Subjektivt välbefinnande är en del av den positiva psykologin och utgår ifrån människors subjektiva bedömning av hur nöjda de är med sitt liv. Forskning inom området har visat att god livskvalitet har betydelse för högre grad subjektivt välbefinnande och andra studier relaterar till betydelsen av bra självkänsla. Studien undersökte hur gymnasieelevers kön, självkänsla och livskvalitet står i relation till subjektiva välbefinnandet. 92 elever deltog, varav 44 var män. Enkäten bestod av The PANAS scale, Satisfaction With Life Scale, The Self-esteem scale och Life Satisfaction Questionnaire. Databearbetningen genomfördes i form av korrelationer och regressionsanalys. Resultaten för studien fann stöd för att självkänsla och livskvalitet har en signifikant relation till subjektivt välbefinnande. Kön saknade signifikant samband. Styrkor med studien var att alla skalor som användes är väletablerade mätinstrument och det var jämn fördelningen mellan kvinnor och män. Svagheter var främst deltagarantalet och skevheten i ålder.

The Self-Determination Theory (SDT) claims that autonomous motivation is a basic psychological need for all humans across cultures. When this need is met, individuals are predicted to experience well-being. However, it has been argued that autonomous motivation is not a basic need in the Chinese culture due to their philosophical background. Furthermore, commonly used instruments to measure well-being have been criticised for not measuring low arousal positive affect such as “harmony” or “peace of mind” which have been argued to more accurately target well-being for the Chinese population. The aim of this thesis is to give an overview of the psychological and cognitive neuroscientific research relating to intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, well-being and the associated cultural controversy. Additionally, a questionnaire-based study is reported which examine motivation type and well-being of 183 university students in China and in Sweden through self-reported data. The results support the SDT by showing that intrinsic motivation is correlated to well-being for both samples. Furthermore, the Swedish students experienced higher well-being compared to the Chinese students measured by the traditional “western” instruments. However, the Swedish and the Chinese students reported very similar peace of mind. This indicates that the commonly used instruments might not target well-being accurately universally. Limitations of the study and directions of future research is suggested in the discussion.

The present study investigates the biosociodemographic characteristics, subjective well-being and some indicators of anxiety, stress and depression of Colombian students in Brazil. 173 graduate students participated (48.6% male, 51.4% female, ages M=30,34 DP=5.13, master = 47.39%, doctorate= 47.39% and post-doctorate= 5.22%) which were recruited by social networks, curriculum platforms and some institutions and programs which promote research. Data collection was conducted through an online survey that included a Biosociodemographic questionnaire, the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Short Form Scale- (DASS-21) Satisfaction with life Scale (SWLS) and of Positive and Negative Affection scale (PANAS). Results presented normal levels of anxiety, stress, depression, positive and negative affect, were found, and in most cases, high life satisfaction. The Student's t and Chi Square tests showed no statistically significant differences for the above variables between masters and doctoral students. These findings provide an initial insight regarding the situation of Colombian students, which can be useful for future support in their academic processes linking to Brazilian universities. / El presente estudio investigó las características biosociodemográficas, el bienestar subjetivo y algunos indicadores de ansiedad, estrés y depresión de estudiantes colombianos en Brasil. Participaron 173 estudiantes de posgrado (48.6 % hombres, 51.4% mujeres, distribuidos en nivel de maestría= 43.39%, doctorado=43.39% y pos doctorado= 5.20%) los cuales fueron reclutados por medio de las redes sociales, plataformas de currículos y algunas instituciones y programas de fomento a la investigación. La colecta de datos fue realizada por medio de una encuesta en línea que incluyó un Cuestionario Biosociodemográfico, la Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale- Short Form (DASS-21), la Escala de Satisfacción con la vida (SWLS) y la Escala de Afecto Positivo y Negativo (PANAS). Se encontraron índices normales de ansiedad, stress, depresión, afectos positivos, afectos negativos, y en la mayoría de los casos alta satisfacción con la vida. Las pruebas t de Student y Chi Cuadrado no mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas para las anteriores variables entre los estudiantes de maestría y doctorado. Estos hallazgos ofrecen una visión inicial con respecto a la situación de los estudiantes colombianos, que puede ser útil para futuros acompañamiento en sus procesos de vinculación académica a las universidades brasileras.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T16:34:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ElaineSantos.pdf: 342463 bytes, checksum: ea279dc649a7459b9e27ce53f87c0382 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Subjective well-being (SWB) involvesa setof categories withcognitive andemotional componentsthat people useto evaluateyour own life. This is notan objectiveevaluation byobservers related to thequality of lifeof a person, but thesubjectiveevaluation of eachindividual onthe qualityof your own life, about thesatisfaction experiencedin everyday life. Thus, BESisa personalassessment ofhow happya personfeelsregardlessof the context andsocioeconomic status, health, success and other variablesthat could allowan objective assessmentofquality of life. It is assumed thatparents ofproblemsareassociated with lowerreports ofBES. The objectiveof this studywas to investigaterelationships betweensubjective well-being of parentsandpsychiatric diagnosesof children. Forthis studyquestionnairesto70parentswithchildreninpsychological careat the Health UnitofChildandAdolescentbeen applied. Resultsof analyzesof variance, t tests andchi-square revealednorelationship betweensubjective well-being of parents andpresence ofdisorderin their children. There wereevendifferences betweenmothers and fathersBESorBESbetweentheparentsof boys andgirls. Furthermore, theseparents havereasonable levels ofBES, composed ofgood levels ofgenerallife satisfactionandlowemotionalbalance, which reveals almostemotionalneutrality.Discussionspoint to theneed for studiesthat complementthese findings / Bem-estar subjetivo (BES) envolve um conjunto de categorias com componentes cognitivos e emocionais utilizados pelas pessoas para avaliar sua própria vida. Não se trata de uma avaliação objetiva feita por observadores com relação à qualidade de vida de uma pessoa, mas da avaliação subjetiva de cada indivíduo sobre a qualidade de sua própria vida, sobre a satisfação experimentada no quotidiano. Assim, BES representa uma avaliação pessoal sobre quão feliz o indivíduo se sente, independentemente do contexto e das condições socioeconômicas, da saúde, do sucesso e de outras variáveis que poderiam permitir uma avaliação objetiva de qualidade de vida. Supõe-se que pais de crianças com problemas avaliem-se como menos felizes do que outros e que o diagnóstico de problemas esteja associado a um menor relato de BES. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar relações entre bem-estar subjetivo de genitores e diagnósticos psiquiátricos de crianças. Para a realização deste estudo foram aplicados questionários para 70 genitores com filhos em atendimento psicológico na Unidade de Saúde da Criança e Adolescente. Resultados de análises de variância, testes t e de qui-quadrados revelaram não haver relações entre bem-estar subjetivo dos pais e presença de transtorno em seus filhos. Sequer houve diferenças entre BES de pais e mães ou entre BES de genitores de meninos e meninas. Além disso, esses genitores possuíam níveis razoáveis de BES, composto por bons índices de satisfação geral com a vida e balanço emocional baixo, o que revela uma quase neutralidade afetiva. Discussões apontam para a necessidade de estudos que complementem esses achados.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T16:34:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FranciscaYBA de Souza.pdf: 1873382 bytes, checksum: bc585ea26b8529a7462bcefdaf488e6a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-23 / The transition to college is a challenge for students due to the amount and diversity of changes caused by a new personal and social context that requires the development of adaptive resources. The vulnerability brought by this phase can motivate the use of alcohol and other drugs, and a recurring pattern found in university. The subjective well-being (SWB) and self-efficacy (SE) are examples of protective factors that can influence the behavior and attitudes of young people in situations such as alcohol consumption. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the explanatory power of subjective well-being and self-efficacy on alcohol consumption in university. The study sample consisted of 405 university students courses in the area of health in the metropolitan region of São Paulo, with an average age of 21.69 (SD = 5.49), mostly female (81.5), attending the first or second half, both mornings as the night. Data analysis was performed using SPSS, version 20.0 for Windows to perform descriptive and exploratory calculations: mean, standard deviation, correlation, standard regression analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Students t test. The study results revealed that the university had a low level of subjective well-being, self-efficacy above average and low alcohol consumption, being classified mostly as abstinent. Evidence that subjective well-being and self-efficacy predict, albeit in a limited way were observed, alcohol consumption, especially with higher predictive ability negative affect, self-efficacy in proactive actions and self-efficacy in social interaction. Additionally, correlation analysis (Pearsons r) revealed that SE and SWB are related to each other, having positive and significant levels. Were also found significant and negative correlations between alcohol consumption, general self-efficacy and their factors, as well as significant and positive correlations between alcohol consumption and negative affects. Additionally, it is possible to conclude that, in the study group, among young people who consumed alcohol, male students showed a higher consumption of the drink than women. / O período de transição para a universidade constitui-se um desafio para os estudantes devido à quantidade e à diversidade de mudanças originadas por um novo contexto pessoal e social que exige o desenvolvimento de recursos adaptativos. A vulnerabilidade trazida por essa fase pode motivar o uso de álcool e outras drogas, sendo um padrão recorrente encontrado em universitários. O bem-estar subjetivo (BES) e a autoeficácia (AE) são exemplos de fatores de proteção capazes de influenciar os comportamentos e atitudes dos jovens diante de situações como o consumo de bebidas alcoólicas. Sendo assim, o objetivo geral deste estudo foi analisar a capacidade explicativa do bem-estar subjetivo e da autoeficácia sobre o consumo de álcool em universitários. A amostra pesquisada foi constituída por 405 estudantes universitários de cursos da área da saúde da região metropolitana de São Paulo, com uma idade média de 21,69 (DP= 5,49), sendo a maioria do sexo feminino (81,5%), cursando o primeiro ou o segundo semestre, tanto do período matutino quanto do noturno. A análise dos dados foi realizada utilizando-se o programa SPSS, versão 20.0 para Windows para a realização de cálculos descritivos e exploratórios: média, desvio-padrão, correlações, análise de regressão múltipla, análises de variância (ANOVA) e teste t de Student. Os resultados do estudo revelaram que os universitários apresentaram um baixo nível de bem-estar subjetivo, autoeficácia acima da média e baixo consumo de álcool, sendo classificados na sua maioria como abstinentes. Foram observados indícios de que o bem-estar subjetivo e a autoeficácia predizem, ainda que de forma limitada, o consumo de álcool, destacando-se com maior capacidade preditiva os afetos negativos, a autoeficácia em ações pró-ativas e a autoeficácia em interação social. Além disso, a análise de correlação (r de Pearson) revelou que BES e AE guardam relação entre si, apresentando índices positivos e significativos. Também foram verificadas correlações significativas e negativas entre o consumo de álcool, a autoeficácia total e seus fatores, assim como correlações significativas e positivas entre o consumo de álcool e afetos negativos. Adicionalmente, é possível concluir que, no grupo estudado, dentre os jovens que consumiram álcool, estudantes do sexo masculino demonstraram um consumo maior da bebida do que as mulheres.

The use of social network services (SNS) has exponentially grown especially among younger generations. Facebook (FB) use today constitutes a part of many university students’ everyday life. At the same time, research interest for self-compassion has grown tremendously. High self-compassion is associated with high subjective well-being (SWB), while high FB use has shown association with lower SWB. The effect of interaction between FB use and self-compassion in predicting SWB has thus far not been tested. This study examined if FB use correlated with SWB, if self-compassion correlated with SWB, and if the level of self-compassion had a moderating effect between FB use and SWB. A survey containing measures of frequency and duration of FB use, Self-Compassion Scale - Short Form, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, and Satisfaction With Life Scale was administered to Swedish university students (N = 231, M age = 24.84, SD = 5.9). A hierarchal regression analysis was used to test if FB use and self-compassion interacted to predict SWB. The regression analysis showed that only self-compassion significantly predicted SWB. This study suggests that frequency and duration of FB use might not be enough to predict SWB. Future research could benefit from mapping more precisely what kind of FB use is beneficial or non-beneficial for user well-being. Also, future research could benefit from considering type of FB use in interaction with the level of self-compassion in predicting SWB. / Användandet av sociala medier (SNS) har växt kraftigt bland yngre generationer. Facebook (FB) användande utgör idag en del av många universitetsstudenters vardagliga liv. Samtidigt har forskningsintresset kring self-compassion vuxit. Hög self-compassion är associerat med högt subjektivt välbefinnande (SWB) medan högt FB-användande har visat associationer med lägre SWB. Effekten av interaktion mellan FB-användande och self-compassion för att predicera SWB har ej tidigare studerats. Denna studie undersökte korrelation mellan FB-användande och SWB, korrelation mellan self-compassion och SWB, samt om self-compassion hade en modererande effekt mellan FB-användande och SWB. En enkät innehållande mätning av frekvens och duration av FB-användande, Self-Compassion Scale - Short Form, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule och Satisfaction With Life Scale administrerades till svenska universitetsstudenter (N = 231, M age = 24.84, SD = 5.9). Hierarkisk regressionsanalys användes för att undersöka om interaktion mellan FB-användande och self-compassion kunde predicera SWB. Regressionsanalysen visade att endast self-compassion signifikant kunde predicera SWB. Resultatet föreslår att frekvens och duration av FB-användande möjligtvis inte är tillräckligt för att predicera SWB. Framtida studier kan med fördel mer utförligt undersöka vilken typ av FB-användande som har fördelaktig eller icke-fördelaktig effekt på SWB, samt ta hänsyn till typ av FB-användande och nivå av self-compassion i interaktion för att predicera SWB.

Le bien-être subjectif se définit comme une approche hédonique du bonheur renvoyant à une évaluation générale de sa propre vie dans ses dimensions cognitives et affectives. Bien que ce concept ait fait l’objet d’une littérature scientifique abondante, peu de travaux ont porté explicitement sur ses relations avec la construction du choix d’orientation scolaire et professionnelle. Notre revue de la littérature met également en évidence l’opposition des approches ascendantes et descendantes dans l’étude des liens en ces variables rendant le sens de la causalité particulièrement complexe à appréhender. Ainsi, l’objectif de cette thèse est d’apporter une meilleure compréhension aux relations entre le bien-être subjectif et l’indécision vocationnelle. De même, afin de tester le rôle des caractéristiques individuelles et contextuelles, nous avons inscrit notre étude dans une comparaison interculturelle interrogeant des étudiants sud-coréens, étatsuniens et français. La première partie de nos résultats est largement consacrée à l’étude de la validité psychométrique des outils utilisés dans les différents contextes cibles tandis que la deuxième partie s’intéresse davantage à l’analyse des relations entre le bien-être subjectif et l’indécision vocationnelle. Une série de trois études fut conduite dans chaque pays cible dans le but d’examiner successivement le rôle modérateur des caractéristiques individuelles, des traits de la personnalité et du bien-être psychologique. Les résultats indiquent globalement que le bien-être subjectif est significativement associé à l’indécision vocationnelle quel que soit l’échantillon considéré bien que plusieurs effets modérateurs soient observés. À partir de notre revue de la littérature et des résultats obtenus, un modèle théorique des relations entre le bien-être subjectif et l’indécision vocationnelle est proposé différenciant les modèles ascendants et descendants par des mécanismes distincts. L’implication de ces résultats autour d’une vision holistique de l’individu est discutée dans des perspectives théoriques et pratiques. / Subjective well-being may be defined as a hedonic approach of happiness referring to an overall evaluation of individual’s life integrating both cognitive and affective components. Although that concept has been the focus of a considerable scientific literature, few research explored explicitly its relationships with career decision-making process. Our literature review highlighted the opposition between bottom-up and top-down approaches in the study of the relationships between these two variables making particularly complex to determine the causal direction. Thus, the purpose of this thesis was to bring a better understanding on the relationships between subjective well-being and career indecision. Also, in order to test the role of individual and contextual characteristics, we conducted a cross-cultural comparison which include Korean, US, and French college students. The first part of our results was devoted to explore the psychometric properties of several instruments used in the different countries while the second part was more focused on the analysis of the relationships between subjective well-being and career indecision. A series of three studies were conducted in each target country for examining successively the moderator role of individual characteristics, personality traits, and psychological well-being. Overall, results showed that subjective well-being was significantly associated with career indecision across samples despite several moderator effects were observed. Based on our literature review and results, we developed a theoretical model integrating subjective well-being and career indecision while arguing distinctive mechanisms in bottom-up and top-down approaches. The implications of those results toward a holistic approach of individual counseling are discussed in both research and practical directions.

O bem-estar subjetivo e eventos de vida estressores foram investigados transversalmente (Estudo I), longitudinalmente (Estudo II) e como grupo de Attrition (Estudo III) com 1080 participantes de ambos os sexos, 7-16 anos, em situação de vulnerabilidade, que viviam com a família ou em instituições de acolhimento. Foram utilizados: entrevista estruturada, Inventário de Eventos Estressores, Escala de Afeto e Escala Multidimensional de Satisfação de Vida. Os resultados mostraram que os participantes das famílias vivenciaram menos eventos estressores, estavam mais satisfeitos com a família e com o self, vivenciaram menos afeto negativo e mais positivo, quando comparados aos institucionalizados. No entanto, o grupo do acolhimento preservou a satisfação com a escola e com as amizades e, ao mesmo tempo, aumentou a satisfação com o self e self comparado ao longo do tempo, possivelmente devido aos cuidados recebidos no acolhimento e ao afastamento das situações adversas na família. Subsídios para intervenções são discutidos. / The subjective well-being and stressful life events were investigated transversally (Study I), longitudinally (Study II), and as a group of Attrition (Study III) in a total sample of 1080 participants of both sexes, 7-16 years in a situation of vulnerability, separated in two groups: living with family or out-of-home care institutions. A structured interview, a Stressful Events Inventory, an Affect Scale and a Multidimensional Scale of Life Satisfaction were used. The results showed that living with family group experienced fewer stressful events, were more satisfied with family and their selves, experienced less negative affect, and had more positive, comparing to the institutionalized. However, that group kept the school and friendship satisfaction, and increased satisfaction with self over time. The institutionalization and removal from adverse situations at home may be an explanation for those results. Support interventions are discussed.

The motivation for subjective well-being research rather than Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is becoming important to the roles of many governments across the globe and so identifying the strongest correlates of subjective well-being is vital as a starting point to informing policies that support subjective well-being. This thesis investigated the correlates of subjective well-being. Chapter 1 introduced the topic and has been divided into two parts: section 1 explores the motivation for subjective well-being research and section 2 presents the conceptual model of subjective well-being. Chapter 2 gave the rationale for the methodological approaches taken to investigate factors that are associated with subjective well-being. Also, the methods chapter presented limitations of the data used. Chapter 3 explored the determinants of subjective well-being in representative samples of nations; and the results obtained in chapter 3 led to three systematic reviews and meta-analyses (Chapter 4, 5 and 6). Chapter 4 conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between income inequality and subjective well-being to test the general assumption that people's subjective well-being can be increased by tackling income inequality and investigated inconsistencies of previous studies reporting a negative, positive or no association between income inequality and subjective well-being. Chapter 5 carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between health status and subjective well-being because the results of the empirical study conducted in chapter 3 suggest that health status is positively associated with subjective well-being. Chapter 6 conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between financial satisfaction and subjective well-being as the results of the empirical study conducted in chapter 3 suggest that financial satisfaction is positively associated with subjective well-being. Chapter 7 discussed the results, highlighted the need for further studies and policy directions and concluded. Taken altogether these studies suggest that: (1) subjective well-being is important to informing policies that support subjective well-being, (2) they might be circumstances where income inequality may not be associated with people's subjective well-being, (3) health status and financial satisfaction are positively associated with subjective well-being and the magnitude of the association is affected by key operational and methodological factors, (4) life satisfaction might be preferred to happiness as a measure of subjective well-being because it may better captures the influence of health status and financial satisfaction, (5) government policies that support subjective well-being measures should consider using self-reported health status and financial satisfaction amongst factors that are correlated with people's subjective well-being, (6) the association between health status and subjective well-being and the link between financial satisfaction and subjective well-being are medium and further research is required to identify other strongest correlates of subjective well-being.

Cette thèse s’inscrit dans la démarche de l’Économie du bien-être au sens où elle répond au double enjeu qui guide cette discipline, à savoir faire des mesures de bien-être subjectif des sujets d’analyse en soi et des outils visant à améliorer l’analyse économique. La première partie de cette thèse explore l’interaction existant entre temps de travail au sein des couples et le bien-être subjectif. Le Chapitre 1 démontre qu’être simultanément sur-employés peut avoir un effet positif sur le bien-être des deux membres du couple. Le Chapitre 2 démontre que les femmes travaillant plus que leurs maris subissent des baisses de bien-être. Ce Chapitre présente une posture nouvelle dans la littérature au sens où il prouve que cette baisse de bien-être ne semble pas imputable aux normes de genre mais à l’absence de justice dans la distribution des tâches au sein du ménage. La seconde partie de cette thèse adopte une posture différente au sens où le bien-être subjectif y devient un outil permettant l’évaluation de politiques du marché du travail. Le Chapitre 3 démontre que les réductions du temps de travail implantées en France et au Portugal à la fin des années 1990 ont amélioré en moyenne la satisfaction des travailleurs vis-à-vis de leur emploi et de leur temps de loisir. Le Chapitre 4 évalue l’effet direct et les externalités causés par la hausse de la contribution Delalande en France en 1999. Cette contribution visait à protéger l’emploi des seniors. Ainsi, l’augmentation de cette contribution a augmenté la perception de sécurité des seniors concernés mais ceci s’est fait aux détriments de leurs plus jeunes collègues, qui ont vu leur perception de sécurité de l’emploi diminuer. / The present thesis contributes to the literature by exploring how relative working time within households and changes in legal norms on the labour market are linked to subjective wellbeing. Bydoing so, this thesis matches the objectives of the Economics of Wellbeing in that it both considers subjective wellbeing as a subject of study per se and a tool for economic analyses. The first part ofthis thesis examines how relative working time in household affects subjective wellbeing. Chapter 1 demonstrates that being simultaneously overemployed may translate into higher wellbeing of both couple members. Chapter 2 shows that women working more than their husbands are likely to experience wellbeing losses. However, this Chapter is innovative in that it demonstrates that these losses in utility are not caused by violation of gender norms but because of the unfairness of the time allocation within household. The second part of this thesis adopts a different perspective sinceit takes subjective wellbeing as a tool to perform welfare analysis of labor market reforms. Chapter3 estimates the impact of working time reductions implemented in Portugal and France at the end ofthe 1990’s and concludes that workers experienced increases in job and leisure satisfaction. Chapter4 evaluates the impact of the increase in the Delalande tax in 1999. This tax aimed at keeping older workers in the labor force. Then, this Chapter shows that perceived job security of older workers increased thanks to the higher Delalande tax but this has been done at the cost of lower perceived job security of their younger colleagues.