Preparing for segregation. Educational work within the Swedish special school - an activity theoretical approach This study aims at illuminating what is special about Särskolan’s pedagogical work. In Sweden schooling for children who are regarded intellectually disabled is organised in a special school, Särskolan, established during the late 1800s. Today Särskolan is organised in two forms, a training school and a compulsory särskola. The pedagogical work in Särskolan is commonly referred to as special and unique. However, what this special is has not previously been explored. The study is conducted within the tradition of cultural-historical activity theory. According to this tradition, personality, development and change is understood and explained in relation to various activity systems in which the individual is involved. Each activity is regarded as a historically developed, complex system of motive-driven, goal-orientated human actions that aim at finding solutions to a societal need. These theoretical assumptions have informed the design of the study of Särskolan as a historically developed activity. The study was carried out during the school year 2002–2003 in one training school classroom (grade 2–5) and one compulsory särskola classroom (K–4). Class-room observations and staff interviews were used for data production. The core of the analyses concerned what the teachers were trying to achieve. According to the theoretical assumption, the motive is expected to appear in the object of the activity, therefore the overall analysis focused on the object of the activity of teaching. One major result was that the teachers in the training school pursued preparations for daily life while in the compulsory särskola the pupils were prepared for teaching. With an activity theoretical approach to learning, the study further shows that the possibilities for pupils to learn – e.g. sign language in the training school or literacy in the compulsory särskola – were limited. The overall conclusion is that the special with the Särskola is that up-bringing and preparation dominate the activity. The emphasis on preparation seem to be related to the teachers’ conceptions of the pupils as being in need of a special kind of knowledge before they can be taught the knowledge referred to in the syllabuses.

<p>En enkätundersökning, en intervjustudie och en observationsstudie har gjorts. Undersökningarna handlar om talhandikappade elevers syn på sin utbildning och sin framtid. Resultatet visar att eleverna ser positivt på sin framtid och att få jobb och att eleverna känner sig kränkta i vissa situationer. Intervjuerna gjordes med tre lärare, en rektor samt en logoped, alla verksamma inom Riksgymnasieverksamheten för rörelsehindrade elever. Frågeställningarna i denna uppsats var:</p><p>• På vilket sätt arbetar skolan för att elever med talhandikapp ska uppfylla kursmålen för svenska?</p><p>• Hur ofta och på vilka grunder används Gymnasieförordningens undantagsbestämmelser i undervisningen?</p><p>• Hur ser eleverna själva på sin framtid, sin utbildning och sitt funktionshinder?</p><p>Resultatet visar också att man inom verksamheten har god kunskap och erfarenhet med elever med talhandikapp och de har utvecklat strategier för at kunna ge dessa elever en så god undervisning och skolgång som möjligt. Observationsstudien visade att det är gott socialt klimat bland elever som undervisas i mindre undervisningsgrupper</p> / <p>A study with help of interviews, inquiries and observations has been made. The surveys is about students with speech disorders and their views on their education and their future. The result shows that pupils welcomes their future and to get jobs and that students feel wronged in some situations. The interviews were carried out by three teachers, a headmaster and a speech therapist, all active in Riksgymnasieverksamheten för rörelsehindrade elever (special schools for disabled students). Issues of this essay was:</p><p>• In what way are the school working to help students with speech disorders to meet the course goals in Swedish education?</p><p>• How often and on what grounds are the Act`s exemptions beeing used in teaching?</p><p>• How do the students see themselves and their future, their education and their disability?</p><p>The result also shows that,Riksgymnasieverksamheten have a good knowledge and experience with students with speech disorders and have developed strategies to give these students a good education and schooling. The observations showed that there are good social climate among students who are taught in smaller teaching groups</p>

Thesis (M.S.W.)--University of Hong Kong, 1988.

Kunskapsbedömningar i träningsskola ska utgå från en läroplan utformad specifikt för elever i träningsskola. Den ska utgå från elevens förutsättningar. Syftet med denna studie är att låta lärare i träningsskola beskriva hur de utför kunskapsbedömningar. I studien beskriver lärare sitt arbete med kunskapsbedömningar i träningsskola. Studien beskriver också vad lärare använder för verktyg och vilken betydelse de anser att kunskapsbedömningar i träningskola har. Studien bygger på kvalitativa intervjuer med sex lärare som arbetar i träningsskola. Analysen är gjord utifrån sociokulturell teori. Resultatet av studien visar att elever i träningskola har behov av en egen läroplan. Studien visar också att formuleringar av målen i kursplanen är viktiga för att kunskapsbedömningarna ska ha så hög validitet som möjligt. Lärarna bör också ha en helhetsbild av eleven och möjlighet till ett gemensamt kommunikationssätt för att öka validiteten. / Knowledge assessment in special school for pupils with severe learning disabilities shall be based on a curriculum designed specifically for this type of school. The assessment shall be made taking into account each pupil´s individual prerequisites. The purpose of this study is to let teachers in special school describe how they make knowledge assessment, what implements they use and what importance knowledge assessment in special school has, according to them. The study is based on qualitative interviews with six teachers working in special school. The analysis was then made from sociocultural theory. The results show that pupils in special school need their own curriculum. The results also show that the wording of the curriculum is important to get as much validity as possible of knowledge assessment. Teachers should also have a complete picture of the pupil and a common approach to communication to increase the validity.

The purpose of this study is to describe how the activity is arranged for a student with learning disablities. I have used an method based on etnografic influences. I made observations in a school for three days I took notes during the observations. I made one interview with the teacher where I used open fomulatet questions. This study is based on activity theory and one of my results is that teachers in primary school did not have the competence to meet all childrens needs. I found that many things in the activity affected the students in it and that the purpose of the activity changed according to the activity in it. Primary school as activity seemed to push the student with learning disabilities towards special school since it was in special school the comptence and the ability to arrange the activity to meet the needs the student had in a better way. / Denna studie handlar om skolan som verksamhet och hur verksamheten arrangeras för att svara upp mot elevers behov. Jag har tittat specifikt på en verksamhet där en elev med inlärningssvårigheter finns och där eleven får stöd av grundsärskolans verksamhet. Jag har använt mig av ett förhållningssätt som inspirerats av etnografin som metod där jag använt intervju och deltagande observationer som verktyg. Eleven når inte kunskapskraven för grundskolan men hör heller inte till verksamheten grundsärskola. Detta gör att eleven står emellan verksamheter. Verksamheten grundskola som ska ge elever det stöd de har behov av men som inte riktigt förmår och verksamheten grundsärskola som eleven inte tillhör där kompetens att möta eleven och resurser att möta eleven finns. Mina frågeställningar handlade om vilka handlingar för att nå målen i verksamheten som synliggörs och vad samverkan mellan grundskola och grundsärskola innebär? Jag har kommit fram till att de handlingar som synliggörs i verksamheten grundskola inte leder eleven mot målen för verksamheten. Grundskolan har gjort sig beroende av grundsärskolans verksamhet för att ge elven det stöd eleven behöver.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur några lärare i grundsärskolans senare årskurser beskriver att de arbetar för att motivera sina elever till lärande och kunskapsutveckling. Studien baseras på fem, enskilda, strukturerade forskningsintervjuer med öppna frågor med lärare som arbetar i grundsärskolans senare årskurser, både inriktning träningsskola och grundsärskola. Resultatet analyseras med hjälp av Vygotskijs sociokulturella teoretiska perspektiv där motivation, lärande och kunskapsutveckling främst skapas i ett sammanhang, i samspel med andra människor, och i miljön runt omkring. Resultatet visar att samtliga lärare som deltog anser att arbetet med att motivera eleverna till lärande och kunskapsutveckling är viktigt men inte helt enkelt. De menar att undervisningen måste utgå från elevernas erfarenheter och intressen för att eleverna ska känna sig motiverade. Även tydlighet, lust och goda relationer nämns som viktiga faktorer i motivationsarbetet. Min studie visar att lärare i grundsärskolan menar att de kan påverka elevernas motivation till lärande och kunskapsutveckling genom att aktivt använda sig av olika motiverande strategier. Studien visar också att de motivationsfaktorer som forskningen lyfter fram utifrån elever i grundskolan stämmer väl överens med elever i grundsärskolan. Dessutom menar lärarna att motivationsarbetet kan vara viktigare och ha en större betydelse för dessa elever. Genom att ta tillvara den erfarenhet och kunskap som lärarna jag intervjuat delat med sig av är min förhoppning att andra kan ta till sig dessa strategier och på så sätt öka motivationen hos de elever de möter. / The aim of this study is to explore how some teachers who taught students in grade 6-9 in schools for students with intellectual disabilities describe their work to motivate their students in their learning process and knowledge development. The study is based on five individual, structured research interviews with open questions with teachers working with students with mild, moderate and severe intellectual disabilities in grades 6-9. The results are analyzed by Vygotskys socio-cultural theoretical perspective where motivation, learning and knowledge are mainly created in a context of interaction with other people and the environmental setting. The result shows that all participating teachers believe that efforts to motivate students in their learning process and knowledge development are important but it is easier said than done. They argue that teaching must be based on students' experiences and interests to make students feel motivated. Even clarity, desire and good relations mentioned as important factors in the motivational process. My study shows that teachers in schools for students with intellectual disabilities believe that they can affect students' motivation in their learning process and knowledge development by actively using different motivational strategies. The study also shows that the motivation factors the research emphasize on the basis of elementary school students correspond well with students in schools for students with intellectual disabilities. Further, the teachers believe that work of motivation can be more important and have a greater importance for these students. By taking advantage of the experience and knowledge of what the teachers shared in their interviews, my hope is that others will be able to embrace these strategies and thus increase the motivation of the students they meet.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T16:15:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Monique Evelyn Cardoso DAmore.pdf: 399369 bytes, checksum: 887115fb38c86db170401a9ce97b7dc0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study conducts an analysis of the conflicts between specialists in organizing special private school, according to the perception and analysis of records of the researcher as a teacher and coordinator in the area of special education. Some time ago, the school organization special is composed of several experts to meet the needs of their students. These professionals have training and performance of distinct roles that are fuel conflicts. The research addresses the issue through theories: classical, human relations and structuralist ,sociology and psychology of organizations. By uniting the records of lived experience by the researcher with bibliographic studies presented the hypothesis that the conflicts in organizing special school place for dispute, for legitimacy, for role playing, by specialty and by changes. / O presente estudo realiza uma análise dos conflitos entre profissionais especialistas na organização escolar especial privada, segundo a percepção e análise dos registros da pesquisadora como docente e coordenadora na área de Educação Especial. Há algum tempo, a organização escolar especial é composta de diversos especialistas para atender às necessidades dos seus alunos. Tais profissionais possuem formações e desempenho de papéis distintos que são combustíveis para conflitos. A pesquisa trata do assunto por meio das teorias: clássica, das relações humanas e teoria estruturalista, da sociologia e psicologia das organizações. Por meio da união dos registros da experiência vivida pela pesquisadora com os estudos bibliográficos confirmou as hipóteses de que os conflitos na organização escolar especial ocorrem por disputa, por legitimidade, por desempenho de papéis, pelas especialidades e por mudanças.

The main theme of this diploma paper is: {\clqq}Management system, financing and auditig of The Primary school and Nursery school Kolín. The diploma paper describes the management, the financing and the auditing in the special primary and nursery school. How does it work in non- profit making organisation in the Czech Republic especially in education system, with emphasis to financing process and its development. The desk study part describes ways how non-profit making organizations have been formed and gone through the ages. Practical part assembles, analyses, evaluates 2008, 2009 Primary school and Nursery school Kolín`s budgets. Final goal is to determinate if the actual financing system is good enough for troublefree operating of this school.

Dissertação(mestrado)-Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Ambiental, Instituto de Educação, 2011. / Submitted by eloisa silva (eloisa1_silva@yahoo.com.br) on 2012-07-08T19:43:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 o cristiane.pdf: 2077241 bytes, checksum: b885fbc95403f6cc77ba5d16e004b41b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2012-08-21T14:41:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 o cristiane.pdf: 2077241 bytes, checksum: b885fbc95403f6cc77ba5d16e004b41b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-08-21T14:41:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 o cristiane.pdf: 2077241 bytes, checksum: b885fbc95403f6cc77ba5d16e004b41b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / A preocupação central deste estudo está em compreender como o processo de constituição da identidade surda é estimulado na escola e como esta prática está articulada às Três Ecologias proposta por Félix Guattari. A pesquisa ocorreu em uma escola especial para crianças surdas, em uma turma de alunos da educação infantil, onde a professora também é surda. Os dados foram produzidos por meio de observação da prática da professora e das relações que nos ocorrem nos diversos ambientes por onde as crianças circulam na escola. Também foram realizadas entrevistas com a professora surda, a ex-professora ouvinte da turma, a fonoaudióloga e os pais. Articularam-se estas práticas discursivas e não discursivas com as Três Ecologias. Esta pesquisa utilizou-se das aproximações teóricas dos Estudos Culturais e Estudos Surdos, sob o viés da Educação Ambiental para discutir sobre a aquisição de uma identidade surda como a base para que o indivíduo surdo consiga situar-se e desenvolver-se neste mundo que, para eles, é ainda mais conturbado. Utilizaram-se os três registros guattarianos, que propõem uma articulação entre a ecologia mental, social e ambiental, para que conseguíssemos uma saída da crise de nossa época. Constatou-se que o processo de construção da identidade surda depende da convergência de inúmeros fatores que concorrem em toda a escola e não apenas no âmbito da sala de aula ou nas relações com o professor surdo. Nas práticas observadas no contexto escolar, foram percebidas evidências que vem ao encontro das dimensões ecológicas de Guattari que engendram o processo de desenvolvimento integral das crianças surdas. Nesta escola especial, elas aprendem com a professora surda, com seus pares e com toda a comunidade escolar a reconhecer-se e viver em harmonia com/no ambiente. / The main objective of this study is to comprehend how the constitution process of the deaf identity is stimulated by schools and how this practice is connected to the Three Ecologies proposed by Felix Guattari. This research was carried out with a group of preschool deaf children whose teacher is also deaf, in a special school. Data was collected during the observation of the teacher‟s practice and the relations in the whole school environment. The teacher, the former teacher (who observed the classes), the speech therapist and the parents were also interviewed. These discursive and non-discursive were then related to the Three Ecologies. This research used the theoretical issues of the Deaf Cultural Studies in the light of Environmental Education in order to discuss the acquisition of a deaf identify – which is the basis that makes the deaf live and develop in this world (a more disturbed one for them). Guattari‟s proposal to connect the ecologies of mind, society and environment in order to find a solution for our contemporary crisis is used. I have observed that the construction process of a deaf identity depends on several factors which are part of the whole school context, rather than just the class and the relation with the deaf teacher. Evidence of Guattari‟s ecological dimensions – which suppose deaf children‟s whole development – was also perceived in the school practices. In this special school, with the help of their deaf teacher, their peers and the whole school community, the children learn how to recognize themselves and how to be in harmony with their environment.

Access and use of academic information by adolescents with hearing loss is important to assure their academic success. Learners with hearing loss experience problems regarding communication, literacy, and information literacy, which has an impact on their ability to access and use various types of academic information sources. This leads to problems in achieving tertiary education and employment in later life. In order for learners to develop their abilities and skills to access and use academic information, they need to learn to work independently, be familiar with all the types of academic information, and utilize the media centre. An urgent need existed to determine the abilities of adolescents with hearing loss to access and use academic information in order to make suggestions for an information literacy programme to be implemented for learners with hearing loss. The suggestions could be highly relevant for teachers and media teachers. The research design was a descriptive design comprising of a questionnaire survey followed by an assignment survey. A set of questionnaires was a quantitative tool implemented for systematic and objective gathering of information from a representative sample. The survey assignment employed qualitative methods to investigate characteristics of a group of adolescents with hearing loss with regard to their ability to access and use academic information in the media centre. The questionnaires were distributed to 326 learners with hearing loss, 19 teachers, and 6 media teachers; and the quantitative survey assignment involved 48 learners with hearing loss. The research was done in order to develop an information education programme based upon scientific findings, for use within the planned educational system in South Africa. The results from the study indicated that the majority of the participants always found academic information difficult to access and use, except where information was readily available in the classroom setting. Sub-goal 1 indicated that the majority of the participants always found academic information difficult to access and use except where information was available in schoolbooks. They mainly accessed and used academic information during and after school. There was not much consensus as to the purpose for which they accessed and used academic information. The participants regarded themselves as unsuccessful and relied on role players to help them to understand, find, and access academic material. They also preferred visual (graphical) information above printed information. The participants indicated they found OBE material difficult to access and use. It became clear that they did not visit the media centre regularly and did not have adequate computer and Internet facilities. Sub-goal 2 indicated that the teachers displayed the perception that the adolescents experienced problems when accessing and using academic information. They indicated that the adolescents occasionally accessed and used information, but needed them as role players to assist them. The teachers and media teachers also suggested lack of motivation, lack of funds, insufficient training, and degree of hearing loss as possible constraining factors. They indicated that hearing loss has an impact on language and communication skills and consequently has an effect on literacy and information literacy skills. They also considered low literacy and information literacy skills and underdeveloped cognitive skills to have an effect on the adolescents’ ability to access and use academic information. This has impact on learners’ ability to access, apply, and analyse information. It is important to note that teachers seemed to be of more assistance to learners than media teachers and research is needed to determine the reasons for this. The teachers indicated that sign language influenced the subjects’ ability to access information as the subjects seem to think in pictures rather than using words. This also calls for further research. Sub-goal 3 indicated that the media teachers’ perception was similar to that of the teachers. They indicated that the subjects found English as a second language difficult to understand. Sub-goal 4 indicated that the subjects were not able to complete the assignment in the media center with ease. The subjects also had poor knowledge of catalogue use and no knowledge of the Dewey classification scheme which is used to locate books on the shelves. These findings were utilized to propose an information literacy programme at school media centres, to be implemented in the context of content-based courses and assignments. It is clear that adolescents with hearing loss are a heterogeneous group and due to the differences in the degree and type of hearing loss, they have varying frames of reference, language bases, and cognitive skills. Adolescents who have a language delay due to hearing loss, experience problems with access to formal as well as informal education. / Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology / unrestricted