Recherche par le design / Face à l'impératif de transition écologique, il est essentiel de produire des connaissances et d’imaginer des futurs préférables - écologiques et collectivement désirables - pour faciliter le passage à de nouveaux modes de vie consommant radicalement moins de ressources. Les impacts environnementaux méconnus et grandissants liés à nos activités numériques appellent à repenser cette dimension afin de la conjuguer à des futurs plus écologiques. Alors que la métropole montréalaise rayonne à l’international pour ses artistes numériques et son industrie du jeu vidéo, force est de constater que le développement de la culture numérique y est déconnecté du projet de transition écologique. Ces constats empiriques nous amènent à formuler un nouveau projet : faire de Montréal une «métropole culturelle numérique durable». La formulation de cet horizon inconnu constitue une opportunité de recherche à aborder par le design. Cette opportunité nous a incités à réaliser un projet de recherche par le design visant à explorer les futurs possibles pour faire de Montréal une métropole culturelle numérique durable en mobilisant les approches du design participatif, de la prospective et du design critique. Cette recherche a poursuivi deux objectifs principaux : explorer les futurs possibles pour Montréal en tant que métropole culturelle numérique durable en générant des idées qui enrichissent cet inconnu et étudier le croisement des approches théoriques en situation de projet. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, nous avons d’abord mené une enquête par recherche bibliographique et entretiens semi-dirigés pour définir le «numérique durable» et enrichir nos constats empiriques initiaux. Nous avons ensuite conçu un dispositif participatif et créatif en mobilisant des méthodes de prospective et de design critique, notamment pour produire des artefacts déclencheurs (des scénarios de prospectives accompagnés d’affiches) racontant les futurs possibles de la métropole culturelle numérique durable de 2035. Le dispositif a ensuite été utilisé lors de deux ateliers de codesign. Une interprétation des effets combinés de la prospective, du design critique et du design participatif sur la performance générative et les raisonnements de conception observés en atelier conclut le projet. La recherche fournit à la fois des avenues pour penser Montréal en tant que métropole culturelle numérique durable en esquissant les principes d’une nouvelle politique publique et une meilleure compréhension de l’intérêt du croisement des approches du design participatif, de la prospective et du design critique. / Given the urgent need for a sustainable transition, it is essential to generate knowledge and envision preferable futures - sustainable and collectively desirable - to facilitate the shift towards new lifestyles consuming radically fewer resources. The unrecognized and growing environmental footprint of our digital activities are calling for some rethinking in order to reconcile this dimension with greener futures. While the city of Montreal is internationally recognized for its digital artists and video game industry, it is also clear that the development of Montreal's digital culture is disconnected from the ongoing sustainable transition. These empirical observations have led us to propose a new project: to make Montreal a "sustainable digital cultural metropolis." This opportunity sparked a research-through-design project aimed at exploring possible futures to make Montreal a sustainable digital cultural metropolis, drawing on the approaches of participatory design, foresight and critical design. This research had two main objectives: to explore possible futures for Montreal as a sustainable digital cultural metropolis through the generation of insights that enrich this unknown concept, and to study the interplay of the theoretical approaches in the context of a project. To achieve these objectives, we first conducted an inquiry using desk research and semi-structured interviews to define "digital sustainability" and enrich our initial empirical observations. We then designed a participatory and creative device, mobilizing foresight and critical design methods, to produce "trigger" artifacts (foresight scenarios accompanied by posters) depicting the possible futures of the sustainable digital cultural metropolis of 2035. The device was then used in two codesign workshops. An analysis of the interplay between foresight, critical design and participatory design in relation with the generative outputs and design thinking processes observed in the workshops concludes the project. The research provides new avenues to envision Montreal as a sustainable digital cultural metropolis and drafts the principles of a new public policy as well as it provides a better understanding of the benefits stemming from the interplay of participatory design, foresight and critical design.

Orifice of Return is a collection of poetry that posits Black femme bodies as living and breathing archives, corporeal manifestations of intuitive and intellectual claims at survival. The poems in this collection illustrate the multifaceted nature of my craft, through which the personal, the collective, and the political are commingled, but wrestling forces. As Audre Lorde declares, there are many kinds of open, the poems of this collection are orifices, textual portals, spatial and temporal fissures, and entryways into Black past, present, and future. These poems use received forms (the ghazal, the ode, the cento, the obverse, litany, etc.) and employ stylistic devices like (direct address, song lyrics, colloquial speech and slang, etc.) These poems interrogate histories and imagine speculative futures for Black folks. They exist in lineage— familial, imagined, literary ancestral, and with the theoretical underpinnings of Black feminist hauntology and Toni Morrison's "rememory." Some of these poems are lyrically driven, while others are performance and rhythmically driven— all facing inwards and outwards, aware of the world they exist in. / Master of Fine Arts / ORIFICE OF RETURN is a poetry collection.

Människans relation till natur är problematisk och leder till en alltmer separerad tillvaro från natur och mekanisk syn på andra-än-människor. Studien befinner sig i fältet Design för framtiden i den antropocena tidsåldern och använder sig av design för att uppmärksamma människans relation till natur och sten genom Spekulativ och Posthumanist Design. Resultatet är en Provotype och utställning som belyser problematiken i människans relation till natur och sten genom att spekulera i ett framtidsscenario som tagits fram av forskare inom biologisk mångfald och relaterande forskningsområden. Genom explorativa metoder utforskas ämnet människa och natur. Teori som behandlar Posthumanist Design, Natureculture och Ontologi och människans relation till de mer-än-mänskliga leder studien i en utforskning om hur Spekulativ Design kan besvara frågeställningen om att uppmärksamma människans problematiska relation till natur. / The human relationship with nature is problematic and leads to an increasingly separated existence from nature and a mechanistic view of non-humans. The study is situated in the field of Design for the Future in the Anthropocene and utilizes design to raise awareness on the human relationship with nature and stone through Speculative and Posthumanist Design. The result is a Provtotype and exhibition highlighting the issues in the human relationship with nature and stone by speculating on a future scenario developed by researchers in biodiversity and related research areas. Through exploratory methods, the subject of human and nature is explored. Theory addressing Posthumanist Design, Natureculture, and Ontology, and the human relationship with the more-than-humans, guide the study in an exploration of how Speculative Design can address the question of raising awareness of the problematic human relationship with nature.

Recent calls from progressive, subaltern and postcolonial geopoliticians to move geopolitical scholarship away from its Western ontological bases have argued that more ethnographic studies centred on peripheral and dispossessed geographies need to be undertaken in order to integrate peripheralised agents and agencies in dominant ontologies of geopolitics. This thesis follows these calls. Through empirical data collected during a period of five months of fieldwork undertaken between October 2014 and March 2015, it investigates the ways through which an Indigenous community of the Canadian Arctic, Tulita (located in the Northwest Territories' Sahtu region) represents geopower. It suggests a semiotic reading of these representations in order to take the agency of other-than/more-than-human beings into account. In doing so, it identifies the ontological bases through which geopolitics can be indigenised. Drawing from Dene animist ontologies, it indeed introduces the notion of a place-contingent speculative geopolitics. Two overarching argumentative lines are pursued. First, this thesis contends that geopower operates through metamorphic refashionings of the material forms of, and signs associated with, space and place. Second, it infers from this that through this transformational process, geopower is able to create the conditions for alienating but also transcending experiences and meanings of place to emerge. It argues that this movement between conflictual and progressive understandings is dialectical in nature. In addition to its conceptual suggestions, this thesis makes three empirical contributions. First, it confirms that settler geopolitical narratives of sovereignty assertion in the North cannot be disentangled from capitalist and industrial political-economic processes. Second, it shows that these processes, and the geopolitical visions that subtend them, are materialised in space via the extension of the urban fabric into Indigenous lands. Third, it demonstrates that by assembling space ontologically in particular ways, geopower establishes (and entrenches) a geopolitical distinction between living/sovereign (or governmentalised) spaces and nonliving/bare spaces (or spaces of nothingness).

In John Calvin and Ellen G White’s sense making approaches God’s act of redemption and reconciliation in and through Jesus Christ takes the centre stage in the foursome of God’s acts expressed in the biblical historical timeline as creation, reconciliation in Jesus Christ, renewal through the Holy Spirit and fulfilment at the end of time. While the 16th century Calvin emphasised God’s acts of creation and reconciliation in Christ more than God’s acts of renewal and fulfilment, the 19th century White’s emphasis was more on God’s acts of reconciliation in Christ and fulfilment at the end of time than on creation and renewal through the Spirit. With all the differences in their sense making approaches their central perspectival focus in their writings, sayings and doings is the way God and humanity, heaven and earth are closely connected in a unity without being fused and mixed in Jesus Christ. Their central christological theme of ‘God staying God’ and ‘human staying human’ in an interactional substantialist sense in Christ designates the great alternative view that differs on the one hand, from the view of the trans-substantialist option in which the human being Christ Jesus is in a sacramental-sacred way transformed into ‘a divine human being’ –, and on the other hand, the view of the consubstantialist option in which the human being Jesus is permeated and diffused by his divinity, thereby becoming ‘the human God.’ Calvin and White in their reflection operating within the realm of divine historicity that is staying within the biblical historical timeline from Genesis to Revelation were viewed by many as not theologians in the real sense of the word. Calvin and may be to a greater extent White worked and contributed to the new and emerging field of Faith Studies in which a theologian or theorist of faith cannot reflect on God, human beings or the natural cosmic world in three separate avenues as was commonly the case with speculative and scholastic theologies in history. White’s Faith Studies contribution is in the global arena of theology where the omnipresent ‘–logies’ of mainline church theologies such as Christology, Ecclesiology, Pneumatology and Eschatology hold sway.

在了解一特定國家金融危機的成因時，除了目前已有的三代金融危機理論之外，我們覺得尚應有一個國家別論述架構才能更完整的解釋特定金融危機的前因後果。 參與韓國自1970年代以來大力推動的以出口帶動經濟成長策略的「韓國政府」、「韓國大企業財團」，以及基本上是為此等財團服務的「韓國金融機構」三者間所共同形成的運作邏輯及其利益交換的三角關係，乃是韓國特有的國家別論述架構。 此一韓國獨有的特殊三角運作，僅管一直存在政府擴張性政策所造成信用過度擴張、金融機構受制於政府及貸款企業體質而致的經營沒有效率與道德危機，以及因此累積的對外舉債過多等諸多風險因子，但由於國際貿易與國際資本市場一直對韓國有利，1990年代中期前此一三角運作堪稱良好。 然而自1990年代中期起，韓國受外在因素接連影響，一路從國際貿易市場優勢不再、企業財團獲利急速惡化，進而拖累本國金融機構體質等基本面因素上為金融危機奠下惡因，最後在1997年東南亞國家連串發生金融危機的那個時間點上，沒能撐過國際資金短期內自韓國全面撤離的衝擊，終於發生金融危機。 1997年韓國金融危機儘管是個危機，但它也帶給韓國一個來自IMF援救計畫的外來改革動力，成功的克服過去「政府、企業財團及金融機構」三角運作中所累積的沉疴以及抗拒改革的慣性，讓進一步提升韓國經濟發展的結構性改造得以全面推動。 / Three generations of financial crises theories have been evolved since Paul Krugman developed his speculative attack models in 1979. Krugman emphasized the failure of the fundamentals while the later theories including the exit clause models addressing the conditional commitment of the central banks, the moral hazards of the financial institutes and the self-fulfilling effect of the markets. We looked into the 1997 Korean financial crisis with these prevailing theoretical principles and also developed a framework incorporating three closely related Korean parties, namely the government, the chaebols（conglomerates）and the financial institutes to unveil this specific Korean case.

Pascal Quignard est un écrivain qui a choisi de maintenir et de consolider le lien avec l’héritage latin. Son oeuvre en dévoile, cependant, la part la moins connue. L’auteur réhabilite la tradition marginalisée et antiphilosophique de la « rhétorique spéculative » dont les principes ne définissent pas seulement un art de bien dire, mais surtout un art de penser avec les « images » et avec la lettre du langage. Son investigation du champ culturel latin est aussi guidée par l’esprit de « pietas » et de « virtus » propre à la Rome ancienne, ainsi que par une sensibilité hantée par le mystère de l’origine. L’auteur français assume activement cet héritage antique dans sa pratique littéraire. Quignard se comporte, en effet, comme un rhéteur spéculatif moderne qui s’approprie le legs d’une tradition antique et rivalise avec les anciens, en définissant ses propres principes rhétoriques et esthétiques, en multipliant les pratiques intertextuelles à partir des oeuvres latines et en soumettant cet héritage à sa propre investigation d’écrivain qui pense avec les images et qui libère la signifiance du langage. Cette littérature se tourne vers le passé pour l’interroger, à la recherche de clés de lecture pour le présent. L’auteur développe une réflexion profonde sur l’existence humaine, sur le rapport à l’autre et au temps. Sa tentative d’approcher l’inconnu de la mort et de sonder le secret de l’origine perdue prend les dimensions d’une « expérience intérieure» ouvrant à une « résurrection » qu’il faut sans cesse intensifier en travaillant la fascination de la mort par la « vertu d’achèvement » et en transformant la nécessité en ouverture assumée sur l’inconnu.Sa poétique et son esthétique articulent l’imitation des anciens à la création « originale » et la déconstruction à la renaissance de la littérature en conjuguant notions traditionnelles et emprunts à des approches modernes comme la psychanalyse. L’originalité de l’auctor Pascal Quignard réside, en effet, dans la « virulence » de son appel à la renaissance de la vie et de l’art. / Pascal Quignard is a writer who has chosen to both preserv and solidify the bond with the latin heritage. His work, however, reveals its least known part. The author rehabilitates the marginalized and anti‐philosophical tradition of “speculative rhetoric”, the principals of which define not only an art of good articulation, but above all an art of thinking with the “images” and with the “litterae”. His investigation of the latin cultural field is also guided by ancient Rome’s spirit of “pietas” and “virtus”, as well as by a sensibility that is haunted by the mistery of the origin. The French writer actively assumes this heritage in his literary practice. Quignard actually behaves as a modern speculative rhetor who appropriates the legacy of an antique tradition and rivals the ancients by defining his own rhetorical and aesthetic principales, by multiplying intertextual practices and by subjecting this heritage to his own investigation, that of a man of letters who thinks within the images and releases the suggestiveness of langage. It is a question of a literature that addresses the past in a quest for clues that help. to read the present. The author generates a deep. reflexion on the human existence and on the relationship. with the other and with time. His attempt to approach the unknown that is death and to fathom the secret of lost origin takes the dimensions of an “internal experience” leading to a “resurrection” that has to be incessantly intensified by elaborating the fascination of death through the “virtue of achievement” and by transforming the necessity into a presumed opening to the unknown. His poetics and aesthetics link up. the imitation of the ancients to the “original” creation and the “deconstruction” to the revival of literature, conjugating traditional notions and modern approaches such as psychoanalysis. “Auctor” Pascal Quignard’s originality lies in the “virulence” of his appeal for the revival of life and art.

Partant du constat d’une faible connaissance et d’une utilisation encore limitée des données climatiques en économie du développement, cette thèse propose une exploitation originale à la fois macroéconomique et microéconomique des données climatiques. Elle répond à un double objectif consistant d’une part, à enrichir les connaissances concernant les données climatiques en fournissant une nouvelle base de données mondiale directement exploitable par les économistes, d’autre part, à en proposer des exploitations variées et à différentes échelles de l’économie. La première partie propose une utilisation macroéconomique des données climatiques. Elle doit permettre une meilleure appréhension des données climatiques mondiales, afin d’améliorer des connaissances sur les caractéristiques du changement climatique d’un point de vue économique. Le chapitre 1 produit une base de données climatiques disponible pour près de 200 pays au niveau mensuel pour la période 1900-2008. S’appuyant sur ce premier travail, le chapitre 2 propose une utilisation originale de la base en construisant un indicateur de vulnérabilité physique au changement climatique pouvant servir d’outil pour guider l’allocation de l’aide à l’adaptation au changement climatique. La seconde partie de cette thèse est constituée de deux études microéconomiques dont le but est d’analyser les réactions des agents face à un choc climatique. Dans ces deux chapitres, les données pluviométriques pallient le manque de données concernant la production agricole. Au niveau du ménage agricole d’abord, le chapitre 3 s’intéresse aux conséquences d’un épisode de baisse de la pluviométrie sur l’état nutritionnel des enfants de moins de cinq ans et révèle que les ménages ruraux n’ont pas la capacité d’assurer ou d’absorber ces chocs climatiques. Au niveau d’un marché céréalier ensuite, le chapitre 4 s’attache à étudier la réaction des prix face à un choc pluviométrique et met en évidence la présence d’une spéculation, particulièrement sur des marchés mal intégrés et de petite taille. / Acknowledging a limited knowledge and use of climate data in development economics, this thesis proposes a new perspective on the use of both macroeconomic and microeconomic climate data. This thesis has a two-Fold objective: to deepen knowledge on climate data through the production of a new global database directly exploitable by economists, and to propose several applications of this database at different economic scales. The first part focuses on the macroeconomic aspect of the climate data. Its aim is to empower researchers with a deeper understanding of global climate data and to increase economic knowledge on the characteristics of climate change. Chapter 1 contains a climate database available monthly over the 1900-2008 period for nearly 200 countries. Based on this initial work, Chapter 2 proposes an original use of the database with the construction of a physical indicator of vulnerability to climate change, a tool which can be used as a basis for the allocation of aid for climate change adaptation. The second part of this thesis is composed of two microeconomic studies whose aim is to analyse the behaviour of agents facing a rainfall shock. In those two chapters, rainfall data is used to compensate for the lack of data on agricultural production. At the household level, Chapter 3 focuses on the implications of an episode of reduced rainfall on the nutritional status of children under five years old. It shows that rural households do not have the capacity to provide for or absorb climate shocks. At the grain market level, Chapter 4 studies the response of prices to a shock front rainfall. It reveals the presence of speculation, especially in small and poorly integrated markets.

金融危機是一種反常的金融現象，其共同的現象是資金外流、貨幣兌美元大幅貶值、股價重挫、經濟成長衰退、百業蕭條，這就是金融危機。而近代的金融危機趨勢不再只是單一區域的問題，就由這次1997下半年自泰國貨幣開始貶值的貨幣危機，經過一連串的蔓延效應後，影響所及不限於東南亞地區，更擴及俄羅斯、東歐、拉丁美洲等地，造成全球主要新興市場和新興工業國家的經濟遭受嚴重打擊，儼然已變成全球金融危機。 大部分過去經濟學者一開始均用傳統貨幣危機理論來分析金融危機，如Krugman在1979年提出標準的「第一代危機模型」，其中強調經濟基本面的持續惡化，導致維持固定匯率區間的制度遭到阻力，也因此產生了貶值的壓力，也就是由經濟的實質面去影響到金融面。但有鑑於這次亞洲金融危機並非以基本面因素來解釋即可令人信服，必須配合經濟趨勢的潮流，再加入金融面因素來探討以補基本面理論的不足，尤其再加入因金融恐慌的自我實現危機型態以及傳染蔓延因素，兩者互相配合以求能更完整分析為何這次金融危機能襲擊全球新興市場的原因。 此外，本文並描述各國因受金融危機衝擊所帶來的影響，以及各國政府採取何種因應措施，最後仍不敵國際投機客和市場預期心理下，紛紛請求IMF的支援。但IMF的援助貸款附帶有嚴苛條件，這些國家在實行IMF的政策後卻帶來經濟更加萎縮的事實。本文亦針對IMF的各項政策提出質疑與探討，並期研擬出更正確的政策方針。台灣在這次金融危機中雖相較受創較輕，但不容否認仍對台灣經濟社會帶來許多衝擊，本文亦分析台灣金融制度的問題，並且提出各項因應政策的比較分析。最後，匯總幾點本文研究結論與建議。 第一章 導論…………………………………………1 第一節 研究背景與目的…………………………………………1 第二節 研究內容與架構…………………………………………3 第三節 研究方法與流程…………………………………………5 第二章 金融危機發生的原因………………………7 第一節 第一代危機模型…………………………………………8 第二節 基本面因素…………………………………………….10 第三節 金融面實質現象的主要論點………………………….25 第三章 金融危機的原因--系統性風險的探討……46 第一節 系統性風險下的危機………………………………….48 第二節 第二代危機模型……………………………………….52 第三節 傳染蔓延……………………………………………….58 第四章 金融危機對世界各國的衝擊………………61 第一節 危機發生前的總體經濟條件………………………….62 第二節 1997上半年危機前的苦難……………………………65 第三節 1997年貨幣危機的蔓延效應…………………………67 第四節 金融危機的因應政策………………………………….70 第五節 與1930年代經濟大蕭條比較…………………………75 第五章 金融危機對台灣的影響……………………77 第一節 基本面優勢…………………………………………….78 第二節 金融危機的影響與台灣金融問題…………………….81 第三節 台灣所採取的因應政策………………………………86 第四節 金融危機的教訓和經驗萃取………………………….92 第六章 結論…………………………………………94 第一節 本文主要發現………………………………………….95 第二節 本文政策性意涵……………………………………….96 第三節 研究建議……………………………………………….98

Science fiction is particularly apt as bioethical thought experiment. In considering the theories of James R. Brown, John D. Norton and Marco Buzzoni, I suggest that mental-modeling theories afford the best explanation for what thought experiments can do. I propose a version of mental modeling that has the flexible modalities of experience found in Nancy J. Nersessian's account, combined with Nenad Miš?evi?'s compelling vision of how existing knowledge is used to create mental models, and Tamar Gendler's use of schemas to understand ethical thought experiments. Bioethics makes use of thought experiments' capacity to move from abstraction to discrete instances. Sometimes thought experiments will be better, and sometimes real cases will be unavailable. Given the cognitive advantages that access to mental models provides, thought experiments will be of use in the field of bioethics. To identify literature that is thought-experimental I look to Geordie McComb's family resemblance theory, and consider accounts of literary thought experiments by Noel Carroll and Edward Davenport. Extended narratives will in some cases be more useful for ethical understanding than philosophical thought experiments. Science fiction has this same advantage: as ethical narrative it is detailed and humanized. In addition the specula-tive nature of science fiction lends itself to the exploration of new and emerging sciences and technologies including those in the field of bioethics.