officials. As a result the Swedish municipalities may be run by a profession that in practice take over the political leadership; a profession that in keeping with the Weberian ideal model is supposed to be powerless. This dissertation aims to contribute to field of knowledge concerning the municipal administrators’ political actions and the power relations constituting this behaviour. For the purpose of this dissertation the term power intends a capacity to act inherent in agents and that can be identified by virtue of the managerial position’s lasting relations with underlying social structures between politics and administration, between politicians and public administrators. Power is thus looked upon as an element of explanation in understanding public managers political behaviour. The dissertation is based on a case study of municipal managers, i e the leading public administrator in a municipality who is in the immediate proximity to the overall political leadership and thereby serves in the borderland between politics and administration. A model of analysis is developed with its basis in the critical realism’s approach on social structures and causality- The model is based on three different types of analyses, a structural analysis, a causal analysis, and an analysis of understanding. The structural analysis helps identify three structural power resources that are associated with the municipal management position; centrality, control over critical resources, and nearness to power. By means of the causal analysis one studies what and how these power resources permit the holder of the managerial position to influence in order to achieve certain effects. The analysis shows that the structural power resources make it possible for the public managers to influence the political decision making process through right timing in delivering official documents, along with the decision support data, presenting different problem areas and consequences of these. With the support of the analysis of understanding the municipal manager’s political behaviour is studied. With reference to a critical realist approach the answer is that the public managers’ political behaviour can be understood in terms of a proactive political role inherent in the managerial positions generic character. The role is strictly interconnected with the structural power resources due to the fact that the role requires, for its existence, structural power resources as are associated with the municipal managerial position.

O presente estudo propõe compreender a dinâmica de experiências locais/regionais de desenvolvimento, representativas da nova ruralidade marcada pela diversidade e heterogeneidade de experiências. Para tal, valer-se-á da Geografia Política, em especial, da abordagem territorial e escalar, auxiliada por referências da Nova Sociologia Econômica e Nova Economia Institucional. Quando se trata de processos de desenvolvimento territorial, na perspectiva da Geografia Política, o adjetivo territorial, remete a relações de poder, ou seja, à capacidade que os atores detém de tomar decisões e transformar ou reestruturar o espaço, de impregnar novos usos sobre o território. O exercício de poder expresso pelos usos do território está relacionado tanto às estruturas sociais, quanto a condições institucionais que se expressam em múltiplas escalas. A hipótese que embasa a pesquisa considera que as experiências de organização local/regional resultam de um processo de embededness e vêm sendo potencializadas por meio do fortalecimento dos laços fracos, da interação com instituições de múltiplas escalas e assim dão origem a dinâmicas territoriais de desenvolvimento. Para tal, são comparadas duas experiências coletivas do noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul. Uma diz respeito ao Pacto Fonte Nova do município de Crissiumal, um programa municipal de desenvolvimento que estabeleceu um pacto entre produtores, comerciantes e consumidores incentivando, desde 1999, a implementação de agroindústrias no município. A outra se refere ao estudo de duas das onze microdestilarias de etanol que compõem um conjunto de projetos que pretende estimular a produção deste agrocombustível em pequenas estruturas pela agricultura familiar. As microdestilarias analisadas se localizam no município de Dezesseis de Novembro e Porto Xavier. Estas experiências agroindustriais são resultado da cooperação de atores locais/regionais que dá origem a estruturas sociais. Estas estruturas interagem com instituições de múltiplas escalas, principalmente por meio do acesso à políticas públicas, desenvolvendo-se dentro das possibilidades e limitações que este ambiente institucional lhes proporciona. Ao final do estudo foi possível observar que as experiências caracterizam ações econômicas enraizadas em redes de relações interpessoais e no contexto sócio-histórico no qual se localizam. Também foram identificados novos usos econômicos expressos pela agroindustrialização de diferentes produtos e pelo turismo rural, bem como novos usos políticos, tais como a formação de associações, cooperativas, fóruns e implementação de leis municipais. Estes usos tornaram-se possíveis pelo fortalecimento de laços fracos e pelo acesso a políticas públicas, políticas estas representativas de um ambiente institucional criado em torno da agricultura familiar. Na medida em que os atores locais/regionais impregnam novos usos políticos e econômicos, estes reforçam seu poder sobre o território, ampliando sua capacidade de realizar ações para atender as suas demandas e interesses. Estes usos dão origem às dinâmicas territoriais de desenvolvimento local/regional. Por outro lado, apesar das transformações territoriais geradas e da satisfação dos atores envolvidos para com as experiências realizadas, permanecem desafios a serem superados, tais como, a falta de mão de obra, a saída de jovens e o consequente envelhecimento da população rural campo além da carência de tecnologia apropriada à agricultura familiar. / This study aims to understand the dynamics of local/regional experience of development, representative of the new rurality marked by diversity and heterogeneity experiences. As such, we will build on Political Geography, in particular, the territorial and scale approach, assisted by New Economic Sociology and New Institutional Economics references. When we deal territorial development processes from the Political Geography perspective, the territorial adjective, refers to power relations, in other words, the ability of the actors to make decisions or to restructure and transform the space, new uses on the territory. The power exercise expressed by the use of territory is related both to social structures as the institutional conditions, expressed at multiple scales. The hypothesis grounding the research considers that the local/regional organizing experience result of a embeddedness process and has been empowered through the strength of weak ties, by interaction with multi-scale institutions and thus give rise to territorial dynamics of development. For this, we compare two collective experiences of Rio Grande do Sul northwestern. One concerns the Pacto Fonte Nova of Crissiumal municipality, a municipal development programme that has established a pact between producers, traders and consumers by encouraging, since 1999, the implementation agroindustries in the municipality. The other refers to study two of the eleven ethanol microdistilleries making up a set of projects that aims to stimulate the biofuel production on small structures by family farming. The microdistilleries analyzed are located in the Porto Xavier and Dezesseis de Novembtro municipality. These agroindustrial experiences resulting of local/regional actors cooperation gives rise to social structures. These structures interact with institutions of multiple scales, particularly through public policies access, developing within the possibilities and limitations that the institutional environment provides. At the end of the study we observed that the experiences characterize economic actions embedded in interpersonal relationships networks and on the sociohistorical context in which they are located. We also identified new economic uses expressed by different industrialization products and rural tourism, as well as new political uses such as the formation of associations, cooperatives, forums and implementation of municipal laws. These uses are possible by the strengthening of weak ties and access to public policies. These policies represent an institutional environment created around the family farm. As the local/regional actors infuse new political and economic uses, they reinforce their power on the territory, expanded the ability to carry out actions to answer their demands and interests. These uses give rise to the local/regional development territorial dynamics. On the other hand, despite the territorial transformations generated and the satisfaction of the actors involved on the experiences, remain challenges to be overcome, such as, lack of manpower, the output of young people and the consequent aging rural population, and lack of appropriate technology to the family farming.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:25:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GustavoHSSS_DISSERT.pdf: 1419465 bytes, checksum: 8c673af6f681d84dd2fb46f03c113540 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-10 / In the year 376 of the Common Era, a tribe of Germanic warriors known as Tervingi , of Gothic extraction, crossed the Hister (Danube) river due south, entering the Roman Empire. They fled the Huns, a nomadic group that came plundering their way from the East. It did not take long for a conflict between the Roman imperial authorities and the refugees to begin. Peace was reached in 382 and, henceforth, the Tervingi would be officially foederati (allies) of the Romans, gaining the right to remain an autonomous tribe inside the borders of the Empire. For the next thirteen years the Tervingi warriors fought beside the Roman imperial armies in every major conflict. Nevertheless, after the death of the emperor Theodosius I in 395, their relations deteriorated severely. In theory, the Tervingi remained Roman allies; in practice, they begun to extort monies and other assets from the emperors Honorius and Arcadius. The sack of Rome by the Tervingi king Alaric in 410 was both the culmination and the point of inflection of this state of affairs. During the 410s the Tervingi warriors would fought again beside the Roman Imperial armies and be rewarded with a piece of land in the southwestern portion of the Gallic diocese. Dubbed Visigoths , they would remain trusted Roman allies throughout the next decades, consolidating their own kingdom in the process. This dissertation deals not only with the institution of the Visigothic kingdom in the southwestern portion of the Galliae but also with the social and economic conditions that hindered the Roman ability to defend their territory by themselves, hence opening opportunities for foederati like the Tervingi to carve out a piece of it for themselves. / No ano de 376 da era comum, uma tribo de guerreiros germ?nicos conhecidos como tervingi (terv?ngios), de origem g?tica, cruzou o rio Hister (Dan?bio) rumo ao sul, adentrando o Imp?rio Romano. Eles fugiam dos hunos, um grupo n?made que vinha do leste saqueando tudo em seu caminho. N?o passou muito tempo at? que tivesse in?cio conflito entre as autoridades imperiais romanas e os refugiados. A paz foi alcan?ada em 382 e, dali em diante, os terv?ngios seriam, oficialmente, foederati (aliados) dos romanos, ganhando o direito de continuar sendo uma tribo aut?noma dentro das fronteiras do Imp?rio. Durante os treze anos seguintes os guerreiros terv?ngios lutaram ao lado dos ex?rcitos imperiais romanos em cada um dos conflitos importantes. Ainda assim, ap?s a morte do imperador Teod?sio I em 395, as rela??es entre eles se deterioraram severamente. Em teoria, os terv?ngios permaneciam aliados dos romanos; na pr?tica, haviam come?ado a extorquir dinheiro e outros recursos dos imperadores Hon?rio e Arc?dio. O saque de Roma pelo rei terv?ngio Alarico em 410 foi tanto a culmina??o quanto o ponto de inflex?o nesse estado de coisas. Durante a d?cada de 410, os guerreiros terv?ngios lutariam novamente ao lado dos ex?rcitos imperiais romanos e seriam recompensados com uma por??o de terra na ?rea sudoeste da diocese gaulesa. Apelidados de visigodos , eles permaneceriam aliados dos romanos ao longo das d?cadas seguintes, consolidando seu pr?prio reino no processo. Esta disserta??o trata n?o apenas do estabelecimento do reino visig?tico na por??o sudoeste das Galliae mas tamb?m das condi??es sociais e econ?micas que restringiram a capacidade romana de defender por conta pr?pria seu territ?rio, dando oportunidade para que foederati como os terv?ngios arrancassem um peda?o dele para si.

O presente estudo propõe compreender a dinâmica de experiências locais/regionais de desenvolvimento, representativas da nova ruralidade marcada pela diversidade e heterogeneidade de experiências. Para tal, valer-se-á da Geografia Política, em especial, da abordagem territorial e escalar, auxiliada por referências da Nova Sociologia Econômica e Nova Economia Institucional. Quando se trata de processos de desenvolvimento territorial, na perspectiva da Geografia Política, o adjetivo territorial, remete a relações de poder, ou seja, à capacidade que os atores detém de tomar decisões e transformar ou reestruturar o espaço, de impregnar novos usos sobre o território. O exercício de poder expresso pelos usos do território está relacionado tanto às estruturas sociais, quanto a condições institucionais que se expressam em múltiplas escalas. A hipótese que embasa a pesquisa considera que as experiências de organização local/regional resultam de um processo de embededness e vêm sendo potencializadas por meio do fortalecimento dos laços fracos, da interação com instituições de múltiplas escalas e assim dão origem a dinâmicas territoriais de desenvolvimento. Para tal, são comparadas duas experiências coletivas do noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul. Uma diz respeito ao Pacto Fonte Nova do município de Crissiumal, um programa municipal de desenvolvimento que estabeleceu um pacto entre produtores, comerciantes e consumidores incentivando, desde 1999, a implementação de agroindústrias no município. A outra se refere ao estudo de duas das onze microdestilarias de etanol que compõem um conjunto de projetos que pretende estimular a produção deste agrocombustível em pequenas estruturas pela agricultura familiar. As microdestilarias analisadas se localizam no município de Dezesseis de Novembro e Porto Xavier. Estas experiências agroindustriais são resultado da cooperação de atores locais/regionais que dá origem a estruturas sociais. Estas estruturas interagem com instituições de múltiplas escalas, principalmente por meio do acesso à políticas públicas, desenvolvendo-se dentro das possibilidades e limitações que este ambiente institucional lhes proporciona. Ao final do estudo foi possível observar que as experiências caracterizam ações econômicas enraizadas em redes de relações interpessoais e no contexto sócio-histórico no qual se localizam. Também foram identificados novos usos econômicos expressos pela agroindustrialização de diferentes produtos e pelo turismo rural, bem como novos usos políticos, tais como a formação de associações, cooperativas, fóruns e implementação de leis municipais. Estes usos tornaram-se possíveis pelo fortalecimento de laços fracos e pelo acesso a políticas públicas, políticas estas representativas de um ambiente institucional criado em torno da agricultura familiar. Na medida em que os atores locais/regionais impregnam novos usos políticos e econômicos, estes reforçam seu poder sobre o território, ampliando sua capacidade de realizar ações para atender as suas demandas e interesses. Estes usos dão origem às dinâmicas territoriais de desenvolvimento local/regional. Por outro lado, apesar das transformações territoriais geradas e da satisfação dos atores envolvidos para com as experiências realizadas, permanecem desafios a serem superados, tais como, a falta de mão de obra, a saída de jovens e o consequente envelhecimento da população rural campo além da carência de tecnologia apropriada à agricultura familiar. / This study aims to understand the dynamics of local/regional experience of development, representative of the new rurality marked by diversity and heterogeneity experiences. As such, we will build on Political Geography, in particular, the territorial and scale approach, assisted by New Economic Sociology and New Institutional Economics references. When we deal territorial development processes from the Political Geography perspective, the territorial adjective, refers to power relations, in other words, the ability of the actors to make decisions or to restructure and transform the space, new uses on the territory. The power exercise expressed by the use of territory is related both to social structures as the institutional conditions, expressed at multiple scales. The hypothesis grounding the research considers that the local/regional organizing experience result of a embeddedness process and has been empowered through the strength of weak ties, by interaction with multi-scale institutions and thus give rise to territorial dynamics of development. For this, we compare two collective experiences of Rio Grande do Sul northwestern. One concerns the Pacto Fonte Nova of Crissiumal municipality, a municipal development programme that has established a pact between producers, traders and consumers by encouraging, since 1999, the implementation agroindustries in the municipality. The other refers to study two of the eleven ethanol microdistilleries making up a set of projects that aims to stimulate the biofuel production on small structures by family farming. The microdistilleries analyzed are located in the Porto Xavier and Dezesseis de Novembtro municipality. These agroindustrial experiences resulting of local/regional actors cooperation gives rise to social structures. These structures interact with institutions of multiple scales, particularly through public policies access, developing within the possibilities and limitations that the institutional environment provides. At the end of the study we observed that the experiences characterize economic actions embedded in interpersonal relationships networks and on the sociohistorical context in which they are located. We also identified new economic uses expressed by different industrialization products and rural tourism, as well as new political uses such as the formation of associations, cooperatives, forums and implementation of municipal laws. These uses are possible by the strengthening of weak ties and access to public policies. These policies represent an institutional environment created around the family farm. As the local/regional actors infuse new political and economic uses, they reinforce their power on the territory, expanded the ability to carry out actions to answer their demands and interests. These uses give rise to the local/regional development territorial dynamics. On the other hand, despite the territorial transformations generated and the satisfaction of the actors involved on the experiences, remain challenges to be overcome, such as, lack of manpower, the output of young people and the consequent aging rural population, and lack of appropriate technology to the family farming.