Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:34:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rosangela Xavier dos Anjos.pdf: 543500 bytes, checksum: 619d773b23c1bc30fd9a27178278d620 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The purpose of this work is to present, under a Sociolinguistic point of view, contemporary theories regarding linguistic variation, having the Brazil northeastern variant as spoken by the students of Educação para Jovens e Adultos school (E.J.A.). The research has as sample to investigation, interviews given by Brazil northeastern students and its proposal is to observe the northeast vocabulary as a way of expression of the northeast culture and customs. The main objective is to verify the treatment given to the northeastern variant on classroom, as seen from the student s perspective. To meet the ends of this research, the interview method was chosen, aiming at getting elucidative data to the present work. The field task is performed by means of recording individual interviews with the E.J.A´s northeastern students. It was verified, through the research, that there is a linguistic richness and peculiarity on E.J.A, most of all, as regards to people immigration from Brazil northeastern different states. The northeast variant is part of a linguistic reality, being in that way, an object of study, because it is present at the most different scholarship contexts / Nesta dissertação propomo-nos apresentar, numa visão Sociolingüística, as teorias contemporâneas relativas à Variação lingüística, tendo como abordagem a variante nordestina falada pelos alunos da Educação de Jovens e Adultos (E.J. A.). A pesquisa tem como amostra para investigação as entrevistas concedidas pelos alunos nordestinos e como proposta observar o vocabulário nordestino como meio de expressão da cultura e dos costumes da Região Nordeste. O objetivo principal é o de verificar o tratamento dado à variante nordestina em sala de aula, observadas pela perspectiva do aluno. Para a realização da pesquisa, adotamos a metodologia entrevista, com o intuito de coletar dados elucidativos para o presente estudo. O trabalho de campo é efetuado por meio de gravação de entrevistas individuais com alunos nordestinos da E.J.A. Verificamos, por meio da pesquisa, que na E.J.A. há uma peculiaridade e riqueza lingüística, sobretudo, no que diz respeito à imigração de pessoas de diferentes estados do Nordeste. A variante nordestina faz parte de uma realidade lingüística, sendo, pois, passível de estudo, por se fazer presente nos mais diferentes contextos escolares

A presente tese tem como objetivo descrever o falar nipo-brasileiro em cinco comunidades do Distrito Federal com vistas à construção do Esboço do Atlas do Falar dos Nipo-Brasileiros do Distrito Federal: aspecto semântico-lexical. O contato de línguas (português versus japonês), cada vez mais estreito, acarreta mudanças expressivas no cenário linguístico e se manifesta na fala dos nipo-brasileiros, cuja situação evidencia o entrelaçamento de duas línguas que se aliam e se alinham, configurando uma nova forma de uso que denominamos variedade nipobrasileira, objeto desta pesquisa. Essa fala é sustentada pela história linguística de (i)migrantes e seus descendentes e percorre seu curso natural de língua em constante movimento, criando, assim, situações linguísticas próprias. Diante deste fato, faz-se necessário resgatar e registrar esse uso, uma vez que a fala simboliza, em parte, a identidade linguística deste grupo social. A presente tese busca registrar e descrever a variedade nipobrasileira quanto ao componente semântico-lexical. Para a coleta de dados recorre-se a procedimentos metodológicos da Geolinguística. Selecionam-se cinco comunidades, pontos da pesquisa Brasília; Brazlândia; Núcleo Bandeirante; Taguatinga e Vargem Bonita com base não apenas em fatores históricos relacionados à (i)migração japonesa no Planalto Central, como também na importância destas no cenário econômico e no desenvolvimento do Distrito Federal. A seguir, aplica-se um instrumento de pesquisa denominado Questionário Semântico-Lexical Visual a dez sujeitos nipo-brasileiros bilíngues que foram subdivididos em duas faixas etárias de 51 a 65 e 66 anos em diante , todos do sexo/gênero feminino e pertencentes à segunda geração (nissei). As respostas registradas nas entrevistas permitem a elaboração de um banco de dados semântico-lexicais. Posteriormente, os dados são descritos e documentados em 41 cartogramas linguísticos, que visam à apresentação da frequência e distribuição dos dados semântico-lexicais em japonês e português e/ou português-japonês nos pontos pesquisados. A base teórica ancora-se na Sociolinguística, com enfoque no bilinguismo, mais especificamente no contato de línguas e nos fenômenos que derivam desse processo: o empréstimo lexical e a mudança de código. Recorre-se aos estudos, entre outros, de Grosjean, Thomason e Kaufman e Gumperz. Dada a natureza desta pesquisa, contemplamse igualmente os estudos de Dialetologia/Geolinguística, com destaque para os trabalhos de Chambers e Trudgill, Mase e Onishi. Ao final, verifica-se que a análise dos dados possibilita não somente a descrição do falar nipo-brasileiro como também a elaboração do esboço do atlas desse falar. As ocorrências semântico-lexicais apresentadas na pesquisa apontam para a configuração de uma variedade nipo-brasileira nos pontos pesquisados, como também constituem um retrato parcial desse falar. / This thesis aims to describe the Japanese-Brazilian speaking in five communities of the Distrito Federal in order to construct an Atlas Sketch of the Distrito Federal Japanese- Brazilian Speaking. The language contact (Portuguese vs. Japanese), increasingly narrow, entails significant changes in the linguistic scene and manifests itself in the Japanese- Brazilians speaking, whose situation highlights the locking of two languages that ally and align, setting up in a new way of use that we call Japanese-Brazilian variety, object of this research. This speaking is sustained by the (i)migrants and their descendants linguist history and runs its natural course of a language in constant motion, thus creating proper language situations. Given this fact, it is necessary to rescue and register, this usage, once the speech symbolizes, partly, the linguistic identity of this social group. This thesis seeks to register and describe the Japanese-Brazilian variety as to the semantic-lexical components. The Geolinguistic methodological procedures were resorted for the data collection. Five communities were selected the research points Brasilia; Brazlândia; Núcleo Bandeirante; Taguatinga and Vargem Bonita, based not only on historical factors related to Japanese (i)migration in the Planalto Central, but also on their importance in the economic scene and in the Distrito Federal development. Next, a research tool called Visual Semantic-lexical Questionnaire is applied on ten bilingual Japanese-Brazilians subjects who were divided into two age groups 51 to 65 and 66 onwards, all female gender and belonging to the second generation (Nisei). The responses registered in the interviews allow the development of a semantic-lexical database. Subsequently, the data are described and documented in 41 language cartograms, aimed to presenting the frequency and distribution of the semanticlexical information in Japanese and Portuguese and/or Portuguese-Japanese surveyed points. The theoretical basis is anchored in Sociolinguistics, focusing on bilingualism, specifically in language contact and in the phenomena that derive from this process: lexical borrowing and code switching. Resorting to Grosjean, Thomason and Kaufman and Gumperz studies, among others. Given the nature of this research, the Dialectology / Geolinguistic studies are equally contemplated, highlighting Chambers and Trudgill, Mase and Onishi works. In the end, it is possible to verify that the data analysis allows not only to the description of the Japanese- Brazilian speaking as well as to the elaboration of the atlas sketch of this speaking. The semantic-lexical occurrences presented in this study point to the setting of a Japanese- Brazilian variety in the surveyed points, as well as provide this speaking partial picture.

Dans cette étude, nous analysons les principaux problèmes que nous retrouvons lorsque nous utilisons les entrevues sociolinguistiques comme méthode d’analyse pour obtenir des échantillons de l’actuation linguistique authentiques. Cette problématique provient de la nature même de la méthodologie employée en fonction du paradoxe de l’observateur (Labov 1972) et elle impose la nécessité de réfléchir sur les avantages et les désavantages inhérents à l’instrument de recherche utilisé. En ayant ce propos, l’objectif principal qu’on poursuit est celui de donner réponse à une question que surgit lorsqu’on parle de l’entrevue sociolinguistique : Comment pourrait-on obtenir des échantillons de parole de style spontané dans l’observation systématique de l’entrevue? Pour essayer de répondre à cette problématique, on a revu et analysé un échantillon de vingt entrevues semi dirigées (25 heures d’enregistrement) qui font partie du Corpus Oral et Sonore de l’Espagnol Rural (COSER). L’étude des entrevues sociolinguistiques comme méthode scientifique montre, comme principal résultat, que parmi les stratégies utilisées pour essayer de réduire les effets du paradoxe de l’observateur on devrait inclure celle de la tactique de faire parler l’informateur à propos d’un objet qui ait une particulière valeur affective pour lui, pour générer ainsi une déstructuration du schéma formel de l’entrevue et une situation émotionnelle de sorte que l’émotivité neutralise sa conscience linguistique et son discours. De cette façon, l’attention du parlant se concentrera dans l’objet même plutôt que dans sa parole formelle et, de cette manière, on obtiendrait des échantillons de style plus spontané et colloquial. / In this study we carried out the analysis of the main problems found at the time of using sociolinguistic interviews as a field method in search of authentic samples of linguistic performance. Such problematic arises from the very nature of the methodology used based on the observer's paradox (Labov 1972), and imposes the necessity to reflect on the advantages and inherent disadvantages on the used instrument of investigation. With this intention, the primary goal pursued is to give answer to a question that underlies when speaking of the sociolinguistic interview: How to obtain samples of spontaneous style’s speech in the systematic observation of the interview? In order to try to give an answer to this problematic, a sample of twenty semi-structured interviews that integrates the Corpus of Spoken Rural Spanish (or Corpus Oral y Sonoro del Español Rural, COSER) was reviewed and analyzed (25 hours of recording). The study of the sociolinguistic interviews as scientific method reveals as main result that among the strategies to reduce the effects of the observer's paradox the tactic to ask the informer to speak about an object of special affective value should be included, in order to generate a dismantling of the formal scheme of the interview and an emotional situation, in such a way that emotion neutralizes his linguistic consciousness and his speech. Thus, the attention of the speaker will concentrate in the same object and not in its formal speech, which leads to obtaining samples of more spontaneous and colloquial style. / En este estudio llevamos a cabo el análisis de los principales problemas que nos encontramos a la hora de emplear la entrevista sociolingüística como método de campo en búsqueda de muestras de actuación lingüística auténticas. Dicha problemática deriva de la naturaleza misma de la metodología empleada en función de la paradoja del observador (Labov 1972), e impone la necesidad de reflexionar sobre las ventajas y desventajas inherentes al instrumento de investigación empleado. Con este propósito, el objetivo principal que se persigue es dar respuesta a un interrogante que subyace al hablar de la entrevista sociolingüística: ¿Cómo lograr muestras de habla de estilo espontáneo en la observación sistemática de la entrevista? Para intentar dar respuesta a esta problemática, se revisó y analizó una muestra de veinte entrevistas semidirigidas (25 horas de grabación) que integran el Corpus Oral y Sonoro del Español Rural (COSER). El estudio de las entrevistas sociolingüísticas como método científico da cuenta, como principal resultado, de que entre las estrategias para lograr reducir los efectos de la paradoja del observador se debería incluir la táctica de solicitar al informante que hable sobre un objeto de especial valor afectivo, para generar de este modo una desestructuración del esquema formal de la entrevista y una situación emocional, de tal forma que la emotividad neutralice su conciencia lingüística y su discurso. Así, la atención del hablante se centrará en el objeto mismo y no en su habla formal, pudiéndose obtener de esta manera muestras de estilo más espontáneo y coloquial.

A presente tese tem como objetivo descrever o falar nipo-brasileiro em cinco comunidades do Distrito Federal com vistas à construção do Esboço do Atlas do Falar dos Nipo-Brasileiros do Distrito Federal: aspecto semântico-lexical. O contato de línguas (português versus japonês), cada vez mais estreito, acarreta mudanças expressivas no cenário linguístico e se manifesta na fala dos nipo-brasileiros, cuja situação evidencia o entrelaçamento de duas línguas que se aliam e se alinham, configurando uma nova forma de uso que denominamos variedade nipobrasileira, objeto desta pesquisa. Essa fala é sustentada pela história linguística de (i)migrantes e seus descendentes e percorre seu curso natural de língua em constante movimento, criando, assim, situações linguísticas próprias. Diante deste fato, faz-se necessário resgatar e registrar esse uso, uma vez que a fala simboliza, em parte, a identidade linguística deste grupo social. A presente tese busca registrar e descrever a variedade nipobrasileira quanto ao componente semântico-lexical. Para a coleta de dados recorre-se a procedimentos metodológicos da Geolinguística. Selecionam-se cinco comunidades, pontos da pesquisa Brasília; Brazlândia; Núcleo Bandeirante; Taguatinga e Vargem Bonita com base não apenas em fatores históricos relacionados à (i)migração japonesa no Planalto Central, como também na importância destas no cenário econômico e no desenvolvimento do Distrito Federal. A seguir, aplica-se um instrumento de pesquisa denominado Questionário Semântico-Lexical Visual a dez sujeitos nipo-brasileiros bilíngues que foram subdivididos em duas faixas etárias de 51 a 65 e 66 anos em diante , todos do sexo/gênero feminino e pertencentes à segunda geração (nissei). As respostas registradas nas entrevistas permitem a elaboração de um banco de dados semântico-lexicais. Posteriormente, os dados são descritos e documentados em 41 cartogramas linguísticos, que visam à apresentação da frequência e distribuição dos dados semântico-lexicais em japonês e português e/ou português-japonês nos pontos pesquisados. A base teórica ancora-se na Sociolinguística, com enfoque no bilinguismo, mais especificamente no contato de línguas e nos fenômenos que derivam desse processo: o empréstimo lexical e a mudança de código. Recorre-se aos estudos, entre outros, de Grosjean, Thomason e Kaufman e Gumperz. Dada a natureza desta pesquisa, contemplamse igualmente os estudos de Dialetologia/Geolinguística, com destaque para os trabalhos de Chambers e Trudgill, Mase e Onishi. Ao final, verifica-se que a análise dos dados possibilita não somente a descrição do falar nipo-brasileiro como também a elaboração do esboço do atlas desse falar. As ocorrências semântico-lexicais apresentadas na pesquisa apontam para a configuração de uma variedade nipo-brasileira nos pontos pesquisados, como também constituem um retrato parcial desse falar. / This thesis aims to describe the Japanese-Brazilian speaking in five communities of the Distrito Federal in order to construct an Atlas Sketch of the Distrito Federal Japanese- Brazilian Speaking. The language contact (Portuguese vs. Japanese), increasingly narrow, entails significant changes in the linguistic scene and manifests itself in the Japanese- Brazilians speaking, whose situation highlights the locking of two languages that ally and align, setting up in a new way of use that we call Japanese-Brazilian variety, object of this research. This speaking is sustained by the (i)migrants and their descendants linguist history and runs its natural course of a language in constant motion, thus creating proper language situations. Given this fact, it is necessary to rescue and register, this usage, once the speech symbolizes, partly, the linguistic identity of this social group. This thesis seeks to register and describe the Japanese-Brazilian variety as to the semantic-lexical components. The Geolinguistic methodological procedures were resorted for the data collection. Five communities were selected the research points Brasilia; Brazlândia; Núcleo Bandeirante; Taguatinga and Vargem Bonita, based not only on historical factors related to Japanese (i)migration in the Planalto Central, but also on their importance in the economic scene and in the Distrito Federal development. Next, a research tool called Visual Semantic-lexical Questionnaire is applied on ten bilingual Japanese-Brazilians subjects who were divided into two age groups 51 to 65 and 66 onwards, all female gender and belonging to the second generation (Nisei). The responses registered in the interviews allow the development of a semantic-lexical database. Subsequently, the data are described and documented in 41 language cartograms, aimed to presenting the frequency and distribution of the semanticlexical information in Japanese and Portuguese and/or Portuguese-Japanese surveyed points. The theoretical basis is anchored in Sociolinguistics, focusing on bilingualism, specifically in language contact and in the phenomena that derive from this process: lexical borrowing and code switching. Resorting to Grosjean, Thomason and Kaufman and Gumperz studies, among others. Given the nature of this research, the Dialectology / Geolinguistic studies are equally contemplated, highlighting Chambers and Trudgill, Mase and Onishi works. In the end, it is possible to verify that the data analysis allows not only to the description of the Japanese- Brazilian speaking as well as to the elaboration of the atlas sketch of this speaking. The semantic-lexical occurrences presented in this study point to the setting of a Japanese- Brazilian variety in the surveyed points, as well as provide this speaking partial picture.

Submitted by Cristiane Chim (cristiane.chim@ucpel.edu.br) on 2018-08-06T13:39:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 GABRIELA TORNQUIST MAZZAFERRO.pdf: 6634163 bytes, checksum: b3be1b37f9ceeae1f0fcfe8335b5bc71 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T13:39:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GABRIELA TORNQUIST MAZZAFERRO.pdf: 6634163 bytes, checksum: b3be1b37f9ceeae1f0fcfe8335b5bc71 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES# / #2075167498588264571# / #600 / This study aims to describe, analyze and formalize the behavior of the non-final and final post-tonic mid-vowels from the Portuguese spoken language in the extreme south part of Brazil, more specifically, the five bordering cities in Uruguay: Acegua, Chui, Jaguarao, Quarai and Santana do Livramento. This interest has come as a necessity for the mapping of the Portuguese spoken language in communities which are on the border of Uruguay, a Spanish speaking country, and taking into consideration that the vowel systems of the Brazilian Portuguese language (BP) and the Spanish language show different structures and functioning: seven of them are the phonological vowels of BP language and, according to Câmara Jr. (1977), in the non-final post-tonic position there is an operation of four vowels: /a/, /i/, /u/, /e/, which passes to only three in the final atonic position: /a/, /i/, /u/, due to the neutralization process. Differently, the Spanish language, in all of its phonological positions, presents the system of five vowels: /a/, /i/, /u/, /e/, /o/, regardless of the tonicity of the syllable. It was assumed as a research hypothesis, which considered the studies such as Vieira (1994, 2002, 2009) and Machry da Silva (2009), that the speakers of the Brazilian cities bordering Uruguay have presented differences in the use of the non-final and final atonic vowels when compared to the Portuguese spoken language from the remaining part of Rio Grande do Sul and Brazil due to the influence of Spanish phonology. Combined with limited studies focused on the research of the spoken BP in the southern border of the country, this research is based on Variationist Sociolinguistics with its particularity of proposing phonological analysis and the formalization of the results based on the Stochastic Optimality Theory. The corpus of the study consisted of data from 40 (forty) informants - eight informants from each of the cities previously mentioned. Two types of procedures were proposed for data collection: a specific instrument to obtain non-final post-tonic vowels and a sociolinguistic interview to obtain final post-tonic vowels. The data was transcribed, signed and submitted to the RBRUL computer software with the control of linguistic and extralinguistic variables. Statistical results indicated that these variables were relevant for the elevation of the non-final post-tonic vowels process in the five cities surveyed. Yet, they seem to indicate that the motivation for the occurrence (or not) of the process is found when in contact with the Spanish language, a homogenized factor, which is present in all of the border cities. The elevation process of the post-tonic vowels was present in all of the border cities: regarding the non-final post-tonic vowels, the indices were lower than the remaining of the state and the country, being more effective with the mid-vowel /o/ than the mid-vowel /e/, which corroborates the proposal of Camara Jr. (1977). Regarding the final post-tonic vowels, the effectiveness of the process reached levels above 70% for the vowel /e/ and 95% for the vowel /o/ with categorical results for the cities of Chui and Jaguarao, which provided evidence that this process may be indicating a change in the BP language on the border. The formalizations supported by the Stochastic Optimality Theory showed that by means of restrictions and hierarchization is possible to represent the atonicity as a motivator of the study process as well as to express the tendency for vowel elevation in BP language as a result of the neutralization process. The analysis of the data suggests that the behavior of the post-tonic vowels on the border communities with cities of Uruguay presents some particular features that keep the spoken Portuguese language on the border distant from the spoken BP of the remaining part of the state and the country. / Este estudo descreve, analisa e formaliza o comportamento das vogais médias postônicas não finais e finais no português falado no extremo sul do Brasil, mais especificamente em cinco cidades que fazem fronteira com o Uruguai: Aceguá, Chuí, Jaguarão, Quaraí e Santana do Livramento. O interesse está na necessidade de um mapeamento do português falado em comunidades que fazem fronteira com o Uruguai, país de fala espanhola, já que os sistemas vocálicos do português brasileiro (PB) e do espanhol mostram diferentes estruturas e funcionamento: sete são as vogais fonológicas do PB e, segundo Câmara Jr. (1977), na posição postônica não final há o funcionamento de quatro vogais: /a/, /i/, /u/, /e/, passando para apenas três na posição átona final: /a/, /i/, /u/, em virtude de um processo de neutralização; diferentemente, o espanhol apresenta, em todas as posições fonológicas, o sistema de cinco vogais: /a/, /i/, /u/, /e/, /o/, independentemente da tonicidade da sílaba. Assumiu-se como hipótese de pesquisa, considerando estudos como o de Vieira (1994, 2002, 2009) e de Machry da Silva (2009), que os falantes das cidades brasileiras fronteiriças com o Uruguai, por influência da fonologia do espanhol, apresentam diferenças no emprego das vogais átonas não finais e finais, em se comparando com o português falado no restante do Rio Grande do Sul e do Brasil. Aliando-se aos estudos voltados para a investigação do PB falado na Fronteira Sul do País, esta investigação está fundamentada na Sociolinguística Variacionista, com a particularidade de propor a análise fonológica e a formalização dos resultados com base na Teoria da Otimidade Estocástica. O corpus do estudo foi constituído por dados de 40 (quarenta) informantes – oito informantes de cada uma das cidades. Foram propostos dois tipos de procedimentos para a coleta dos dados: um instrumento específico para a obtenção de vogais postônicas não finais e uma entrevista sociolinguística para a obtenção de vogais postônicas finais. Os dados foram transcritos, fichados e submetidos ao programa computacional RBRUL, com o controle de variáveis linguísticas e extralinguísticas. Os resultados estatísticos indicaram que essas variáveis se mostraram relevantes para o processo de elevação das vogais médias postônicas não finais nas cinco cidades pesquisadas, mas parecem indicar que a motivação para a ocorrência (ou não) do processo se encontra no contato com o espanhol, fator homogeneizado, tendo em vista o fato de estar presente em todas as cidades fronteiriças. O processo de elevação das vogais postônicas mostrou-se presente em todas as cidades de fronteira: quanto às vogais postônicas não finais, os índices foram inferiores ao restante do Estado e País, sendo mais efetivo com a vogal média /o/ do que com a média /e/, o que corrobora a proposta de Câmara Jr. (1977); quanto às vogais postônicas finais, a efetivação do processo alcançou índices acima de 70% para a vogal /e/ e de 95% para a vogal /o/, com resultados categóricos para as cidades de Chuí e Jaguarão, trazendo evidências de que esse processo de variação pode estar indicando uma mudança no PB da fronteira. As formalizações com o suporte da Teoria da Otimidade Estocástica evidenciaram que, por meio de restrições e de sua hierarquização, é possível representar a atonicidade como motivadora do processo alvo do estudo, bem como expressar a tendência à elevação vocálica no PB como resultante do processo de neutralização. As análises dos dados permitem afirmar que o comportamento das vogais médias postônicas nas comunidades de fronteira com cidades do Uruguai apresenta especificidades que distanciam o português fronteiriço do PB falado no restante do Estado e do País.

Dans cette étude, nous analysons les principaux problèmes que nous retrouvons lorsque nous utilisons les entrevues sociolinguistiques comme méthode d’analyse pour obtenir des échantillons de l’actuation linguistique authentiques. Cette problématique provient de la nature même de la méthodologie employée en fonction du paradoxe de l’observateur (Labov 1972) et elle impose la nécessité de réfléchir sur les avantages et les désavantages inhérents à l’instrument de recherche utilisé. En ayant ce propos, l’objectif principal qu’on poursuit est celui de donner réponse à une question que surgit lorsqu’on parle de l’entrevue sociolinguistique : Comment pourrait-on obtenir des échantillons de parole de style spontané dans l’observation systématique de l’entrevue? Pour essayer de répondre à cette problématique, on a revu et analysé un échantillon de vingt entrevues semi dirigées (25 heures d’enregistrement) qui font partie du Corpus Oral et Sonore de l’Espagnol Rural (COSER). L’étude des entrevues sociolinguistiques comme méthode scientifique montre, comme principal résultat, que parmi les stratégies utilisées pour essayer de réduire les effets du paradoxe de l’observateur on devrait inclure celle de la tactique de faire parler l’informateur à propos d’un objet qui ait une particulière valeur affective pour lui, pour générer ainsi une déstructuration du schéma formel de l’entrevue et une situation émotionnelle de sorte que l’émotivité neutralise sa conscience linguistique et son discours. De cette façon, l’attention du parlant se concentrera dans l’objet même plutôt que dans sa parole formelle et, de cette manière, on obtiendrait des échantillons de style plus spontané et colloquial. / In this study we carried out the analysis of the main problems found at the time of using sociolinguistic interviews as a field method in search of authentic samples of linguistic performance. Such problematic arises from the very nature of the methodology used based on the observer's paradox (Labov 1972), and imposes the necessity to reflect on the advantages and inherent disadvantages on the used instrument of investigation. With this intention, the primary goal pursued is to give answer to a question that underlies when speaking of the sociolinguistic interview: How to obtain samples of spontaneous style’s speech in the systematic observation of the interview? In order to try to give an answer to this problematic, a sample of twenty semi-structured interviews that integrates the Corpus of Spoken Rural Spanish (or Corpus Oral y Sonoro del Español Rural, COSER) was reviewed and analyzed (25 hours of recording). The study of the sociolinguistic interviews as scientific method reveals as main result that among the strategies to reduce the effects of the observer's paradox the tactic to ask the informer to speak about an object of special affective value should be included, in order to generate a dismantling of the formal scheme of the interview and an emotional situation, in such a way that emotion neutralizes his linguistic consciousness and his speech. Thus, the attention of the speaker will concentrate in the same object and not in its formal speech, which leads to obtaining samples of more spontaneous and colloquial style. / En este estudio llevamos a cabo el análisis de los principales problemas que nos encontramos a la hora de emplear la entrevista sociolingüística como método de campo en búsqueda de muestras de actuación lingüística auténticas. Dicha problemática deriva de la naturaleza misma de la metodología empleada en función de la paradoja del observador (Labov 1972), e impone la necesidad de reflexionar sobre las ventajas y desventajas inherentes al instrumento de investigación empleado. Con este propósito, el objetivo principal que se persigue es dar respuesta a un interrogante que subyace al hablar de la entrevista sociolingüística: ¿Cómo lograr muestras de habla de estilo espontáneo en la observación sistemática de la entrevista? Para intentar dar respuesta a esta problemática, se revisó y analizó una muestra de veinte entrevistas semidirigidas (25 horas de grabación) que integran el Corpus Oral y Sonoro del Español Rural (COSER). El estudio de las entrevistas sociolingüísticas como método científico da cuenta, como principal resultado, de que entre las estrategias para lograr reducir los efectos de la paradoja del observador se debería incluir la táctica de solicitar al informante que hable sobre un objeto de especial valor afectivo, para generar de este modo una desestructuración del esquema formal de la entrevista y una situación emocional, de tal forma que la emotividad neutralice su conciencia lingüística y su discurso. Así, la atención del hablante se centrará en el objeto mismo y no en su habla formal, pudiéndose obtener de esta manera muestras de estilo más espontáneo y coloquial.

Dans ce travail, j’étudie les relations entre la blogosphère politique dans la ville de São Paulo, au Brésil, et l’ensemble de l’écologie médiatique dans laquelle celle-ci est insérée. En établissant un dialogue avec les théories qui posent la dissémination des blogues comme le moment de répartition des moyens de production et de démocratisation de parole, je propose que la blogosphère doit plutôt être envisagée comme une instance de filtrage des produits des médias de masse. J’emprunte le concept de « dispositif » à Michel Foucault et à Giorgio Agamben, pour définir les médias du monde contemporain selon les termes d’un dispositif médiatique. J’emprunte aussi les concepts de « two-step flow of communications » et de « leader d’opinion » à Paul F. Lazarsfeld et Elihu Katz pour localiser la blogosphère dans l’ensemble de notre espace médiatique. Je défends également l’idée que les blogueurs exercent aujourd’hui une fonction semblable à celle des leaders d’opinion que décrivent Katz et Lazarsfeld – ce que je nomme la fonction-filtre de la blogosphère - et que ces blogueurs se situent dans la couche intermédiaire du flux d’informations dans les démocraties occidentales, c'est-à-dire celle qui se trouve entre les médias de masse et les récepteurs. Pour conduire ma recherche, j’ai réalisé une ethnographie virtuelle auprès des blogueurs de la ville de São Paulo, au Brésil, pendant la période de la campagne électorale de 2008 à la mairie. Ensuite, j’ai soumis l’ensemble de leur production discursive à une analyse sociolinguistique. Et je conclus que plutôt qu’étant le fruit d’une révolution, l’écologie médiatique contemporaine reprend - en les diversifiant et en les étendant - des processus que l’on ne pensait propres qu’aux dynamiques des médias de masse. / Here I study the relationship between the political blogosphere of the city of São Paulo, in Brazil, and the ecology of media in which it is inserted. I establish a dialogue with the theorists who believe in the dissemination of the blogs as the final moment of the democratisation of the means of symbolic production, and I come to the conclusion that the blogosphere should more likely be viewed as a filtering instance of the products from the mass media. I borrow the concept of “dispositif” from Michel Foucault and Giorgio Agamben and I define the media of the contemporary age in terms of a communicative dispositif. I also borrow from Paul F. Lazarsfeld and Elihu Katz the concepts of “two-step flow of communications” and “opinion leader” to find the place of the blogosphere in our communicative space. I argue that today’s bloggers play the function of the opinion leaders described by Katz and Lazarsfeld – which I name the filter-function of the blogosphere – and that they are localized in the intermediate layer of the flow of communications in the contemporary western democracies: the layer in between the mass media and the receptors. To undertake my research I have conducted a virtual ethnography in the political blogosphere of the city of São Paulo, in Brazil, during the municipal elections in October 2008. Then I submitted the whole of their discursive production to a sociolinguistic analysis. I conclude this work by stating that more than the product of a revolution in the realm of communications, the contemporary media ecology takes over, diversify and extend processes that we once believed were restricted to the dynamics of the mass media.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

大部分在台灣的客家人都會說中文,但是其中有些客家人說國語時會留下客語的遺跡。本篇論文已語言上,場合正式性上,地理區域,以及社會因素等方面探討部分客家人把國語的/ɕ/唸成[s]的原因。 本篇論文包含量化分析以及質化分析,在量化分析上透過面對面的交談,念文章,以及唸單字等方法來收集資料。量化分析上總共有32位受試者,且受試者依照性別,教育程度,年齡以及地理區域以二分法的方式。而在質化分析上的受試者和量化分析的受試者為同一批人,但只有29位再次參與調查。 本篇主要的發現為: (1)在語言內部因素中,字頻,鄰近音,以及音節結構對於語音變異皆有影響。(2)語音變異的確有擴散的現象。(3)在語言外部的因素中,年齡以及地理區域的影響比場合正式性及性別來得大,但教育程度的影響則很微弱。整體而言:(1)本篇調查的語音透過語言內部,場合正式性,社會以及地理空間擴散 (2)語言內部以及語言外部皆對與音變異有影響,但語言外部的因素的影響比內部因素來得大。 / Most Hakka speakers in Taiwan, if not all, speak Mandarin Chinese. Among them, many leave some traces of their Hakka background in their Mandarin pronunciation. This thesis aims at analyzing the linguistic, situational, geographical, and social causes of the emergence of [s] as a phonetic variant of /ɕ/ in Mandarin by Hakka speakers. In this study, both quantitative and qualitative analyses were conducted to locate the internal and the external constraints on the target phonetic variation. Those data for quantitative analyses were collected from the linguistic production by 32 native speakers of Hakka in casual conversation, reading passage, and reading characters. Subjects of this study are equally distributed to two genders, two education levels, two age groups, and two geographical areas (namely, in Taoyuan City and Chungli City, two cities in which a large proportion of Hakka speakers reside) . As for data for qualitative analyses collected from 29 of the 32 subjects of the quantitative tests, only those parts of the qualitative design that were implemented correctly were analyzed. The major findings of this study are (1) among the internal factors, word frequency, preceding vowels, and syllable structure were found to be influential to the target phonetic variation; (2) the target phonetic variation does expands through lexical diffusion; and (3) among the external factors, age and geographical area are more influential than situational formality and gender, but the impact of education level is weak. General conclusion of this study include (1) this target phonetic variation is expanding gradually through linguistic, situational, and social/geographical spaces; and (2) both internal and external factors are effective, with external factors being more influential than internal factors. Key words: phonetic variation, lexical diffusion, formality, Hakka dialect, sociolinguistic variation, ethnic identity

L’objet de cette recherche est la communication institutionnelle que le conseil général des Pyrénées-Orientales - rebaptisé depuis 2015 « conseil départemental » - a mis en circulation à partir de 1998, et qui reste aujourd’hui encore en vigueur dans le département. Depuis les lois dites de décentralisation (1982), les acteurs politiques locaux qui gouvernent les collectivités territoriales ont bien saisi l’importance des enjeux - tout autant économiques/touristiques que symboliques et politiques - d’une patrimonialisation favorisant la construction d’une identité territoriale. Pour les collectivités dont le territoire recouvre une entité sociolinguistique (socio-historique et linguistique), cette construction identitaire va pouvoir s’ancrer à la langue minorée, qui devient "le vecteur [privilégié] du patrimoine culturel immatériel" (UNESCO, 2003) « local ».La communication-marketing du conseil général des P.O. opte donc pour le concept-clé de « la Catalanité ». La campagne promotionnelle crée des supports médiatiques spécifiques, qui mettent en scène et affichent une « Catalanité » offrant à la collectivité territoriale et à son président la garantie d’un label.Mais ce marketing politique s’inscrit dans la situation de conflit diglossique franco-catalan. S’il a à cœur d’afficher une spécificité identitaire catalane pour promouvoir l’attractivité du territoire, il construit/reconstruit l’interdiscours dominant en s’appuyant immanquablement sur des représentations sociolinguistiques qui l’inscrivent dans la dynamique conflictuelle diglossique. En partant d’observations très « micro », qui examinent les moyens verbaux et les stratégies discursives mises en œuvre par cette parole institutionnelle, on rejoint la perspective « macro » sociolinguistique en montrant qu’ils participent de fonctionnements diglossiques et contribuent à l’idéologisation du conflit diglossique franco-catalan.L’analyse s’inscrit au carrefour de la sociolinguistique « périphérique » et de l’analyse argumentative du discours ; elle emprunte certains de ses outils à la linguistique praxématique. Cependant la spécificité pluridisciplinaire de l’objet d’étude l’a conduite à un « bricolage » scientifique intégrant également les approches de la science politique, de l’économie-marketing, des sciences de l’information et de la communication ou encore de la psychologie sociale. / The purpose of this research is the institutional communication that the "conseil général" of Eastern Pyrenees – renamed since 2015 « departmental council » - initiated from 1998 and still valid today in the department. Since the Decentralization Acts (1982), the local political actors who rule the territorial collectivities fully grasped the importance of the challenges - which are both economic/touristic and symbolic/political - related to patrimonialization supporting the construction of a territorial identity. For the communities which territory includes a sociolinguistic entity (socio-historical and linguistic), this identity construction will base itself on the undervalued language. It then becomes the local “[privileged] immaterial cultural heritage vector” (UNESCO, 2003). The marketing policy of "Conseil général" of the Eastern Pyrenees thus chooses the key-concept of “la Catalanité”.The promotion campaign creates specific media tools, which display a “Catalanité” concept providing the territorial collectivity and its president the warranty of a label. But this political marketing fits into the "franco-catalan" diglossic conflict situation. If it’s eager to display a specific Catalan identity to promote an attractive territory, it builds/rebuilds the dominant interdiscourse inevitably resting over sociolinguistic representations. They register it within diglossic conflict dynamics. From very “micro” observations, examining the verbal means and the discursive strategies activated by this institutional discourse, one gets to the “macro” sociolinguistic prospect by showing their part in diglossic operations and also in the diglossic ideologization of the "franco-catalan" conflict. The analysis is located at the crossroads of the “peripheral” sociolinguistics and of the argumentative discourse analysis; it borrows some of its tools from praxematic linguistics. However the multi field specificity of the object of study led it to a scientific “making up”. It also integrates the approaches of political science, marketing-economics, social psychology or communication and information sciences.