Titre : L'image de la langue et de la civilisation françaises au sein de l'Éducation nationale italienne. Les représentations des acteurs du FLE des établissements scolaires de Modène.Résumé : Plusieurs études ont montré l'influence que les représentations d'une langue, d'un pays et de ses habitants peuvent exercer sur les apprenants de la langue en question, au niveau de l'attitude envers la discipline, de la motivation, de la disponibilité à vêtir un autre habit langagier et mental. Cette thèse reprend la définition et les caractéristiques du concept de représentation et naît du désir de trouver des réponses à des situations vécues en tant que professeure de FLE dans le secondaire en Italie. Nous nous sommes toujours demandée pourquoi les apprenants que nous avons connus, dans des établissements très différents, connaissaient si peu la langue, mais surtout le pays. S'agit-il d'un problème commun à tous les apprenants ? Pourquoi semblent-ils posséder les mêmes (non) connaissances que leurs camarades n'étudiant pas le français ? Dans ce travail, d'abord nous décrirons l'histoire de l'Éducation italienne et le parcours du français langue étrangère dans son sein. Une section sera consacrée aussi à l'illustration des étapes accomplies par la didactique des langues étrangères pour devenir une discipline. Notre enquête concerne les apprenants et les enseignants de différents établissements de la province de Modène, dans l'Italie du Nord. Dans ce territoire, influencé historiquement par la France au point de posséder un dialecte proche de cette langue, quelles sont les représentations des apprenants et des enseignants ? Quel type de didactique émerge-t-elle ? Quels sont les atouts et quelles sont les faiblesses ? Pour répondre à ces questions, nous avons interviewé par questionnaire 896 apprenants et 36 enseignants : questions fermées, ouvertes, à choix multiple, jeu de libres associations, invitation au dessin, activités de reconnaissance d'image et récit de propres opinions et expériences nous aideront à creuser pour trouver quelques réponses et suggérer, avec toute la modestie possible, quelques solutions éventuelles.Mots-clefs : représentations sociolinguistiques - stéréotypes - motivation - didactique - français langue étrangère - école secondaire supérieure - apprenants - enseignants. / Title: The image of French language and culture in Italian school. Representations of teachers and students (survey in Modena).Summary: Several studies have long shown the influence that the representation of a language, of a country, and of its people can have on those who are studying that language in terms of their attitude towards it, their motivation, their willingness to enter a different state of mind and language. This dissertation, which will trace the meaning and features of the concept of representation, originates from a deep need to provide an answer to a firsthand experience as a teacher of French as a foreign language in the secondary school: during the three years spent working in schools of different types, I started to wonder why most of the students I met knew the language very poorly and, most of all, knew hardly anything about the country whose language they were studying. Is this a common problem amongst students of FFL? Why do they seem to have the same lack of knowledge as their peers who are not studying French? In the present work I will first describe the history of the Italian system, and the events that characterized FFL teaching in the past. A broad section will focus on how foreign language teaching became a discipline. This investigation will concern students and teachers from the Province of Modena, Northern Italy, and it will include schools of very different types and backgrounds. What are the students' and teachers' representations in a territory like Northern Italy? A territory as thoroughly influenced by France as to have a dialect very much like the French language? What is the scenario, when French language teaching is about? Which are its strength and weaknesses? To answer these questions I asked 896 students 36 teachers to fill in a questionnaire composed of yes - no, open-ended, and multiple choice questions, free association games, suggested drawings, picture recognition activities and description of personal opinions and experiences. The analysis of these results will help me go deeper into these topics, answer some questions and humbly suggest some possible solutions.Keywords: sociolinguistic representations - stereotypes - motivation - languages attitudes - teaching - French as a foreign language - secondary school - teachers - student

Cette thèse analyse les représentations sociolinguistiques de l’irlandais et de son apprentissage chez des élèves dans l’enseignement secondaire à Galway, en République d’Irlande. Le rôle de l’école est central pour la transmission de cette langue minoritaire menacée par l’anglais ; la prise en compte des représentations sociolinguistiques partagées par les jeunes Irlandais est tout indiquée pour comprendre dans quelle mesure l’apprentissage obligatoire peut jouer son rôle et permettre la survie de la langue. La première partie place la situation sociolinguistique irlandaise en perspective diachronique et se poursuit par l’exposition de la théorie des représentations ainsi que de la méthodologie utilisée. L’enquête par questionnaire, réalisée dans quatre établissements auprès de 356 élèves âgés de 12 à 18 ans, est l’objet de la deuxième partie ; elle tente d’identifier les représentations en présence et d’évaluer leur influence potentielle sur les attitudes, la motivation et les pratiques langagières futures des apprenants. En complément de cette enquête principale sont présentées en troisième partie deux enquêtes de type ethnographique qui explorent les relations entre les représentations des élèves et les discours des manuels scolaires, mais aussi entre représentations et certains discours médiatiques (télévisuel et cinématographique). La conclusion est l’occasion de faire, à partir des résultats obtenus, dessuggestions de politique linguistique éducative dans le but d’améliorer les représentations, donc les chances de survie, de l’irlandais. / This thesis analyses the sociolinguistic representations of the Irish language and its learning among secondary school students in Galway, in the Republic of Ireland. The role given to schooling is central for the transmission of this minority language, threatened by English ; thus, it seems particularly appropriate to take into account the sociolinguistic representations shared by the Irish youth in order to understand to which degree compulsory learning can play its role and help the Irish language to survive. The first chapter puts the Irish sociolinguistic situation into a diachronic perspective andgoes on to present the theory of representations as well as the methodology. The questionnaire survey, which took place in four secondary schools and involved 356 students aged 12 to 18 years, is the object of the second chapter ; it tries to identify the representations and to evaluate their potential influence on the attitudes, motivation and future linguistic behaviour of the learners. To complete this main survey, two ethnographic studies are presented in the third chapter : they explore the links between the representations expressed by the studentsand schoolbook discourses, as well as between representations and media discourses (TV andcinema). The conclusion will give the opportunity, on the basis of our results, to makesuggestions concerning educational language policies and aiming to improve therepresentations, and consequently the chances of survival of Irish.

MER Mathivha Centre for African Languages, Arts and Culture / MA (Xitsonga)

No description available.

В настоящей магистерской диссертации описывается социолингвистический портрет Дональда Трампа, президента США. В работе обобщены лингвистические подходы к изучению языковой личности и описанию социолингвистического портрета, отражены основные характеристики речи его предвыборной кампании. Выявлена лингвокогнитивная и лингвопрагматическая специфика социолингвистического портрета Дональда Трампа. / The master’s theses contains a description of the sociolinguistic portrait of Donald Trump, president of USA. Fundamental linguistic approaches to learning linguistic personality and describing sociolinguistic portrait are summarized and main characteristics of speeches of the presidential campaign are reflected in the work. The author has identified cognitive and pragmatic specifics of sociolinguistic portrait of Donald Trump.

Данная магистерская диссертация посвящена теме коллаборативного перевода. Рассматриваются исторический опыт коллаборативного перевода, специфика перевода текстов разных функциональных стилей, технологии коллаборативного перевода и лексическая сочетаемость слов. В рамках исследования осуществляется коллаборативный перевод статьи из интернет-энциклопедии «Википедии», описана технология применения данного вида перевода. В результате исследования полученный перевод текста был опубликован в русскоязычном разделе сайта «Википедии». / This master’s thesis studies collaborative translation. The theoretical part considers the history of collaborative translation, specific translation features of texts of different functional styles, collaborative translation technologies, and lexical collocation are considered. In the practical section, there is carried out a collaborative translation of an article from Wikipedia, the usage of this technology being described. At the final stage of the research, the resulting Russian version of the text was published in Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

In Chilean Spanish, second-person address is non-uniform in that the vos competes with the conventional tuteo and a third, mixed form has emerged. To add to this complexity, the form speakers choose has been shown to correspond to socioeconomic strata. Upper classes use tú, lower classes use vos, and young, middle class speakers choose the mixed form in which the verb is conjugated according to the voseo and is used with the pronoun tú. The causes and effects of this second-person schism in Chile are explored here, as well as the resulting sociolinguistic issues and consequences. In a study of printed media, television and interviewed informants, an attempt is made to confirm and validate the complexity of address in Chilean Spanish and determine the degree of the mixed voseo‟s pervasion into the mainstream.

Dans ce travail, j’étudie les relations entre la blogosphère politique dans la ville de São Paulo, au Brésil, et l’ensemble de l’écologie médiatique dans laquelle celle-ci est insérée. En établissant un dialogue avec les théories qui posent la dissémination des blogues comme le moment de répartition des moyens de production et de démocratisation de parole, je propose que la blogosphère doit plutôt être envisagée comme une instance de filtrage des produits des médias de masse. J’emprunte le concept de « dispositif » à Michel Foucault et à Giorgio Agamben, pour définir les médias du monde contemporain selon les termes d’un dispositif médiatique. J’emprunte aussi les concepts de « two-step flow of communications » et de « leader d’opinion » à Paul F. Lazarsfeld et Elihu Katz pour localiser la blogosphère dans l’ensemble de notre espace médiatique. Je défends également l’idée que les blogueurs exercent aujourd’hui une fonction semblable à celle des leaders d’opinion que décrivent Katz et Lazarsfeld – ce que je nomme la fonction-filtre de la blogosphère - et que ces blogueurs se situent dans la couche intermédiaire du flux d’informations dans les démocraties occidentales, c'est-à-dire celle qui se trouve entre les médias de masse et les récepteurs. Pour conduire ma recherche, j’ai réalisé une ethnographie virtuelle auprès des blogueurs de la ville de São Paulo, au Brésil, pendant la période de la campagne électorale de 2008 à la mairie. Ensuite, j’ai soumis l’ensemble de leur production discursive à une analyse sociolinguistique. Et je conclus que plutôt qu’étant le fruit d’une révolution, l’écologie médiatique contemporaine reprend - en les diversifiant et en les étendant - des processus que l’on ne pensait propres qu’aux dynamiques des médias de masse. / Here I study the relationship between the political blogosphere of the city of São Paulo, in Brazil, and the ecology of media in which it is inserted. I establish a dialogue with the theorists who believe in the dissemination of the blogs as the final moment of the democratisation of the means of symbolic production, and I come to the conclusion that the blogosphere should more likely be viewed as a filtering instance of the products from the mass media. I borrow the concept of “dispositif” from Michel Foucault and Giorgio Agamben and I define the media of the contemporary age in terms of a communicative dispositif. I also borrow from Paul F. Lazarsfeld and Elihu Katz the concepts of “two-step flow of communications” and “opinion leader” to find the place of the blogosphere in our communicative space. I argue that today’s bloggers play the function of the opinion leaders described by Katz and Lazarsfeld – which I name the filter-function of the blogosphere – and that they are localized in the intermediate layer of the flow of communications in the contemporary western democracies: the layer in between the mass media and the receptors. To undertake my research I have conducted a virtual ethnography in the political blogosphere of the city of São Paulo, in Brazil, during the municipal elections in October 2008. Then I submitted the whole of their discursive production to a sociolinguistic analysis. I conclude this work by stating that more than the product of a revolution in the realm of communications, the contemporary media ecology takes over, diversify and extend processes that we once believed were restricted to the dynamics of the mass media.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Esta pesquisa investigou o efeito da instrução implícita e explícita no desenvolvimento da competência sociolinguística em aprendizes brasileiros de italiano. Como definida aqui, a competência sociolinguística constitui o conhecimento que permite ao aprendiz reconhecer e produzir variedades linguísticas adequadas a gêneros textuais orais e escritos com diferentes graus de formalidade. Na primeira etapa da pesquisa, foram coletados na Itália quatro corpora de gêneros textuais produzidos por italianos, a saber: 140 e-mails; 13 interações em plantão docente; 10 entrevistas e 18 históricos de mensagens de texto enviadas pelo celular. A partir dos dados reunidos, foram conduzidas análises com o intuito de identificar fenômenos marcados em diamesia e diafasia que pudessem, posteriormente, ser abordados por meio da instrução em sala de aula. Com base nas análises, foi constatada a existência de seis traços linguísticos capazes de diferenciar os quatro gêneros textuais no plano da formalidade e do canal empregado na comunicação, foram eles: 1) a expressão da posterioridade verbal; 2) as conjunções adversativas, causais, concessivas e conclusivas; 3) as unidades lexicais alteradas; 4) os superlativos absolutos; 5) os deslocamentos à esquerda e à direita; e 6) os pronomes relativos. Passamos, então, à etapa subsequente da pesquisa: a formulação dos cursos experimentais. Ambos os cursos tiveram duração de 20 horas, que foram divididas em cinco unidades de trabalho. Participaram do experimento didático 22 aprendizes, dos quais 11 fizeram parte do grupo submetido à instrução explícita e 11 do grupo que recebeu instrução implícita. Para distinguir a instrução implícita da explícita, adotamos as propostas de Ellis (1998), Housen e Pierrard (2005), Doughty e Williams (1998), entre outros, diferenciando o curso explícito pela presença de momentos voltados à reflexão metalinguística indutiva (GAUGHIER et al., 2014) e pelo oferecimento de feedback corretivo explícito (LYSTER; RANTA, 1997). No curso implícito, por outro lado, a instrução foi realizada por meio de perguntas de compreensão sobre o input (VANPATTEN, 2004; WONG, 2004), de atividades de revisão colaborativa (FIGUEIREDO, 2006; CARVALHO, 2006) e de atividades de listasíntese (SCHNEUWLY; DOLZ, 2010). A coleta de dados nos dois grupos se deu pela realização de três testes aplicados antes e depois da instrução em sala de aula. Dois testes foram construídos para eliciar conhecimento declarativo e um para eliciar conhecimento processual (ELLIS, 2009). A comparação do desempenho dos aprendizes revelou que a instrução gerou efeitos na competência sociolinguística em ambos os grupos, porém houve efeitos mais significativos para o grupo que recebeu instrução explícita. Nesse grupo, houve alteração no desempenho, sobretudo, nas medidas mais relacionadas ao conhecimento declarativo - o teste de recepção e o de produção escrita - enquanto no grupo que recebeu instrução implícita as modificações se deram, principalmente, quanto a aspectos relativos à estrutura composicional dos gêneros textuais. / This research investigated the effect of implicit and explicit instruction on the development of sociolinguistic competence in Brazilian learners of Italian. As defined here, sociolinguistic competence consists in the knowledge that allows the learner to recognize and produce linguistic varieties appropriate to oral and written textual genres with different degrees of formality. In the first stage of the research, we collected in Italy four corpora of textual genres produced by Italians, namely: 140 e-mails; 13 professor-student advising sessions; 10 interviews and 18 mobile phone chat histories. We performed analyses of the gathered data with the purpose of identifying phenomena marked in the diamesic and diaphasic dimensions that could later be addressed in classroom instruction. The analyses led to the identification of six linguistic traits capable of differentiating the four textual genres in terms of formality and of the channel used in the communication: 1) the expression of verbal posteriority; 2) adversative, causal, concessive and conclusive conjunctions; 3) altered lexical units; 4) absolute superlatives; 5) left and right dislocation; and 6) relative pronouns. We then moved on to the subsequent stage of the research: the formulation of the experimental courses. Both courses lasted 20 hours, which were divided into five units of work. Twenty-two learners participated in the teaching experiment and were divided into two groups: 11 learners were in the explicit group and 11 in the implicit group. In order to differentiate the techniques of implicit and explicit instruction, we adopted the proposals of Ellis (1998), Housen and Pierrard (2005), Doughty and Williams (1998), among others. Therefore, on the one hand, the explicit course included the presence of moments focused on inductive metalinguistic reflection (GAUGHIER et al., 2014) and the use of explicit corrective feedback (LYSTER; RANTA, 1997); on the other hand, in the implicit course, the techniques consisted in comprehension questions about the input (VANPATTEN, 2004; WONG, 2004), collaborative review tasks (FIGUEIREDO, 2006; CARVALHO, 2006) and list-synthesis activities (SCHNEUWLY; DOLZ, 2010). The data in the two groups were collected using three tests, which were applied before and after the instruction in the classroom. Two tests were constructed to elicit declarative knowledge and one to elicit procedural knowledge (ELLIS, 2009). The comparison of learners\' performance revealed that the instruction generated effects on sociolinguistic competence in both groups, but there were more significant effects in the group submitted to explicit instruction techniques. In this group, there was a change in performance, especially in the measures most related to declarative knowledge - the reception test and the written test - while in the implicit group the modifications affected mainly aspects related to the compositional structure of the textual genres.