Syftet med det här examenarbetet har varit att analysera ett flerbostadshus som redan har energieffektiviserats med vanliga energieffektiviseringsåtgärder för att ytterligare installera andra energiåtgärder som är lönsamma och kan minska den inköpta energin.Bygg- och fastighetssektorns står för ungefär 40% av energianvändningen i Sverige. En stor del av denna energianvändning går det att minska genom att utföra energieffektiviseringsåtgärder på befintliga byggnader. Sverige har ett miljömål som är att nå ett nettoutsläpp år 2045 och bostadssektorn har en stor potential för att underlätta att Sverige når sitt energimål. Vanliga energieffektiviseringsåtgärder i flerbostadshus är bland annat fasad- och vindisolering, fönsterbyte och att installera mer energieffektiva ventilationssystem och belysningar. Exempelhuset har redan fått vindisolering, fasadputsning, treglasfönster, energieffektiva LED-lampor och en ny undercentral. Detta har resulterat i en specifik energianvändning som låg på ca 108 kWh/m2 år 2020. I Sverige ligger den genomsnittliga specifika energianvändningen på flerbostadshus ca 134 kWh/m2. För att få ner den specifika energianvändningen ännu mer har fyra andra energieffektiviseringsåtgärder undersökts och analyserats med avseende på sina energibesparingspotentialer och lönsamheter. De valda åtgärderna är en solvärmeanläggning, en solcellanläggning, snålspolande armaturer och en spillvattenvärmeväxlare (Ekoflow). Den specifika energianvändningen har gått ner till 90 kWh/m2 efter dessa energibesparingsåtgärder har utförts. Det visade sig att de snålspolande armaturerna, solcellanläggningen och solvärmeanläggningen är lönsamma. Däremot visade resultatet att spillvärmeväxlaren (Ekoflow) inte är lönsam. Men genom att paketera alla åtgärder har det lyckats att uppfylla lönsamhetskravet och att få en gemensam internränta som är högre än kalkylräntan. Kalkylräntan antas vara 5 % och internräntan har beräknats 6,45 %.Lönsamheten är förstås beroende på framtida energipriser såsom fjärrvärme-och elpriser. På energimarknaden kostar en kWh el ca 1,82 kr och en kWh värme ca 0,847 kr för konsumenter. Med hjälp av annuitetskalkyl har kostnaden för en kWh som alstras genom solvärmeanläggning och solcellanläggningen beräknats. För solvärme kostar 0,75 kr/kWh och för solel kostar 1 kr/kWh. Detta är fast pris under 30 år, alltså under kalkyltiden och denna energi är billigare jämfört med energin på marknaden. / The purpose of this thesis was to analyse an apartment building that has already been implemented with standard energy efficiency measures to further install other energy efficiency measures that are profitable and can reduce the purchased energy.The building sector is responsible for about 40 percent of energy use in Sweden. A large part of this energy use can be reduced by installing energy efficiency measures on existing buildings. Sweden has an environmental goal which is to reach a net emission by 2045 and the building sector has great potential to facilitate for Sweden to reach its energy goal.Common energy efficiency measures for multi-family buildings include insulation of external walls and attic insulation, window replacement, installing more energy-efficient ventilation systems and upgrading the lighting system. The example house has already received an attic insulation, facade plastering, triple-glazed windows, energy-efficient LED lamps and a district heating substation. This has resulted in a specific energy use that was 108 kWh / m2 in 2020 and in Sweden the average specific energy use is 134 kWh / m2 in apartment buildings.To reduce more the specific energy use, 4 energy efficiency measures have been investigated to be able to assess their potential of energy use reduction and profitability. These measures are a solar heating system, a photovoltaic system, Energy-efficient taps, and a wastewater heat exchanger (Ekoflow). The specific energy consumption has decreased to 90 kWh / m2 after these energy saving measures have been implemented. It turned out that the Energy-efficient taps, the photovoltaic system, and the solar heating system are profitable and Ekoflow is not profitable. But by collecting all measures in a package, it has been succeeded to fulfil the profitability requirement and to obtain a common internal rate of return which is higher than the discount rate. The discount rate is assumed to be 5% and the internal rate of return has been calculated at 6.45%.Profitability is dependent on future energy prices such as district heating and electricity prices. The market price is one kWh of electricity about 1.82 SEK and one kWh of heat costs about 0.847 SEK. Using an annuity calculation, the cost for a kWh obtained through a solar heating system and the solar cell system has been calculated. For the solar collector is calculated 0.75 SEK / kWh, and for the photo voltaic become 1 SEK / kWh. It will be a fixed price during the calculation period which is 30 years, and that means that this energy is cheaper than the energy on the market.

This master’s thesis deals with side channel pumps. Derivated formula of specific energy is supplemented by other equations and the results of CFD simulation. Further are analysed the mechanism of energy transfer from the impeller and external characteristics of the pump.

As the world becomes more focused on sustainability, there is increasing pressure on steel-bearing companies to improve their energy efficiency and reduce their carbon footprint. The heat treatment process accounts for about 25% of SKF's energy consumption, and it aims to achieve decarbonized operations by 2030 and the supply chain by 2050. Therefore, improving the energy efficiency of the heat treatment process can have significant economic and environmental benefits for the company. This thesis project aimed to conduct an energy mapping of different heat treatment processes at SKF to develop a methodology and standard key performance indicator for establishing energy performance and ensuring comparability between installations and processes. Three heat treatment processes were studied: through hardening, location A; case carburizing, location B; and surface induction hardening, location C. A detailed methodology and guidelines for carrying out energy mapping were developed. A standard key performance indicator known as Specific Energy consumption in kWh/kg at a particular utilization in % was set for comparisons among different heat treatment processes. Regression analysis was used to normalize the results. On the same utilization level, case carburizing, location B consumes more energy than through hardening, location A. Surface induction hardening, location C consumes 90% less than others and is less dependent on utilization. The carbon intensity in g CO2-eq/kg for greenhouse gas scopes 1, 2 and 3 were also studied. Case carburizing, location B had the highest climate impact due to the coal-based electricity mix of the country. Hence, the future availability of renewable electricity is critical when switching from gas to electricity across factories in SKF.

Yes / Solar energy, amongst all renewable energies, has attracted inexhaustible attention all over the world as a supplier of sustainable energy. The energy requirement of major seawater desalination processes such as multistage flash (MSF), multi-effect distillation (MED) and reverse osmosis (RO) are fulfilled by burning fossil fuels, which impact the environment significantly due to the emission of greenhouse gases. The integration of solar energy systems into seawater desalination processes is an attractive and alternative solution to fossil fuels. This study aims to (i) assess the progress of solar energy systems including concentrated solar power (CSP) and photovoltaic (PV) to power both thermal and membrane seawater desalination processes including MSF, MED, and RO and (ii) evaluate the economic considerations and associated challenges with recommendations for further improvements. Thus, several studies on a different combination of seawater desalination processes of solar energy systems are reviewed and analysed concerning specific energy consumption and freshwater production cost. It is observed that although solar energy systems have the potential of reducing carbon footprint significantly, the cost of water production still favours the use of fossil fuels. Further research and development on solar energy systems are required to make their use in desalination economically viable. Alternatively, the carbon tax on the use of fossil fuels may persuade desalination industries to adopt renewable energy such as solar.

Energy efficiency in the building sector is crucial for many countries in succeeding with the completion of goals regarding energy efficiency. This study has investigated if there are any possible and reasonable solutions for Attefallshus in Sweden to meet the demands of the National Board of Housing regarding energy performance in houses. By building a model and calculating the annual energy usage for a specific Attefallshus, through simulations with the software IDA ICE and general input, an energy audit has been obtained. By comparing the specific energy usage for the studied case with the requirement the conclusion that it is possible for this small building to achieve a low enough energy usage to meet the demand. Solar cells are the key to accomplish the target of a low specific energy usage and by combining this with an effective system for heating it possible to get under the limit. The usage of domestic hot water is a very large part of the building specific energy usage and alone almost reaches the set bounds which is why it is of great importance to carefully design systems and to regain heat with effective ventilation. A large part of the energy usage in Attefallshus is related to the user why awareness and careful usage of energy is a significant factor in reaching a low specific energy usage.

The purpose of this research was to observe the removal efficiency for copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn) using Electrocoagulation (EC) technique in a continuous flow reactor with a synthetic bilge water emulsion; and additionally, to discuss the operation cost of the treatment. The optimal configuration for EC treatment used combined electrodes, aluminum and carbon steel; flow rate of 1 L/min; effluent recycling and 7.5 amps; this optimal configuration achieved 99% of zinc removal efficiency, 70% of both, copper and nickel removal efficiency, and low operation costs. The current intensity did not have significance incidence on the removal efficiency. The analysis of cost per gram of removed contaminant indicated that nickel had an average cost of $1.95 per gram removed, zinc and copper had $0.60 and $0.88 per gram removed, respectively. To develop additional experiments with the EC reactor are required in order to optimize metal removal efficiency.

[pt] As atividades de perfuração e completação de poços de petróleo são as que mais demandam tempo e dinheiro entre os mais variados processos que compõem os sistemas de exploração e produção de óleo e gás. Por isso, qualquer avanço nessa área poderia representar valores bastante expressivos em uma indústria de bilhões e com investimentos cada vez maiores. Partindo desse princípio, há uma linha de pesquisa, iniciada em 1997 pelo Gas Technology Institute, que estuda a aplicação de lasers de alta potência nos processos de construção de poços. Desde então, vários experimentos que destacaram as potenciais vantagens do laser em relação aos sistemas convencionais foram realizados. Tomando como base essa premissa, o objetivo desta dissertação é aprofundar os estudos acerca da interação entre laser e rocha. Existe um interesse especial deste trabalho relacionado ao pré-sal brasileiro, por isso a maioria dos experimentos foi feita com a utilização de rochas carbonáticas. Assim, foram realizadas análises de eficiência por meio dos conceitos de energia específica. Além disso, abordou-se a perfuração também de forma dinâmica, baseado em estudos de energia específica de corte. Essa consideração foi feita com o intuito de se alcançar maiores diâmetros comparados às pequenas dimensões geradas pelo feixe do laser em processos estáticos. A ideia é fornecer maiores informações resultantes desses processos e contribuir para que seja estudada a viabilidade no desenvolvimento de futuras ferramentas a laser. / [en] Within the petroleum exploration and production process, well drilling and completion are the activities that require a greater investment of both time and money. Because of this, any evolution in this area could represent significant values within this billion dollar industry which has continuously growing investments. Thus, the Gas Technology Institute started a line of research in 1997, which studies the high power laser application in the well construction process. Since this study, many experiments have been realized, which have highlighted the laser potential advantages compared to the conventional systems. Accordingly, the intention of this work is to further these studies of the interaction between laser and rock. There is a special interest in Brazilian pre-salt and because of this, most experiments were conducted using carbonate rocks. Therefore, efficiency analysis was made based on the specific energy concept. In addition to this, drilling was also approached as a dynamic process using the specific kerfing energy study. This consideration was made with the objective of achieving higher diameters compared to the small dimensions that are created by the laser beam in static process. These experiments have been conducted with the intention of generating and contributing even more information, thus, we can better study the development feasibility of future laser tools.

The municipality of Uppsala together with eight constructors are currently planning a sustainable residential area in Östra Sala backe. The aim of this report is to identify the main factors that are important when calculating the specific energy use in an apartment building. Two previous similar projects, Västra Hamnen in the city of Malmö and Hammarby Sjöstad in the city of Stockholm, are studied and simulations in VIP-energy are performed. Sensitivity analyses concerning the indoor temperature, the efficiency of FTX-systems and the U-values of windows are also executed. The simulations are based on information from the constructors of Östra Sala backe, standard values and mean values from Västra Hamnen and Hammarby Sjöstad. The results show that differences between the estimated and measured values in specific energy use can reach about 50 %, or 25.2 kWh per m2 ATEMP and year, and that the efficiency of the FTX-system is the most important parameter.

When an energy simulation is performed for buildings it generates in lower energy consumption than what is later measured. This can often be a problem because of the building regulations which have requirements on the specific energy consumption. What distinguishes the newly built care and nursing accommodation Furugården, the building that the study deals with, is that it is differs from the normal case by having a lower measured energy consumption than what was originally planned. This study aims to find out which parts of the building's technical systems and residents' behavior that contributes to the low energy demand by means of the building energy simulation program BV2, a survey and monitored energy consumption. It can be concluded that the users' behavior has a great impact on the building's low energy consumption. Their behaviors were determined by surveys. It is mainly the low hot tap water usage that contributes to the low energy.

Byggnader står för cirka 36% av koldioxidutsläppen och 40% av energianvändningen. I Sverige står hushållen för cirka 23 % av den totala energianvändningen. Valet av isoleringsmaterial är en bidragande faktor för att kunna minska energianvändningen i hushållen samt att dämpa påverkan på miljön. Därför viktigt att välja ett isoleringsmaterial som bidrar till lägre koldioxidutsläpp, är gjort på förnyelsebara material och som går att återvinna/återanvända.   Moderna Trähus är ett småhusföretag med visionen att bygga moderna trähus med så låg energianvändning och påverkan på miljön som möjligt. Den isolering som företaget använder just nu är stenull och de vill även kunna erbjuda ett miljövänligare alternativ till sina kunder.   De material som jämförs med stenullen är cellulosafiber (både skivor och lösull), träfiber och linull. De aspekter som undersöks för respektive material är väggens U-värde (samma väggtjocklek), byggnadens specifika energianvändning, koldioxidutsläpp, andra miljödata samt isoleringens kostnad.   Resultaten visar att alla material har samma U-värde och specifika energianvändning, medan träfiber och cellulosa har lägst koldioxidutsläpp. Kostnadsmässigt är stenullen och cellulosa – lösull billigast. Cellulosa – lösull är det bästa materialet  när miljö, energi och kostnad jämförs tillsammans. / Buildings account for about 36% of carbon dioxide emissions and 40% of energy use. In Sweden, households account for about 23% of total energy use. Valuation of insulation materials is a contributing factor in reducing energy consumption in households as well as dampening environmental impact. It is therefore important to choose an insulation material that contributes to lower carbon dioxide emissions, that is made of renewable materials and which can be recycled / reused.   Moderna Trähus is a small house building company with the vision to build modern wooden detached houses with as low energy consumption and environmental impact as possible. The insulation the company currently uses is stone wool and they also want to offer a more environmentally friendly alternative to their customers.   The materials that are compared to the stone wool are cellulose fiber (both slabs and bulks), wood fiber and flax. The aspects examined for the respective materials are the wall's U-value (same wall thickness), the building's specific energy use, carbon dioxide emissions, other environmental data and the cost of the insulation material.   The results show that all materials have the same U-value and specific energy use, while wood fiber and cellulose have the lowest carbon dioxide emissions. Costwise, stone wool and cellulose are the cheapest. Cellulose are the best material when environmental-, energy- and cost aspects are compared together.