O presente estudo propõe compreender a dinâmica de experiências locais/regionais de desenvolvimento, representativas da nova ruralidade marcada pela diversidade e heterogeneidade de experiências. Para tal, valer-se-á da Geografia Política, em especial, da abordagem territorial e escalar, auxiliada por referências da Nova Sociologia Econômica e Nova Economia Institucional. Quando se trata de processos de desenvolvimento territorial, na perspectiva da Geografia Política, o adjetivo territorial, remete a relações de poder, ou seja, à capacidade que os atores detém de tomar decisões e transformar ou reestruturar o espaço, de impregnar novos usos sobre o território. O exercício de poder expresso pelos usos do território está relacionado tanto às estruturas sociais, quanto a condições institucionais que se expressam em múltiplas escalas. A hipótese que embasa a pesquisa considera que as experiências de organização local/regional resultam de um processo de embededness e vêm sendo potencializadas por meio do fortalecimento dos laços fracos, da interação com instituições de múltiplas escalas e assim dão origem a dinâmicas territoriais de desenvolvimento. Para tal, são comparadas duas experiências coletivas do noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul. Uma diz respeito ao Pacto Fonte Nova do município de Crissiumal, um programa municipal de desenvolvimento que estabeleceu um pacto entre produtores, comerciantes e consumidores incentivando, desde 1999, a implementação de agroindústrias no município. A outra se refere ao estudo de duas das onze microdestilarias de etanol que compõem um conjunto de projetos que pretende estimular a produção deste agrocombustível em pequenas estruturas pela agricultura familiar. As microdestilarias analisadas se localizam no município de Dezesseis de Novembro e Porto Xavier. Estas experiências agroindustriais são resultado da cooperação de atores locais/regionais que dá origem a estruturas sociais. Estas estruturas interagem com instituições de múltiplas escalas, principalmente por meio do acesso à políticas públicas, desenvolvendo-se dentro das possibilidades e limitações que este ambiente institucional lhes proporciona. Ao final do estudo foi possível observar que as experiências caracterizam ações econômicas enraizadas em redes de relações interpessoais e no contexto sócio-histórico no qual se localizam. Também foram identificados novos usos econômicos expressos pela agroindustrialização de diferentes produtos e pelo turismo rural, bem como novos usos políticos, tais como a formação de associações, cooperativas, fóruns e implementação de leis municipais. Estes usos tornaram-se possíveis pelo fortalecimento de laços fracos e pelo acesso a políticas públicas, políticas estas representativas de um ambiente institucional criado em torno da agricultura familiar. Na medida em que os atores locais/regionais impregnam novos usos políticos e econômicos, estes reforçam seu poder sobre o território, ampliando sua capacidade de realizar ações para atender as suas demandas e interesses. Estes usos dão origem às dinâmicas territoriais de desenvolvimento local/regional. Por outro lado, apesar das transformações territoriais geradas e da satisfação dos atores envolvidos para com as experiências realizadas, permanecem desafios a serem superados, tais como, a falta de mão de obra, a saída de jovens e o consequente envelhecimento da população rural campo além da carência de tecnologia apropriada à agricultura familiar. / This study aims to understand the dynamics of local/regional experience of development, representative of the new rurality marked by diversity and heterogeneity experiences. As such, we will build on Political Geography, in particular, the territorial and scale approach, assisted by New Economic Sociology and New Institutional Economics references. When we deal territorial development processes from the Political Geography perspective, the territorial adjective, refers to power relations, in other words, the ability of the actors to make decisions or to restructure and transform the space, new uses on the territory. The power exercise expressed by the use of territory is related both to social structures as the institutional conditions, expressed at multiple scales. The hypothesis grounding the research considers that the local/regional organizing experience result of a embeddedness process and has been empowered through the strength of weak ties, by interaction with multi-scale institutions and thus give rise to territorial dynamics of development. For this, we compare two collective experiences of Rio Grande do Sul northwestern. One concerns the Pacto Fonte Nova of Crissiumal municipality, a municipal development programme that has established a pact between producers, traders and consumers by encouraging, since 1999, the implementation agroindustries in the municipality. The other refers to study two of the eleven ethanol microdistilleries making up a set of projects that aims to stimulate the biofuel production on small structures by family farming. The microdistilleries analyzed are located in the Porto Xavier and Dezesseis de Novembtro municipality. These agroindustrial experiences resulting of local/regional actors cooperation gives rise to social structures. These structures interact with institutions of multiple scales, particularly through public policies access, developing within the possibilities and limitations that the institutional environment provides. At the end of the study we observed that the experiences characterize economic actions embedded in interpersonal relationships networks and on the sociohistorical context in which they are located. We also identified new economic uses expressed by different industrialization products and rural tourism, as well as new political uses such as the formation of associations, cooperatives, forums and implementation of municipal laws. These uses are possible by the strengthening of weak ties and access to public policies. These policies represent an institutional environment created around the family farm. As the local/regional actors infuse new political and economic uses, they reinforce their power on the territory, expanded the ability to carry out actions to answer their demands and interests. These uses give rise to the local/regional development territorial dynamics. On the other hand, despite the territorial transformations generated and the satisfaction of the actors involved on the experiences, remain challenges to be overcome, such as, lack of manpower, the output of young people and the consequent aging rural population, and lack of appropriate technology to the family farming.

The purpose of this study has been to critically review RF-SISU Vasterbottens communication channels in text and picture with a focal point of different norms related to social belonging. Which can become visible from a norm-critical perspective. To analyze how different norms can be visible in RF-SISU Vasterbottens communication channels the chosen method has been document analysis. What is normal? How do pictures and text express power structures? How are the social categories presented in text and pictures? In which sports are these social categories presented? These have been central questions to support the result of the study. The results showed that the organization in general is aware of norms in the communication when the topics are around diversity and gender equality however in general communication the invisible concepts of norms create areas of discussion. Racialization and hegemony are two of these concepts that shone through during the analysis. In order to achieve the organization's goals of gender equality and equal conditions regardless of where you are from, how you look or how you function they need to be aware consistently through their communication.

A relatively unexplored phenomena of the Nordic Bronze Age is the occurrence where monumental cult houses of stone foundation are discontinued, instead smaller cult houses are constructed in wood. This change occurred during the middle of the Bronze Age, a time werethe Nordic society experienced extensive contact and trade with cultures on mainland Europe. Cult houses were misunderstood for the majority of the 20th Century and it was not until recent they were acknowledged, and this shift noticed. This paper will examine the mentioned change in cult houses with the hypothesis that they were of symbolic importance and use of the elites. It will be discussed whether the cult houses form is attached to the elites display of power and is dependent on a grander ideology in how the elites legitimize their privileged position in society. In essence the paper aims to investigate the two types of cult houses and see to what extent they can be derived to underlying institutions, set up by the elite as a strategy to stay in power.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka vilka möjligheter och hinder kvinnliga vinmakare stöter på medan de etablerar sig och verkar som vinmakare i Europa. Studien undersöker även fördjupade kunskaper om historiska och kulturella föreställningar om genus inom vintillverkning. Studien genomfördes genom kvalitativ forskningsmetod med inspiration av existentiell-fenomenologisk och semistrukturerad intervjumetod. Urvalet bestod av sex kvinnliga vinmakare i Italien, Tyskland och Grekland. Intervjuernas syfte ämnade att fånga vinmakarens livsvärld, där undersökningen byggde på förstapersonsbeskrivningar av upplevelser från specifika fenomen. Materialet analyserades med hjälp avtematisk analysmetod och resulterade i fem olika teman som var traditioner, sociala miljöer, karaktär, kroppsliga faktorer och utveckling.  Resultatet antyder att vintillverkning historiskt varit dominerat av män och att det funnits hinder i kulturen och samhället som begränsat kvinnors möjligheter att etablera sig inom branschen. Dessa hinder har inkluderat fördomar och stereotyper om kön som påverkat synen på kvinnors fysiska kapacitet och kompetens inom vinproduktion. Trots dessa svårigheter har undersökningen också visat på en förändring i branschen. Antalet kvinnor som visar intresse för och engagerar sig i vintillverkning har ökat. Det har också blivit tydligt att möjligheterna för kvinnliga vinproducenter att etablera sig har förbättrats. / The aim of the study is to investigate the opportunities and obstacles encountered by female winemakers while establishing themselves and working in the wine industry in Europe. The study also explores in-depth knowledge about historical and cultural perceptions of gender within winemaking.  The study was conducted using a qualitative research method inspired by existential-phenomenological interviews with six female winemakers in Italy, Germany, and Greece. The purpose of the interviews was to capture the winemakers' lifeworld, relying on firsthand descriptions of experiences related to specific phenomena. The data was analyzed using thematic analysis, resulting in five themes: traditions, social environments, character, physical factors, and development.  The results of the study show that historically, winemaking has been dominated by men, and there have been cultural and societal barriers that have limited women's opportunities to establish themselves in the industry. These barriers have included biases and stereotypes about gender that have influenced perceptions of women's physical abilities and competence in wine production. Despite these challenges, the study also indicates a shift in the industry. The number of women showing interest in and engaging in winemaking has increased. It has also become evident that the opportunities for female wine producers to establish themselves have grown. These factors are presented and discussed in the results and the result discussion.

Für den internationalen Vergleich von Gesellschaften wird ein System gesellschaftlicher Dauerbeobachtung vorgeschlagen, indem aufgrund einer Auseinandersetzung mit der sozialphilosophischen Diskussion acht Performanzkriterien für den internationalen Vergleich von Lebensbedingungen bzw. der „Wohlfahrt der Nationen“ entwickelt werden: Wohlstand und Wachstum; ökologische Nachhaltigkeit; Innovation; soziale Sicherung durch Unterstützungsleistungen im Risikofall sowie vorsorgend durch Bildungsinvestitionen; Anerkennung der Besonderheiten (Frauenfreundlichkeit und Migrantenfreundlichkeit); Gleichheit der Teilhabe; soziale Integration; Autonomie („freedom of choice and capabilities”). All dies betrachten wir als gesellschaftlich wünschenswerte Ziele. In unserem Ansatz gehen wir nicht von einem einheitlichen Pfad der Modernisierung in Richtung Wachstum, Partizipation und Inklusion aus, sondern unterscheiden in Erweiterung der „drei Welten des Wohlfahrtskapitalismus“ von Esping-Andersen (mindestens) fünf verschiedene institutionelle Entwicklungspfade der Modernisierung: Der sozialdemokratisch-universalistische Pfad, der wirtschaftsliberale Pfad, der Status-konservierende Pfad, der „familistische“ Pfad und die Entwicklung der Gruppe der ex-sozialistischen Länder, die sich in einem Prozess der Ausdifferenzierung befinden. Ab der 3. Auflage werden nun 36 Länder verglichen (incl. aller EU-Mitglieder) statt wie zuvor 28 Länder, in der 7. Auflage auf dem Stand von Januar 2012. Zur Analyse der Sozialstrukturen werden als Modelle sozialer Lagen berücksichtigt: Marx, Weber, Roemer/Wright; soziale Schichten, berufliche Lagen, Goldthorpe-Modell; Bourdieu, Vester, Hradil. Als Anwendungsbereiche werden behandelt: Dienstleistungsgesellschaften und Erwerbstätigkeit, Bildung; Wohlfahrtsregime und soziale Sicherung; Wohlstand, Einkommen, Vermögen und Armut; soziale Mobilität; soziale Ungleichheiten zwischen Frauen und Männern; Bevölkerungsstruktur und Lebensformen; Lebensstile; Individualisierung und ihre Gegenbewegungen; zusammenfassender Vergleich von Lebensbedingungen in verschiedenen Ländern und Wohlfahrtsregimen. / For the international comparison of societies a system for continuous observation is proposed, based on a discussion of moral values in social philosophy, which results in eight criteria of performance of societies in the following living conditions: Wealth and growth; ecological sustainability; innovation; social security by supporting benefits in the case of risk and preventive by investments in education; appreciation of peculiarities (women friendliness and migrants friendliness); equality of are sources and rights; social integration; autonomy ("freedom of choice and capabilities"). In our approach we do not assume a uniform pathway of modernization in the direction of growth, participation and inclusion, but differentiate in extension of the "three worlds of welfare capitalism" of Esping-Andersen (1990) (at least) five different institutional pathways of modernization: The social democratic (universalistic) path, the economically liberal path, the status-conserving path, the familistic path and the development of the group of post-socialist countries, which are in a process of differentiating. We compare 36 countries including all members of the EU and the anglo-saxon countries as well as Japan. For the analysis of social structures the following models of social positioning are considered: Marx, Weber, Roemer/Wright; social strata; occupational positions, Goldthorpes model; Bourdieu, Vester, Hradil. As fields of application are discussed: Service societies and employment, education; wealth, income, property and poverty; social mobility; social inequalities between women and men; demographic structure and forms of living; life styles; welfare regimes and social security; individualization and its counter-movements; summarizing comparison of the living conditions in different countries and welfare regimes.

This research focuses on the impact of the moral community (or social context) on the formation of conscience and its implication for moral responsibility. It is an interdisciplinary approach to theological reflection that is particularly attentive to psychological, philosophical, sociological, and neurobiological viewpoints showing how these have either distorted or broadened our understanding of conscience in its relation to community and social responsibility, or its formation in relationship to our moral development. It stresses reciprocity of conduct (for we are "responders") and the complementarities of internal and external sanctions. It insists that the influence of conscience on behavior is undermined by a fixation on its cognitive aspect at the detriment of the feeling aspect such that retrieving the latter will broaden our appreciation of its deep but subtle influence. While admitting the richness of African <italic>communalism<<</he basis for a healthy formative process, it also sees in it a perplexing paradox given the socio-political realities of venal leadership and systemic corruption that de-colors the African landscape. Focusing on Nigeria, it identifies "tribalism" as a socio-moral "pathology" (an institutionalized self-interest) that not only distorts the traditional process of moral formation but has evolved as a core driver of systemic corruption. It claims that globalization enables "external powers" to impact local moral orientation. It links "local tribalism" and "international tribalism" as "pathologies" based on kinship of disordered self-interest. It exposes how the latter influences local moral disorientation in a way analogous to how the local moral community impacts the malformation of individual conscience and thus influencing irresponsibility. Its recommendations include: a "glocalized" moral reform aimed at "updating" conscience formation process and overcoming tribalism; a paradigm shift in foreign policy agenda towards a new ethic; and a "three-stage-process" that focuses on deconstructing unhealthy belief systems and building "active" moral communities as part of a robust long-term strategy against systemic corruption and deeper socio-moral transformation. / McAnulty College and Graduate School of Liberal Arts; / Theology / PhD; / Dissertation;

This dissertation investigates department stores as complex spatial and cultural buildings, in which values and ideas are expressed, negotiated, and produced. Situated in a cultural context commonly referred to as a society of consumption, where identity and social structures are worked out through consumption rather than production, the query turns to a specific act of consumption: that of shopping. More precisely, it investigates the role of space and spatial distribution in shopping. How space is distributed, arranged, or ordered allows for different possibilities in constructing categories from which the shoppers are to make a selection, and for how these categories can be related to one another, which informs the shoppers what belongs together, what is to be held apart, what is important, what is private, what is public, and what is of higher or lower status. It further supports, prevents, and promotes different routes and choices, giving different patterns of presence, publicity, privacy, purpose, etc. that not only affects the atmosphere of the spaces, but makes suggestions of what is found in them. These questions are investigated through a series of conceptual laboratories, each addressing the problem from different standpoints and focusing on different parts of the question: from how categories are constructed and given character, to how they form systems of values, how shoppers are trained in aesthetics of fashion, how relative degrees of presences are made use of, and how they appear influenced by spatial distribution. In this, the work shifts between qualitative and quantitative methods, each completing and evolving the other. It shows that to a remarkable degree, much of the emergent values and ideas can be understood through the filter of spatial configurations, and especially when treated as two systems: one of exposure and one of availability. As similar operations also affect patterns of movement and being, which enables them to also be related to publicity, privacy, and other social characters, the department stores can be understood as not only commercial spaces but as sites of negotiation of public culture. As such, both the analytic model and the more specific findings have important implications for architectural theory in general. / QC 20100803

Målet med föreliggande studie är att belysa den sociala dynamik som kan uppstå under ett arbete med organisationsförändring, som både kan motarbeta och leda förändringen framåt. För att lyckas uppnå syftet och få en större förståelse för människorna och den atmosfär som påverkas har undersökningen främst baserats på observationer av möten och workshops relaterade till organisationsförändringen. Då medarbetarna har varit studiens mest väsentliga källa så har intervjufrågor skickats ut via mail, dessutom har informella samtal kontinuerligt hållts med Uppdragsledaren och Alfa. Den teoretiska referensram som använts vid analysen av den sociala dynamiken har haft sin grund i Giddens struktureringsteori samt teorier relaterade till medarbetarnas motstånd mot organisationsförändringar och ledarskap. Detta teoretiska ramverk har bidragit till en djupare förståelse för sociala srukturer, olika normer, sätt att kommunicera och maktförhållanden inom organisationer. Undersökningen visar, bland annat, att medarbetare behöver motiveras och engageras i organisationsförändringar för att arbetet med förändring ska gå i önskad riktning. Mycket av detta ansvar ligger hos ledaren som medarbetarna måste anse vara legitim och professionell för att de ska lyssna och följa riktlinjer. Samtidigt måste det även finnas en balans mellan hur strikt ledarens riktlinjer bör följas och den frihet medarbetarna ges att kunna fatta egna beslut. De olika maktförhållanden människor har till varandra inom organisationer är inte av central betydelse under arbetet med organisationsförändring, så länge det finns en ömsesidig respekt mellan medarbetarna och en vilja att kommunicera och lyssna till varandras åsikter och kunskaper. / The aim of this study is to emphasize the social dynamics that may arise during a project of organizational change, which can both prevent and lead the change forward. The investigation was mainly based on observations during meetings and workshops related to the change project, to get a better understanding for the people and atmosphere affected by the organizational change. Since the employees were the main focus of this study, questions were sent to the co-workers by mail and interviews were held with the leaders of the project. To be able to analyse the social dynamics the theoretical frame of the study was founded on Gidden’s structuration theory, theories of the co-workers resistance against organizational change and leadership. The theoretical frame contributed to get a deeper understanding for social structures in organizations and its different norms, way of communication and power. The research shows, among other things, that co-workers need to be motivated and engaged in the organizational change for the change to move forward. A lot of this responsibility concerns the leader, who has to be seen as legitimate and professional for the co-workers to be able to listen and take orders. There also has to be a balance between the orders that a leader gives and the freedom the employees have to make their own decisions. People in organizations have different power relations which don’t matter during anorganizational change project as long as there is a mutual respect between the employees and a willingness to communicate and listen to each other’s opinions and knowledge.

The aim of this study was to examine the gender standards of male nurses in women-dominated workplaces. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the factors that influenced the psychosocial working environment of male nurses, based on gender perspectives. To get a wider perception, we also studied social support and expectation from the surrounding linked to previous research on male nurses' working conditions. Our intention was to identify gender-related differences that characterize the occupational role. The method used in the study was qualitative and the empirical material was obtained through semi-structured interviews. We interviewed six male nurses based in different medical departments, all located in Western Sweden's health and medical care. We analyzed the results with a focus on gender norms and its impact on the psychosocial work environment. We used Karasek and Theorell's “Demand-control-and support model” in line with Jeding et al. (1999) psychosocial model “The individual program” as an essential tool to reveal potential explanations. Due to regulations and general advice in Swedish health-and medical care, we chose to neglect the aspect control, since it did not have an impact on the results of the study. The findings of the study are that all male nurses who participated in our interviews were experiencing their psychosocial work environment as highly over-loaded. The results also revealed that there is a difference between a gender aspect, in the profession. The majority of the respondents also confirmed they felt expectations to perform certain duties, based on their gender role. By indicate these social structures, we hope to contribute to an increased understanding of the certain conditions that many gender minorities may get involved with, based on social structures and gender norms.

The social transformations in the South Levantine Neolithic show two basic tendencies: 1) complex social structures are replaced by less complex ones, before more complex social structures develop; and 2) most likely connected to that: heterarchical and hierarchical patterns are linked together in varying ways; the more needs for social regulation appear, the more heterarchical elements trigger corporate, hierarchical and central structures, and new sedentary types of conflict occur. The development of family and communal life modes moved as shifting waves through the ecozones of the southern Levant: core household structures (MPPNB) are replaced by corporate extended families households (LPPNB) which then again are replaced by core household structures (FPPNB-PNA-B); heterarchical communities (PPNA) get replaced by hierarchical (MPPNB-LPPNB) communities, before pastoral-heterarchical communities develop (FPPNB-PNA-B) and exist together with the hierarchical permanent settlements of the FPPNB-PNA-B. The qualities and momentum of this general development may differ according to regional ecological conditions, including reversible and conservative regional developments. / Las transformaciones sociales del Neolítico en el Levante meridional denotan dos tendencias básicas: 1) las estructuras sociales complejas son reemplazadas por otras de características menos elaboradas en una etapa previa al despliegue de estructuras sociales más complejas, y 2) probablemente en forma paralela, se entrelazan principios heterárquicos y jerárquicos del orden social en proporciones cambiantes. Con la creciente demanda de una regulación de los elementos heterárquicos, estos desaparecen para ser sustituidos por estructuras jerárquicas corporativas y centrales, por lo que aparecen nuevas formas sedentarias de conflicto. El desarrollo de las formas de vida familiares y comunales atravesó, a manera de olas consecutivas, los diferentes paisajes del Levante meridional: estructuras familiares nucleares (en el PPNB Medio) fueron reemplazadas por estructuras familiares extensas corporativas (PPNB Tardío) y volvieron, luego, a su estado inicial (PPNB Final a PNA-B). Las comunidades heterárquicas (PPNA) se convirtieron en jerárquicas (PPNB Medio a PPNB Tardío) antes del surgimiento de comunidades heterárquicas pastoriles (PPNB Final a PNA-B) que coexistieron, en forma paralela, con asentamientos jerárquicos permanentes (PPNB Final a PNA-B). Las cualidades y la velocidad de este proceso general dependen, en forma especial, de factores ecológicos regionales e incluyen desarrollos regionales de carácter tanto reversible como conservador.