<p>Bakgrund: Vi har valt att titta på stavning utifrån två perspektiv. Det historiska perspektivet visar hur stavningen förändrats genom åren. Det är viktigt eftersom det än idag har betydelse för hur vi stavar. Nyare forskning visar olika forskares syn på stavning. En stor del i nyare forskning är skolverkets studie 2003 där de bland annat undersökt undervisningen i svenska och elevers kunskaper. Forskare visar att det finns yttre faktorer som påverkar vår stavning. Dialekter och datorn är två faktorer som påverkar stavningen både positivt och negativt. Stavning och skriftspråk har stor betydelse för varandra så vi har valt att plocka ut de delar som stämmer bäst överens med vår studie.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p>Syfte: Syftet med vår studie var att undersöka elevers stavningsproblem ur ett lärarperspektiv i årskurs fyra till nio. Utifrån syftet skapades följande två frågeställningar:</p><p> </p><p>Finns det skillnader i stavningsundervisningen på de olika stadierna?</p><p>Finns det skillnader i stavningsproblematiken mellan de olika stadierna?</p><p> </p><p>Metod: Vi använder oss i vår uppsats av en kvantitativ metod som delvis består av kvalitativa frågor. Vi använder oss av en enkät undersökning som riktar sig till pedagoger i årskurs fyra till nio. Pedagogerna som svarat på enkäten arbetar i en Västsvensk kommun. Det är totalt 12 skolor, varav 9 F–sex-skolor och 3 sju–nio-skolor. 29 pedagoger medverkade i vår studie. Enkäten består av 17 frågor, varav 14 kvantitativa och 3 kvalitativa frågor. Resultatet har behandlats i tre omgångar. Vi delade upp varje stadie för sig innan vi gjorde en jämförande analys. Vi kategoriserade respondenternas svar och sedan försökt hitta likheter och skillnader i dessa.</p><p> </p><p>Resultat: Resultatet behandlar stavning utifrån tre aspekter: Ordkunskap, inlärning och undervisning. Resultatet har delats upp i tre delar: årskurs 4–6, årskurs 7–9 och jämförande analys. Läsning, dialekter och kommunikationsverktyg har stor betydelse för elevers stavning. Läsning har positiv inverkan på stavning eftersom elever exponeras för ord. Oavsett elevers ålder kan man se att läsning spelar stor roll. Talspråk och skriftspråk har ibland en otydlig gräns. Elever stavar orden som de uttalas istället för att använda sig av skriftspråkets normer. Dialekter berikar vårt språk men kan samtidigt ses som en svårighet i stavningssammanhang. En stor del av vår vardag innebär kommunikation av olika slag. Barn och ungdomar kommunicerar bland annat genom sms och datorer. Vid denna typ av kommunikation använder de sig av ett förkortat språk. Dessa språk har stora influenser av talspråket men även av engelskan. Det har visat sig att elever använder sig av dessa språk även i skolan. Det påverkar deras stavning eftersom de hellre använder sig av dessa ord.</p>

This study examined the effects of the January 2010 cold spell on mangrove utilizing coral reef fishes off the southeast coast of Florida, USA, in the vicinity of Biscayne National Park (BNP). An ongoing, fishery-independent mangrove visual survey documenting fish assemblages in BNP provided data from the years 1998 to 2014 for examination. Of particular interest were the presence, abundance, and size structure for five mangrove utilizing coral reef fishes: sergeant major (Abudefduf saxatilis), yellowfin mojarra (Gerres cinereus), schoolmaster snapper (Lutjanus apodus), gray snapper (Lutjanus griseus), and great barracuda (Sphyraena barracuda). These species were selected for analysis due to their economic and ecologic importance, their potential as environmental indicators, their connectedness to multiple habitats, and their abundance within the available data set. Data were collected using a modified visual ‘belt transect’ method, consisting of 60 m2 transects running parallel to the mangrove shorelines. Data for average length of fish were reconstructed to form standard normal distributions and the resulting lengths were assigned to various age-classes to create species-specific length-frequency distributions. Variations in presence and abundance were examined across three time periods (1998-2009; 2010-2011; 2012-2014), as well as comparisons of length-frequency distributions. Following the January 2010 cold spell, the presence and abundance values for the two years immediately following the event were significantly decreased compared to the years prior to the cold spell for most of the five species at either mainland (ML) or leeward key (LK) locations. Additionally, the presence and abundance estimates typically remained statistically decreased when compared against the remaining years in the available data set. The size structures for the majority of the five species at either location, however, were not consistently significantly different between the three time periods, as was hypothesized. Instead, the analyses showed mixed results, with the size structure typically shifting towards smaller individuals immediately following the event. These findings suggest that drops in water temperature resulting from cold spells are capable of directly impacting mangrove utilizing reef fish species, albeit to varying degrees depending on various factors, such as physiological tolerances, ecological life history strategies, and habitat requirements.

This study aimed to investigate in which ways spell checkers affect L2 learners’ spelling acquisition and whether or not they are suitable for educational purposes. A systematic literature review and a survey were conducted to retrieve data. Further, a phenomenographic approach was applied throughout the study. The results of the study showed that in order forspell checkers to function as an aid for the L2 learners’ spelling acquisition, the learner needs to consciously engage in explicit learning to be able to utilize the aid. Therefore, spell checkers require learners to use individual responsibility. The results also showed that spell checkers need improvements in order to fully function in educational purposes since current spell checkers have limitations as far as detecting errors.

No description available.

holiness and other hauntings is a poetry collection that seeks to understand other people. Armstrong uses her poems to track herself back through time to her cousins, her parents, her grandparents, her teachers, and friends. Her work explores queerness and Catholicism, family fraught and family found, love and grief and guilt and ghosts. Her poems lean towards music; internal rhyme, assonance and consonance, alliteration, and long strings of rhymed vowels that sit like pearls in the mouth. Her poems beg forgiveness in shouts; she writes as remembrance, as prayer, as missive, as an engine for hope. / Master of Fine Arts / holiness and other hauntings is a poetry collection.

Background. Previous research suggests that individuals experiencing DSM-IV panic attacks (PA) are at increased risk for various forms of psychopathology, including anxiety, depressive and substance use disorders. However, little is known regarding whether the sole occurrence of fearful spells (FS-only; distressing spells of anxiety with less than four panic symptoms and/or lacking crescendo in symptom onset) similarly elevates the risk for subsequent psychopathology and could therefore be promising to identify high-risk groups for targeted preventive interventions. Thus, the current dissertation thesis aims to examine (a) whether FS-only predict incident mental disorders in addition to full-blown PA and whether their associations with subsequent psychopathology differ from those obtained for PA, (b) whether FS-only, PA, and panic disorder (PD) share similar etiologies, (c) which characteristics of initial FS/PA and other risk factors predict a progression to more severe panic pathology and other mental disorders, and (d) whether help-seeking/potential treatment in individuals with panic alters the risk for subsequent psychopathology. Methods. A representative community sample of adolescents and young adults (N=3021, aged 14-24 at baseline) was prospectively followed up in up to three assessment waves over a time period of up to 10 years. FS-only, PA, PD, and other mental disorders were assessed at each assessment wave using the DSM-IV-M-CIDI. Additional modules/questionnaires were used to assess characteristics of initial FS/PA (T1/T2), potential risk factors, and help-seeking/potential treatment. Logistic regressions were applied to test associations (Odds Ratios, OR) of FS-only and PA at baseline with incident mental disorders at follow-up as well as respective interactive effects with help-seeking at baseline. Associations (Hazard Ratios, HR) of putative risk factors with the onset of panic pathology (FS-only, PA, and PD) or the onset of subsequent anxiety/depressive vs. substance use disorders in those with panic pathology (aggregated data across assessment waves) were estimated with Cox regressions. Multinomial logistic regressions were used to test associations of initial FS/PA characteristics (aggregated from T1 and T2) with PA and PD (lifetime incidences aggregated across assessment waves). Results. FS-only at baseline predicted incident anxiety and depressive disorders at follow-up (OR 1.59-4.36), while PA at baseline predicted incident anxiety, depressive, and substance use disorders at follow-up (OR 2.08-8.75; reference group: No FS/PA). Merely any anxiety disorder (OR=3.26) and alcohol abuse/dependence (OR=2.26) were significantly more strongly associated with PA than with FS-only. Female sex, parental anxiety disorders, parental depressive disorders, behavioral inhibition, harm avoidance, lower coping efficacy, and parental rejection predicted FS-only, PA, and PD (HR 1.2-3.0), whereas the associations with other risk factors partially differed for FS-only, PA, and PD and tended to be more pronounced for PA and PD than for FS-only. Alcohol consumption, use of drugs/medication, and physical illness as perceived reasons for the initial FS/PA were associated with the occurrence of full-blown PA (without PD, OR 2.46-5.44), while feelings of anxiety/depression and having always been anxious/nervous as perceived reasons for the initial FS/PA, appraising the initial FS/PA as terrible and long-term irritating/burdensome, subsequent feelings of depression, avoidance of situations/places, and consumption of medication, alcohol, or drugs were associated with the development of PD (OR 2.64-4.15). A longer duration until “feeling okay again” was associated with both PA and PD (OR 1.29-1.63 per category). Moreover, partially different risk constellations in subjects with panic pathology (FS/PA/PD) predicted the onset of subsequent anxiety/depressive vs. substance use disorders. Panic pathology (FS/PA) and help-seeking/potential treatment at baseline interacted on predicting incident PD (OR=0.09) and depression (OR=0.22) at follow-up in a way that panic pathology only predicted these disorders in individuals not seeking help at baseline. Conclusions. Findings suggest that individuals with FS-only are at similar risk of developing subsequent psychopathology compared to individuals with full-blown PA. Specific initial FS/PA characteristics and additional risk factors may be used to identify sub-groups of individuals with panic pathology, which are at particular risk of progressing to more severe panic pathology or other mental disorders and might therefore profit from supplemental outcome-related preventive interventions in addition to panic-specific treatment. Future research may replicate the current findings and test the efficacy of targeted preventive interventions in panickers at elevated risk for PD and other forms of psychopathology.:CONTENT 0 Synopsis 10 1 Introduction 13 1.1 Current challenges in clinical psychology 13 1.2 Psychological models of mental disorders 13 1.3 Diagnostic approaches to psychopathology 15 1.4 Methodological issues 16 1.5 Preventive and early treatment interventions 17 2 Panic pathology 18 2.1 Definitions 18 2.2 Epidemiology 19 2.3 Etiology 20 2.4 Physiological, neurobiological, and genetic findings 21 2.5 Unresolved issues 22 3 Aims 24 4 Methods 26 5 Study I: Associations of fearful spells and panic attacks with incident anxiety, depressive, and substance use disorders: A 10-year prospective-longitudinal community study of adolescents and young adults 27 5.1 Abstract 27 5.2 Introduction 27 5.3 Materials and methods 28 5.4 Results 30 5.5 Discussion 35 6 Study II: Characteristics of initial fearful spells and their associations with DSM-IV panic attacks and panic disorder in adolescents and young adults from the community 37 6.1 Abstract 37 6.2 Introduction 37 6.3 Materials and methods 38 6.4 Results 41 6.5 Discussion 43 7 Study III: Risk factors for fearful spells and panic: A 10-year prospective-longitudinal study among adolescents and young adults 47 7.1 Abstract 47 7.2 Introduction 47 7.3 Materials and methods 49 7.4 Results 52 7.5 Discussion 60 8 Study IV: Does help-seeking alter the risk for incident psychopathology in adolescents and young adults with and without fearful spells or panic attacks? Findings from a 10-year prospective-longitudinal community study 63 8.1 Abstract 63 8.2 Introduction 63 8.3 Materials and methods 64 8.4 Results 66 8.5 Discussion 70 9 General discussion 73 9.1 Summary and discussion of main findings 73 9.2 Preventive interventions among individuals with panic pathology 75 9.3 Research implications 77 10 Conclusions 78 11 References 79 12 Appendix 94 12.1 Acknowledgements 94 12.2 Erklärung zu den Eigenanteilen an einzelnen Publikationen 95 12.3 Eigenständigkeitserklärung 96 / Theoretischer Hintergrund. Auf Grundlage früherer Forschungsbefunde ist anzunehmen, dass Personen mit DSM-IV-Panikattacken (PA) ein erhöhtes Risiko für zahlreiche psychische Störungen, einschließlich Angst-, depressiver und Substanzstörungen, aufweisen. Unklar ist jedoch, ob das alleinige Auftreten von Fearful Spells (FS-only, Angstanfälle mit weniger als vier Paniksymptomen und/oder fehlendem Crescendo in der Symptomentwicklung) das Risiko für Psychopathologie in ähnlicher Weise erhöht und hilfreich sein könnte, um Hochrisikogruppen für Präventivinterventionen zu identifizieren. Innerhalb der vorliegenden Dissertation wird daher untersucht, (a) ob FS-only zusätzlich zu PA inzidente psychische Störungen vorhersagen und ob sich Unterschiede in den Assoziationen von FS-only vs. PA mit nachfolgender Psychopathologie ergeben, (b) ob FS-only, PA und Panikstörung (PS) ähnliche Ätiologien teilen, (c) welche Merkmale initialer FS/PA und welche anderen Risikofaktoren die Entwicklung schwerer Panikpathologie und weiterer psychischer Störungen vorhersagen und (d) ob Hilfesuchverhalten/potenzielle Behandlung bei Personen mit Panik das Risiko für nachfolgende Psychopathologie verändert. Methodik. Eine repräsentative Bevölkerungsstichprobe Jugendlicher und junger Erwachsener (N=3021, 14-24 Jahre zur Baseline-Erhebung) wurde in bis zu drei Erhebungswellen über einen Zeitraum von bis zu 10 Jahren untersucht. FS-only, PA, PS und andere psychische Störungen wurden zu jeder Erhebungswelle mithilfe des DSM-IV-M-CIDI erfasst. Merkmale initialer FS/PA (T1/T2), mögliche Risikofaktoren sowie Hilfesuchverhalten/potenzielle Behandlung wurden mit weiteren Modulen und Fragebögen erhoben. Mithilfe logistischer Regressionen wurden Assoziationen (Odds Ratios, OR) von FS-only und PA zu Baseline mit inzidenten psychischen Störungen zum Follow-Up sowie diesbezügliche Interaktionen mit Hilfesuchverhalten zu Baseline getestet. Zusammenhänge zwischen möglichen Risikofaktoren und dem Auftreten von Panikpathologie (FS-only, PA und PS) bzw. nachfolgender Angst-/depressiver und Substanzstörungen bei Personen mit Panikpathologie (Verwendung von über die Erhebungswellen hinweg aggregierter Daten) wurden mithilfe von Cox-Regressionen geschätzt. Multinomiale logistische Regressionen wurden genutzt, um Assoziationen von Merkmalen initialer FS/PA (aggregiert über T1 und T2) mit PA und PS (über die Erhebungswellen hinweg aggregierte Lebenszeitinzidenzen) zu erfassen. Ergebnisse. FS-only zu Baseline sagten inzidente Angst- und depressive Störungen zum Follow-Up vorher (OR 1.59-4.36), wohingegen PA zu Baseline inzidente Angst-, depressive und Substanzstörungen zum Follow-Up vorhersagten (OR 2.08-8.75; Referenzkategorie: Keine FS/PA). Lediglich irgendeine Angststörung (OR=3.26) und Alkoholmissbrauch/-abhängigkeit (OR=2.26) waren signifikant stärker mit PA als mit FS-only assoziiert. Weibliches Geschlecht, elterliche Angst- und depressive Störungen, Verhaltenshemmung, Schadensvermeidung, geringere Coping-Erwartung und elterliche Zurückweisung sagten FS-only, PA und PS vorher (HR 1.2-3.0), während sich teils unterschiedliche Assoziationen anderer Risikofaktoren mit FS-only, PA und PS ergaben, die tendenziell stärker für PA und PS als für FS-only waren. Alkoholkonsum, Drogen-/Medikamentengebrauch und körperliche Erkrankungen als wahrgenommene Gründe für die initiale FS/PA waren mit dem Auftreten vollständiger PA assoziiert (ohne PS; OR 2.46-5.44), während Gefühle von Angst/Depression und die Einschätzung schon immer ängstlich/nervös gewesen zu sein als wahrgenommene Gründe für die initiale FS/PA, die Bewertung der initialen FS/PA als schrecklich und langfristig verunsichernd/belastend, nachfolgende Gefühle von Niedergeschlagenheit, Vermeidung von Situationen/Orten und Konsum von Medikamenten, Alkohol oder Drogen mit der Entwicklung von PS assoziiert waren (OR 2.64-4.15). Eine längere Dauer bis sich die betroffene Person wieder vollständig in Ordnung fühlte war sowohl mit PA als auch mit PS assoziiert (OR 1.29-1.63 pro Kategorie). Weiterhin sagten teils unterschiedliche Risikokonstellationen bei Personen mit Panikpathologie (FS/PA/PS) die nachfolgende Entstehung von Angst-/depressiven und Substanzstörungen vorher. Panikpathologie (FS/PA) und Hilfesuchverhalten/potenzielle Behandlung zu Baseline interagierten bei der Vorhersage von inzidenter PS (OR=0.09) und Depression (OR=0.22) zum Follow-Up; d.h. das Vorhandensein von Panikpathologie sagte diese Störungen nur bei Personen ohne, nicht aber bei Personen mit Hilfesuchverhalten zu Baseline vorher. Schlussfolgerungen. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse implizieren, dass Personen mit FS-only im Vergleich zu Personen mit vollständigen PA ein ähnliches Risiko für die Entwicklung nachfolgender Psychopathologie aufweisen. Spezifische Merkmale initialer FS/PA und zusätzliche Risikofaktoren könnten zur Identifikation von Sub-Gruppen von Personen mit Panik genutzt werden, die sich durch ein besonderes Risiko für schwergradige Panikpathologie und andere psychische Störungen auszeichnen und demzufolge von Outcome-bezogenen Präventionen (ergänzend zu Panik-spezifischer Intervention) profitieren könnten. Zukünftige Studien sollten die vorliegenden Befunde replizieren und die Effektivität gezielter Präventivinterventionen bei Personen mit erhöhtem Risiko für PS und andere psychische Störungen testen.:CONTENT 0 Synopsis 10 1 Introduction 13 1.1 Current challenges in clinical psychology 13 1.2 Psychological models of mental disorders 13 1.3 Diagnostic approaches to psychopathology 15 1.4 Methodological issues 16 1.5 Preventive and early treatment interventions 17 2 Panic pathology 18 2.1 Definitions 18 2.2 Epidemiology 19 2.3 Etiology 20 2.4 Physiological, neurobiological, and genetic findings 21 2.5 Unresolved issues 22 3 Aims 24 4 Methods 26 5 Study I: Associations of fearful spells and panic attacks with incident anxiety, depressive, and substance use disorders: A 10-year prospective-longitudinal community study of adolescents and young adults 27 5.1 Abstract 27 5.2 Introduction 27 5.3 Materials and methods 28 5.4 Results 30 5.5 Discussion 35 6 Study II: Characteristics of initial fearful spells and their associations with DSM-IV panic attacks and panic disorder in adolescents and young adults from the community 37 6.1 Abstract 37 6.2 Introduction 37 6.3 Materials and methods 38 6.4 Results 41 6.5 Discussion 43 7 Study III: Risk factors for fearful spells and panic: A 10-year prospective-longitudinal study among adolescents and young adults 47 7.1 Abstract 47 7.2 Introduction 47 7.3 Materials and methods 49 7.4 Results 52 7.5 Discussion 60 8 Study IV: Does help-seeking alter the risk for incident psychopathology in adolescents and young adults with and without fearful spells or panic attacks? Findings from a 10-year prospective-longitudinal community study 63 8.1 Abstract 63 8.2 Introduction 63 8.3 Materials and methods 64 8.4 Results 66 8.5 Discussion 70 9 General discussion 73 9.1 Summary and discussion of main findings 73 9.2 Preventive interventions among individuals with panic pathology 75 9.3 Research implications 77 10 Conclusions 78 11 References 79 12 Appendix 94 12.1 Acknowledgements 94 12.2 Erklärung zu den Eigenanteilen an einzelnen Publikationen 95 12.3 Eigenständigkeitserklärung 96

Nous avons posé la problématique suivante : Quelles sont, dans le cadre d'une situation duale d'apprentissage scolaire, les conditions interactionnelles permettant, chez l'enfant, autiste moyen et très peu verbal (test CARS-T), auprès duquel nous sommes intervenu, l'émergence, le développement et le maintien des procédures cognitives nécessaires à la production lexicale écrite ? Nous avons distingué trois domaines foncièrement imbriqués dans la réalité de nos interventions pédagogiques : celui de l'attention conjointe (Schaeffer, 1977), des interactions (Bruner 1983, 1987) inscrites dans une perspective pragmatique des échanges (Bates, 1976 ; Bernicot, 2006 ; Dardier, 2004) et celui de l'orthographe lexicale. Notre travail s'est attaché à les distinguer pour parvenir à corréler l'aspect interactionnel et le développement des processus phonographique. La situation pédagogique représente un contexte de communication qui exerce des contraintes d'ordre pragmatique, langagier, communicationnel (attention conjointe, gestion des échanges) sur l'application des ressources cognitives et en particulier sur les régulations qui auraient du mal à s'effectuer ou s'automatiser chez les personnes avec autisme (hypersensorialité et son corollaire, le démantèlement). La mise en œuvre des interactions de tutelle auprès de notre élève, nous a conduit à réfléchir aux conditions de leur réalisation. Nous est alors apparue la pertinence de parler "d'harmonisation volontaire à visée de tutelle." Nous avons procédé à une étude clinique selon les modalités de l'observation participante (Bogdan et Taylor, 1985). Nous avons travaillé sur les axes diachroniques et synchroniques à partir d'un corpus filmique. Nous avons effectué une analyse quantitative et qualitative des modifications conjointes à court, moyen ou long terme des régulations inter et intra-individuelles des conduites au cours d'interactions entre l'enfant et nous-même, en fonction de variables de contexte afin d'étudier l'interface entre fonctionnement cognitif apparent et l'aspect inter-individuel dans le cadre d'une situation pédagogique. Les résultats Sur le plan de l'attention conjointe, nous avons noté une réduction des désengagements longs et de ceux à caractère définitif. Concernant la dimension pragmatique des échanges, la coconstruction a permis à l'enfant de développer un discours métapragmatique et métalinguistique. A propos des apprentissages, nous avons souligné un investissement volontaire de l'enfant dans l'apprentissage orthographique qui s'est traduit par un allongement de son attention durant les tâches de reconnaissance (avec amorçage direct) ou de production lexicale aidée (cartes phonogrammiques) ainsi qu'un développement d'une procédure phonographique. Cette recherche s'est appuyée sur des connaissances neuropsychologiques, cognitives, linguistiques qui, constituées en un ensemble cohérent nous ont permis de tracer les perspectives d'une intervention pédagogique adaptée que nous avons nommée harmonisation volontaire à visée de tutelle dont nous avons tenté de définir les éléments constitutifs. Elle est fondée sur l'adoption d'une posture de retrait actif, inspirée de la posture "en aval" de Laurent Danon-Boileau (2002), par le professeur suffisamment attentif à l'enfant avec autisme pour intégrer dans sa démarche pédagogique les fonctionnements psychiques et cognitifs inévitablement idiosyncrasiques de l'élève. Par conséquent, nous pensons que "l'harmonisation volontaire à visée de tutelle" en tant que notion objectivement définie, mais qui demande cependant à être approfondie, peut être considérée comme un contenu de formation pour les enseignants spécialisés dans la perspective d'une école inclusive. / What are the interactional conditions in the context of a dual school learning setting which enable the emergence, development and maintenance of cognitive procedures necessary for the written lexical production for the minimally verbal child with moderate autism we worked with? We distinguished three areas fundamentally embedded into the reality of our educational interventions : joint attention (Schaeffer 1977), interactions (Bruner , 1983, 1987) consistent with the pragmatic approach to exchanges (Bates, 1976 ; Bernicot 2006 ; Dardier, 2004) and word spelling. Our work aimed at differentiating the three areas in order to correlate interactional aspects and the development of the phonographic process. The teaching setting creates a context for communication that places pragmatic, linguistic, and communicative --joint attention , exchange management-- constraints on autistic students' ability to apply cognitive resources, particularly their ability to self-regulate (hypersensoriality and its corollary, dismantling). As we strove to implement guardianship interactions with our student, and reflected on the conditions of their realization, we realized the relevance of speaking of voluntary harmonization aiming at guardianship. Results related to joint attention showed a decrease in both long- term and permanent disengagement. In terms of pragmatic dimension of exchanges, co-construction enabled the child to develop a meta-pragmatic and meta-linguistic discourse. As for the learning itself, we noticed that the child invested himself voluntarily in his spelling learning, resulting in an increased ability to sustain attention during recognition (direct priming) or supported word production (phonogram cards) tasks, and a developing phonographic procedure. We used our knowledge of neuropsychology, cognitive science, and linguistics to set the framework for our research and outline the prospects of an appropriate educational intervention we called voluntary harmonization aiming at guardianship, whose constituent elements we tried to define. The purpose of this approach is to promote learning through scaffolding. It is based on the adoption by an adult sufficiently attentive to the autistic child of an active withdrawal posture, inspired by Laurent Danon-Boileau (2002)'s forward posture, to integrate into his approach the child's inevitably idiosyncratic psychic and cognitive functioning. We believe that although objectively defined, the notion of voluntary harmonization aiming at guardianship requires further research, and may open up new training opportunities for specialized teachers in the context of inclusive education.

Author's name: Magdalena Hošková School: Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Arts Department: Institute of Linguistics and Finno-Ugric Studies Title: Spells as a Part of Finnish Folklore Supervisor: Mgr. Jan Dlask, Ph.D. Number of pages: 77 Key words: spell, Finnish spells, Finnish folklore, Kalevala, Finnish mythology, tietäjä, shaman, prayer, healing magic, homoeopathic magic, John Abercromby, James Frazer, neoshamanism, neopaganism This thesis deals with spells as a part of Finnish folklore. It depicts the circumstances of the spells' genesis, as well as their structural features and different purposes of their use. It is considered that most spells were created during the era of late paganism and early Christianity. This is true not only of Finland but also of Europe in general. The thesis also analyses the role of the shaman as the spiritual leader of Finnish people living in the era before the spells' creation and thereafter analyses the role of the shaman's successor: the tietäjä, the charmer who created spells and used them to help people in his community. So the tietäjä used his spells for the same purpose as his predecessor, the shaman, used trance states, which he entered via drumming, chanting and dancing. In the trance state, he talked to animal spirits and ancestors' spirits and...

Background: Incidence of death and hospitalizations have been observed to depend on short-term changes in weather and to increase with extreme temperatures. This thesis aims to strengthen the scientific knowledge on the relationship between temperature and daily deaths, but also the relationship between temperature and daily hospital admissions. Methods: We constructed time series regression models using daily counts of death and daily weather from the Stockholm area incorporating adjustment for potential confounding factors, season, and long-term time trends. From these models, we established the short-term relationship with daily temperatures and the associated relative risks on daily deaths allowing for a delay between exposure and subsequent deaths. Daily hospital admissions and daily temperatures were analyzed correspondingly using data from Skåne. Results: Hot and cold temperatures significantly impact on mortality rates as well as rates of hospitalization in Sweden. We found an immediate heat effect on daily deaths, while the impacts of cold temperatures were delayed up to a week after exposure. Cold-related deaths are generally cardiovascular in nature, while deaths resulting from warm temperatures are cardiovascular, respiratory as well as non-cardiorespiratory in nature. The impacts following a heat wave appear to increase proportionally with the length of the extreme hot conditions. The results suggest that the population aged 45 years and older is the main group at elevated risk of death when exposed to high and low temperatures. Moreover, the results suggest that there are several factors of susceptibility on an individual basis that correspond to larger relative risk with high and/or low temperatures. Daily hospitalisations increased in particular among individuals with respiratory illnesses during extreme persistent heat, whereas high temperatures in general have little impact. In contrast, hospitalizations increased for up to two weeks following exposure to cold temperatures. Conclusions: The health impacts related to temperature are a serious concern and the attributed impacts are likely to increase to some extent in the future due to an ageing population. Public health preventive strategies should be developed to prevent health consequences related to heat waves and cold temperatures. Future studies should aim at identifying susceptible individuals with elevated death risk at hot and cold ambient temperature conditions.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2010.