[pt] Esta dissertação se insere na área da Psicolinguística, em articulação com a Neuropsicologia. A pesquisa se voltou para a investigação, em idosos hígidos, do processamento sintático de sentenças envolvendo ambiguidade temporária (ex.: Enquanto o homem cozinhava a batata era comprada no mercado), as quais induzem ao efeito labirinto (garden-path effect). O objetivo deste trabalho foi compreender em que medida um declínio de funções executivas com o avanço da idade poderia afetar o processamento desse tipo de estrutura sintática, a qual apresenta alta demanda para a memória de trabalho e parece requerer inibição de uma representação mental inicialmente possível. A pesquisa consistiu na aplicação de um experimento psicolinguístico de compreensão por leitura e testes de avaliação neuropsicológica (Span de Digítos, Stroop e Miniexame do Estado Mental, este último aplicado apenas aos idosos). No experimento psicolinguístico, foram tomadas como variáveis intrassujeitos plausibilidade e extensão da região ambígua entre o sintagma nominal crítico (a batata) e o ponto de desambiguização da sentença (era comprada). Foram testados 40 participantes (20 idosos e 20 jovens). Houve um efeito principal de plausibilidade e extensão da região ambígua e um efeito de interação entre grupo e plausibilidade, tendo os idosos apresentado maior dificuldade, nas condições plausíveis, para inibir a estrutura sintática equivocada construída inicialmente. Também observamos uma correlação entre plausibilidade e o teste Stroop. Os resultados são discutidos em termos da abordagem Good-Enough da compreensão da linguagem e de questões pertinentes às relações entre linguagem e outros domínios da cognição, em especial o papel de funções executivas no processamento sintático. / [en] This master s thesis is situated within the area of psycholinguistics, in conjunction with neuropsychology, and investigates syntactic processing of temporarily ambiguous sentences in the elderly (While the man cooked the potatoes were bought at the supermarket.). These structures induce the garden-path effect. The purpose of the work was to analyze to what extent a decline in executive functions with advancing age could affect syntactic processing of syntactic ambiguity, which presents a high demand for working memory and seems to require inhibition of an initially possible mental representation. The research consisted in the application of a psycholinguistic experiment (a reading comprehension task) and neuropsychological evaluation tests (Digit Span, Stroop and Mini-Mental State Examination; the latter was only applied to the group of older participants). In the psycholinguistic experiment, plausibility and the distance between the critical noun phrase (the potato) and the point of disambiguation of the sentence (was bought) were taken as within-subjects variables. Forty participants (20 older adults and 20 young adults) were tested. A main effect of plausibility and distance and an interaction effect between group and plausibility were observed. The elderly showed more difficulty in inhibiting the initial misinterpretation when the sentence was plausible. There was also a correlation between plausibility and the Stroop test. The results are discussed in terms of the Good-Enough Approach to language comprehension and the relationship between language and other domains of cognition, especially the role of executive functions in syntactic processing.

In the Arabic language a “word/particle” is divided into three classes: noun verb and particle. After research of relevant literature it became evident to this researcher that the bulk of research related to signifying particles has stressed their complementary relation to nouns and verbs which has created shortcomings in these studies. The most noteworthy of them has been to restrict a study of particles either to their linguistic or grammatical functions or to confine this endeavor to some particles only. This study aims to study all particles as independent components of Arabic signifiers. In the first section , the researcher reviews relevant grammatical terminologies relating to and associated with the particles such as: speech ,word , noun, verb…etc, and outlines both instances of similarities and differences found among them. He then elucidates the three categories of word particles by referring to the peculiarities of each of them. The remaining chapters are devoted to presenting the linguistic definitions of each word particle , beginning with single phoneme particles and systematically progressing to higher ones. Essentially all word particles fulfill linguistic functions before they may fulfill any syntactic or other functions. After reviewing their linguistic functions, the researcher queries , or proposes the possibility of using linguistic terminology for them instead of using syntactical or grammatical terminology because the former embraces all word particles whereas the latter is restricted to just some of them. In the final section, he focuses on the syntactical functions of the semantic particles, and their influence grammatically , wehter it is permanent or occasional influence. He also explains word particles associated with whether nouns or verbs , or with both of them. / الكلمة في اللغة العربية تنقسم الى ثلاثة أقسام :اسم وفعل وحرف، ولقد تبين للباحث بعد مراجعته للأدبيات أن معظم الدراسات التى تناولت حروف المعاني تناولتها من منظور انها مكملة للقسمين الآخرين، هذه النظرية أدّت إلى قصور في الدراسة، وقد تجلى اهم أوجه هذا القصور أولا في التركيز على جانب واحد من جوانب دراسة الحروف، اعني الجانب اللغوي او الوظيفة النحوية، او الإقتصار على بعض الحروف دون سائرها. هذا البحث يعتبر محاولة لدراسة جميع الحروف كقسم مستقل من أقسام الكلمة العربية، يبتدأ الباحث فيه - في الفصل الأول - باستعراض المصطلحات النحوية المحيطة والمرتبطة بالحروف من قبيل : الكلام والكلمة واللفظ والقول ...الخ مبيناً كيفة تداخل وترابط تلك المصطلحات وأوجه إختلافها، ثم أقسام الكلام الثلاثة مع الإشارة إلى مميزات كل قسمٍ وخصائصه ، وتتناول بقية الفصول المعاني اللغوية للحروف- إبتداء بالحروف الأحادية ثم الثنائية والثلاثية والرباعية و الخماسية - لأنّ الأصل في كل الكلمات أن تؤدّي وظائف لغوية محدّدة قبل أن يكون لها دورٌ نحويٌ او لايكون، ويتساءل الباحث او يقترح – بعد استعراض المعاني الللغوية للحروف – امكانية استخدام التسميات اللغوية للحروف بدلاً من التسمية النحوية، لأنّ الأولى تشمل كلّ الحروف ، بينما تقتصر الثانية على قسمٍ من الحروف . ثمّ يتدرج إلى الفصل الأخير المخصص للعمل النحوي للحروف ، مستعرضاً أوجه عملها – سواء كانت دائمة العمل أو عاملة أحياناً ومهملة في بعض الأحوال- ومبيناً ما يختص منها بالعمل بالاسم او بالفعل وما يشترك في الدخول عليهما. / Linguistics and Modern Languages

SANTOS, Francisco Ednardo Pinho. Restrições à atribuição de funções semânticas e sintáticas: um estudo funcionalista sobre inadequações na construção do enunciado em redações escolares. 2010. 121p. Dissertação (Mestrado em Linguistica) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernaculas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza-CE, 2010. / Submitted by nazareno mesquita (nazagon36@yahoo.com.br) on 2012-08-07T13:20:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_diss_FEPDOSSANTOS.pdf: 756574 bytes, checksum: d55e9c0b62aa49d00b059d0fa40805d0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2013-10-10T14:10:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_diss_FEPDOSSANTOS.pdf: 756574 bytes, checksum: d55e9c0b62aa49d00b059d0fa40805d0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-10-10T14:10:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_diss_FEPDOSSANTOS.pdf: 756574 bytes, checksum: d55e9c0b62aa49d00b059d0fa40805d0 (MD5) / This research analyzes some aspects of the question of the factors through which it can be considered that a sentence is inadequate concerning the interaction event in which it is used and the grammar of the specific language, according to a functionalist view of language as a system flexible when faced with usage pressure. It proposes a typology contemplating the types of inadequate usages found in the corpus, related to a frame in which the inadequate usage is seen as the non-satisfaction of a functional demand. Considering that pragmatic and semantic motivations compete for the morphosyntactic expression (DUBOIS, 1987), the basic hypothesis is that competing motivations can be left unsolved so that an inadequate construction is produced. The analysis is based on the theory of Functional-Discourse Grammar (HENGEVELD; MACKENZIE, 2008). This theory comprehends the grammar as part of a wider model of verbal interaction, so that it can account of the cognitive, interactive and textual factors which have an impact on the grammatical aspects of the predication. The corpus takes a set of presumably inadequate sentences collected from a bank of high school students’ texts. / Esta pesquisa investiga alguns aspectos da difícil questão dos fatores pelos quais se pode considerar um enunciado inadequado à situação de interação em que é usado e à gramática da língua, conforme concepção funcionalista de gramática como sistema sensível às pressões do uso. Propõe uma tipologia que engloba os tipos de inadequação encontrados no corpus de análise, correlacionados a um quadro em que a inadequação seja vista como não-satisfação de uma demanda funcional. A hipótese básica, considerando que demandas internas e externas ao sistema competem entre si pela expressão morfossintática (DUBOIS, 1985), é a de que essa competição entre motivações pragmáticas, semânticas e morfossintáticas pode não se resolver satisfatoriamente em algumas situações de uso da língua, produzindo-se construções inadequadas quanto a algum tipo de motivação. A análise serve-se do instrumental teórico da Gramática Discursivo-Funcional (HENGEVELD; MACKENZIE, 2008), que, ao compreender a gramática como parte de um modelo de interação verbal, permite dar conta dos fatores cognitivos, interacionais e textuais que têm impacto nos aspectos gramaticais da predicação. Trabalhamos com um corpus constituído principalmente por um conjunto de enunciados considerados inadequados, retirados de um banco de redações escolares de estudantes do Ensino Médio da rede pública em Fortaleza, coletado por nós.

The presented dissertation addresses the issue of expressing temporary relations (the present and the past) in the texts of the authors of the Baroque period. The excerpt includes 44 works of historic literary output. The topic is based on a semantic definition of temporal relationships in the Baroque language and interferes with the paratactic and hypotactic method of expression. Within the scope of paratactic connection of syntactic units, we analyze phrasal connections (the connection of main clauses and the connection of paratactic subclauses), text and phrasal connections, within the scope of hypotactic concentration mainly the relationship of the main and subordinate adverbial clauses of time. The classification according to various paratactic and subordinating conjunctions is led by the effort to obtain a comprehensive overview of the possible ways to express temporal relationships. The aim of the work is to contribute to an analytical examination of the syntactic language level of the Baroque period and to confirm the hypothesis of intact continuity of the language development between the humanistic, Baroque and National Revival periods.

Dans le cadre de ce travail, il est question d’analyser un corpus de néologisme épuisé dans plusieurs journaux de 19ème siècle. En effet, nous avons étudié des nouvelles formes néologiques, lexicales et syntaxiques, et les procédés de formation néologique que les journalistes avaient choisis pour faire face à la modernité que le monde arabe et du coup la langue arabe ont connue à cette époque, appelée l’époque de la renaissance où le lexique a connu un plein essor à l’aide de plusieurs procédés de formation néologique, tels l’emprunt, le changement sémantique et la création morphosyntaxique. Cet essor paraît en réalité comme le résultat nécessaire d’une alliance de deux facteurs: celui de la communauté linguistique, avec ses besoins de se renouveler sans cesse et le temps qui accentue cette nécessité; celle de créer des mots nouveaux pour répondre à ses besoins nouveaux. Nous avons traité ce sujet en trois parties : la première porte sur des problèmes théoriques de la néologie. Autrement dit, une réflexion théorique sur le phénomène même où nous avons ainsi soulevé quelques-unes des problématiques dérivant de l’analyse de la néologie, tels, l’histoire et la définition de la néologie et celle du néologisme auxquelles nous avons consacré le premier chapitre de la deuxième partie, la néologie et les approches linguistiques modernes que nous avons traitées dans le deuxième chapitre et le problème des typologies et de classifications abordé dans le troisième chapitre.La deuxième partie, quant à elle, nous l’avons consacrée à l’analyse des néologismes lexicaux de notre corpus en trois chapitres où nous avons traité dans chacun l’un des aspects de la néologie. Dans le premier, nous avons analysé les néologies de forme, d’après l’approche théorique d’A. Roman qui divise le système de l’arabe en deux sous-systèmes à savoir le système de nomination qui se préoccupe de la formation des unités lexicales simples et son jumeau le système de communication qui se charge de la formation des unités complexes. Le deuxième chapitre, nous l’avons réservé à l’analyse des autres néologismes crées par d’autres moyens du système de l’arabe. Il s’agit, dans ce cas, des néologismes sémantiques produits par des procédés sémantiques, en l’occurrence le processus tropologique, métaphore et métonymie, paratropologique, extension et resserrement de sens. Dan le troisième chapitre, nous avons étudié les néologismes venus d’autres systèmes linguistiques, en l’occurrence des termes que les journalistes ont empruntés à des langues étrangères.Dans la troisième partie, nous avons abordé le problème de néologie syntaxique en deux chapitres: dans le premier, nous avons traité les néologismes survenus dans le domaine verbal, notamment les nouvelles relations entre des modus verbaux et leurs expansions complétives. Quant au deuxième, nous y avons révélé et analysé certains changements concernant quelques fonctionnels, tels que, des coordonnants, des translatifs. / Within the framework of this work, it is question to analyze a corpus of neologism exhausted in several newspapers of 19th century this Indeed, we studied new neological, lexical and syntactical forms, and the processes of neological formation which the journalists had chosen to face the modernity which the Arabic world and the blow the Arabic language knew about this time period, called up the period of the revival where the lexicon knew a full development by means of several processes of neological formation, such the loan, the semantic change and the morphosyntactic creation. This development appears in reality as the necessary result of an alliance of two factors that of the speech community, with its needs being ceaselessly renewed and the time which stresses this necessity: that to create new words to answer These new needs. We treated this subject in three parts: The first one concerns theoretical problems of the neology.Such, the history and the definition of the neology and that of the neologism to whom we dedicated the first chapter of the second part the neology and the modern linguistic approaches which we treated in the second chapter and the problem of the typologies and the classifications approached on the third chapter.The second part, as for her, we dedicated her to the analysis of the lexical neologisms of our corpus in three chapters where we treated in each one of the aspects of the neology. In the first one, we analyzed the neologies of shape, according to the theoretical approach of A. Roman who divides the system of Arabic into two sub-systems namely the system of appointment which worries about the formation of the simple unités items and his twin the system of communication which takes care of the formation of the complex units. The second chapter, we reserved him(it) for the analysis of the other neologisms create by the other means of the system of Arabic. It is, in that case, about semantic neologisms produced by semantic processes, in this particular case the process tropologique, metaphor and metonymy, paratropologique, extension and contraction of sense. In the third chapter, we studied the neologisms come from the other linguistic systems, in this particular case the terms which the journalists borrowed from foreign languages.In the third part we approached the problem of syntactic neology in two chapters: in the first one, we treated the neologisms arisen in the verbal domain, in particular the new relations between verbal modus and their substantival expansions. As for the second, we revealed there and analyzed certain changes concerning some functional, such as, co-ordinating conjunctions, translative.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:39:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Miriam Segin.pdf: 2813413 bytes, checksum: f192e7858349d5ff3ad275af7e9ccf69 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-25 / Williams-Beuren Syndrome (WBS) is a genetic affection determined by the microdelation of contiguous genes in 7q11.23. The genetic profile of WBS is characterized by the visualconstructive deficit that contrasts with the good performance in verbal tasks, which sustains the hypothesis of dissociation between these abilities. This grants the syndrome peculiar cognitive and behavioral frames. The objective of this research is to describe the pattern of competences in tasks of linguistic abilities in 22 children and adolescents with WBS, aged between 7and 18 (M=11,6; DP=3,7), students of the 1st to 6th grades of elementary and special schools. We used the following instruments: WISC-III (to evaluate intellectual abilities); Wisconsin (used in neuropsychological assessment of abstract reasoning and cognitive strategies); CBCL/6-18 (behavioral assessment); Token-Comp (TT) used to working memory assessment; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) used to receptive language assessment; Phonological Awareness by Oral Production Test; Syntactic Awareness Test; Word-Reading Efficiency Test; Test of Naming Images by Choosing Words; Test of Naming Images by Writing. The results of WISC-III, Wisconsin and CBCL/6-18 demonstrate mild to moderate intellectual disability, difficulty in concentration and identification of patterns of change, emotional and relationship problems, lack of attention, behavior disorders, challenge and opposition and somatic complaints. The results of TT and PPVT show that the receptive vocabulary is below expected for the level of schooling and age, and is close to the data found in 4-year-old-children. In the abilities of phonological and syntactic awareness, results indicate great deficiencies, with performances equivalent to those of 3-year-old children at the Phonological Awareness by Oral Production Test and of 4-year-olds at the Syntactic Awareness Test. No progression was found according to the increase of school grade. The tests Word-Reading Efficiency, Naming Images by Choosing Words and Naming Images by Writing were taken by 4 participants that presented deficits in the reading ability with graphophonemic decoding. They make more orthographic and semantic mistakes and show low capacity of naming by writing. Thus, it was possible to verify that the sample presents deficits in receptive language and work memory, difficulties in phonological and syntactic processing tasks, which are important factors to the proper development of the capacity to read and write / A Síndrome de Williams-Beuren (SWB) é uma afecção genética determinada pela microdeleção de genes contíguos em 7q11.23. O perfil cognitivo da SWB é conhecido pelo prejuízo viso-construtivo que contrasta com melhor desempenho em tarefas verbais, o que sustenta a hipótese de dissociação entre essas habilidades, conferindo a esta síndrome um quadro cognitivo e comportamental peculiar. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever o padrão das competências em provas de habilidades lingüísticas de 22 crianças e adolescentes com SWB, com idades entre 7 e 18 anos (M= 11,6; DP=3,7), estudantes do 1º ao 6º ano do ensino fundamental e de Escolas Especiais. Foram utilizados os instrumentos: WISC-III (avaliação do potencial intelectual); Wisconsin (avaliação neuropsicológica de habilidades de raciocínio abstrato e estratégias cognitivas); CBCL/6 18 (perfil comportamental); Token-Comp (TT) (memória de trabalho); Teste de Vocabulário por Imagens Peabody (TVIP) (linguagem receptiva); Prova de Consciência Fonológica por produção Oral (PCFO); Prova de Consciência Sintática (PCS); Teste de Competência de Leitura de Palavras (TCLP); Teste de nomeação de figuras por escolha de palavras (TNF1 escolha) e o Teste de nomeação de figuras por escrita (TNF2 escrita). Os resultados nos testes WISC-III, Wisconsin e CBCL/6 18 apresentaram deficiência intelectual de leve à moderada, maior dificuldade em concentração e identificação de padrões de mudança, problemas afetivos e de relacionamento, desatenção, transtornos de conduta, desafio e oposição e queixas somáticas. Nos testes TT e TVIP foi possível observar que o vocabulário receptivo está abaixo do esperado para a escolaridade e para a idade, próximo ao encontrado em crianças de 4 anos. Nas habilidades de consciência fonológica e consciência sintática, os resultados mostraram grande comprometimento, com desempenho equivalente ao de crianças de 3 anos de idade na PCFO e de 4 anos na PCS, sendo que não foi identificada progressão em relação á série. Os testes TCLP, TNF1 e TNF2 foram realizados por 4 sujeitos que apresentam déficits de habilidade de leitura com decodificação grafofonemica, cometem mais erros semânticos e ortográficos e revelam baixa capacidade de nomeação por escrita. Desta maneira, foi possível identificar que, nessa amostra, há comprometimento de linguagem receptiva e de memória de trabalho, dificuldades em tarefas de processamento fonológico e sintático, os quais são fatores importantes para o bom desenvolvimento da leitura e da escrita

La connaissance inter-entreprises permet à chaque société de se renseigner sur ses clients, ses fournisseurs et de développer son activité tout en limitant le risque lié à la solvabilité ou retard de paiement de ses partenaires. Avec les tensions de trésorerie, la nécessité de la croissance et l'augmentation de la concurrence, ce domaine devient plus que jamais stratégique aussi bien pour les PME que pour les grands groupes. La quantité de données traitée dans ce domaine, les exigences de qualité et de fraîcheur, la nécessité de croiser ces données pour déduire des nouvelles informations et indicateurs, posent plusieurs problèmes pour lesquels l'optimisation en général et l'optimisation combinatoire en particulier peuvent apporter des solutions efficaces. Dans cette thèse, nous utilisons l'optimisation combinatoire, l'algorithmique du texte et la théorie des graphes pour résoudre efficacement des problèmes issus du domaine de la connaissance inter-entreprises et posés par Altares D&B. Dans un premier temps, nous nous intéressons à la qualité de la base de données des dirigeants. Ce problème combine la détection et suppression des doublons dans une base de données et la détection d'erreurs dans une chaîne de caractères. Nous proposons une méthode de résolution basée sur la normalisation des données et l'algorithmique de texte et de comparaison syntaxique entre deux chaînes de caractères. Les résultats expérimentaux montrent non seulement que cette méthode est pertinente dans la détection et la suppression des doublons mais aussi qu'elle est efficace de point du vue temps de traitement. Nous nous focalisons par la suite sur les données des liens capitalistiques et nous considérons le problème de calcul des liens indirects et l'identification des têtes des groupes. Nous présentons une méthode de résolution basée sur la théorie des graphes. Nous testons cette méthode sur plusieurs instances réelles. Nous prouvons l'efficacité de cette méthode par son temps de traitement et par l'espace de calcul qu'elle utilise. Enfin, nous remarquons que le temps de calcul de celui-ci augmente de façon logarithmique en fonction de la taille d'instance. Enfin, nous considérons le problème de l'identification des réseaux d'influence. Nous formalisons ce problème en termes de graphes et nous le ramenons à un problème de partitionnement de graphe qui est NP-difficile dans ce cas général. Nous proposons alors une formulation en programme linéaire en nombre entier pour ce problème. Nous étudions le polyèdre associé et décrivons plusieurs classes de contraintes valides. Nous donnons des conditions nécessaires pour que ces contraintes définissent des facettes et discutons des algorithmes de séparations de ces contraintes. En utilisant les résultats polyédraux obtenus, nous développons un algorithme de coupes et branchements. Enfin, nous donnons quelques résultats expérimentaux qui montrent l'efficacité de notre algorithme de coupes et branchements / The inter-companies knowledge allows to every partner to learn about its customers, its suppliers and to develop its activity. Also this permits to limit the risk related to the creditworthiness, or the late payment of its partners. With the cash flow pressures, the need for growth and increased competition, this area becomes more strategic than ever, for both small (PME) and large groups. The amount of data processed in this domain, the requirements of quality and freshness, the need to cross these data to obtain new information and indicators, yield several optimization problems for which the recent techniques and computational tools can bring effective solutions. In this thesis, we use combinatorial optimization, text algorithms as well as graph theory to solve efficiently problems arising in the field of inter-companies knowledge. In particular, such problems was encountered in Altares D&B. First, we focus on the quality of the managers database. This problem combines the detection and removal of duplicates in a database, as well as the error detection in a string. We propose a method for solving this problem, based on data normalization, text algorithms and syntactic comparison between two strings. Our experimental results show that this method is relevant for the detection and removal of duplicates, and it is also very efficient in terms of processing time. In a second part of the thesis, we address a problem related to the data of ownership links. We compute the indirect links, and identify the group heads. We propose a method for solving this problem using graph theory and combinatorial optimization. We then perform a set of experiments on several real-world instances. The computational results show the effectiveness of our method in terms of CPU-time and resource allocation. In fact, the CPU time for computation increases logarithmically with the size of the instances. Finally, we consider the problem of identifying influence networks. We give a description of this problem in terms of graphs, and show that it can reduce to a graph partitioning problem. The latter is NP-hard. We then propose an integer linear programming formulation to model the problem. We investigate the associated polyhedron and describe several classes of valid inequalities. We give some necessaryand sufficient conditions for these inequalities to define facets of the considered polyhedron, and we discuss the related separation problems. Based on the obtained polyhedral results, we devise a Branch-and-Cut algorithm to solve the problem. Some numerical results are presented to show the efficiency of our algorithm.

The aim of this study is to analyse how pupils in grade three use punctuation and howthey divide texts into sentences. The material in the study consists of 41 texts by pupils,divided into two types: narrative text and analytical text, written both by pupils withSwedish as their first language and by pupils with Swedish as their second language. Inthe study the pupils’ use of connectives and comma splices has been studied, and therelationship between graphical and syntactical sentences in the texts. The studycompares the results for narrative and analytical texts and the differences between L1and L2 pupils. The study is a follow-up of Per Ledin’s (1998) study of pupils’ use ofpunctuation in the low and intermediate levels of compulsory, and therefore the resultsof this study are compared with those obtained by Ledin. This study shows that in thisrespect L1 and L2 pupils produce texts that do not differ to any great extent. The mostprominent differences between the types of text are that the narrative texts have aclearer flow and a seemingly more logical link between sentences and clauses than theanalytical texts. The results of this study largely agree with Ledin’s results.

La thèse étudie les dénominations du procès de combattre en latin et montre que l’évolution des signes linguistiques est corrélative des realia historiques et politiques. Cette étude sémantique articule différentes approches et propose un éclairage linguistique et anthropologique sur les verbes signifiant « combattre » dans la poésie épique latine. Au vu des problématiques liées à tout sujet onomasiologique, une partie préliminaire se concentre sur l’établissement du corpus de verbes. Les première et seconde parties confrontent l’approche sémantique aux approches morphologique et syntaxique. Les lexèmes retenus sont décrits plus précisément afin de déterminer s’ils adoptent des tendances morphologiques et rectionnelles particulières, rattachables à leur signifié. La première partie permet, à travers l’étude des radicaux, des morphèmes (temps – personne) et des préverbes, de dégager des spécificités morphosémantiques en relation avec les trois types morphologiques isolés (verbes simples, locutions et préverbés). La seconde partie étudie, dans une perspective sémantico-syntaxique, les rôles sémantiques et les types rectionnels et crée des zones d’intersection entre lexèmes, qui ne rejoignent pas toujours les trois types morphologiques. Ces nouveaux recoupements permettent d’opposer les lexèmes et de déterminer les motivations (littéraires ou anthropologiques) de leurs emplois. La thèse en arrive à l’idée que la perpétuation ou le renouvellement des signes linguistiques pour dénoter le procès « combattre » a partie liée avec des données culturelles et anthropologiques et que le genre épique est un genre littéraire vivant, qui suit la mouvance et les idéologies de son temps. / This study of Latin verbs meaning “to fight” in epic poetry shows that the evolution of linguistic signs and lexical units reflects extralinguistic phenomena. It is a semantic study which, by combining several approaches, sheds new light, both linguistic and anthropological, on the verbs meaning “to fight” in Latin epic poetry. The preliminary chapter (after the introduction) presents the selected verbs belonging to the corpus. In the first and second sections of the work, the contrast is drawn between a fundamentally semantic approach to the verbs and a more morphological and syntactical approach. The first section analyses the verbs’ synchronic radicals, their tenses, their personal morphemes, and their preverbs, in order to show their semantic specificities in the context of the three morphological types in which they may be found: simple verbs, verbal phrases and preverbed verbs. In a semantic-syntactic approach, the second section deals with the participant roles and syntactic environments and creates new intersections between lexemes. These links shed light on the oppositions that exist between the individual lexemes and determine the – literary or anthropological – motivations in the use of the selected verbs. The conclusion makes two important points. Firstly, we see that the continuation or the renewal of linguistic signs and lexical units denoting the process of fighting also depend on cultural and anthropological factors. Secondly, it is made clear that the epic literary genre in Latin is not frozen throughout the historical periods studied here, since it is continually evolving and adapting to the changes and ideologies of the times.

一詞多義是所有語言會出現的共有現象，然而，過往較少探討多義詞整體結構與其各義項間的關聯，也鮮少討論句法結構延伸的原因。本篇研究將探討漢語日常使用頻率較高的移動動詞「跑」的多義性，以中研院語料庫之語料為本，客觀的回歸到語言事實作分析，並參照Talmy（1975, 1985, 2000）提出的移動事件框架，檢視「跑」所體現的概念結構及句法結構間的關聯，試圖解釋造成不及物用法至非常規賓語用法背後所展現的機制，此外，本文根據教育部重編國語辭典、中文詞彙網絡知識庫內「跑」的定義及參照Evans（2005）的原則性多義理論，確立「跑」的獨立義項並探討概念結構中不同元素的變化和「跑」多義性之間的關聯，進一步地說明各義項間的相關性與區別性，最後，參照Lakoff（1987）的放射形範疇結構整理出屬於「跑」的語意網絡圖。 本篇研究結果顯示，「跑」共有四種不同的句法結構，分別為最典型的不及物﹝A.名詞短語+跑﹞句式，由趨向介詞帶出名詞短語的﹝B.名詞短語+處所/趨向介詞+名詞短語+跑﹞句式及﹝C.名詞短語+跑+處所/趨向介詞+名詞短語﹞句式、從不及物用法延伸至非常規賓語用法的﹝D.名詞短語+跑+名詞短語（斜格）﹞句式，各句式映射到的概念結構皆不同，是概念結構內不同要素的變化影響句法結構的改變，人類的自然認知過程使路徑延伸出不同種類，造成「跑」的非常規賓語用法以及延伸出不同於字面義的其他義項。此外，本文確立「跑」的七個獨立義項為「以兩腿交互快速向前移動」義、「往特定目標移動」義、「為某事忙碌奔走」義、「迅速離開、逃走、躲避」義、「兩個以上的參與者競速」義、「交通工具或物體的移動」義及「離開原有的位置」義，各義項的出現與整體句法結構、概念結構及語境有很大的關聯，總結來說，「跑」所體現的概念結構、句法結構及語意三者之間的相互影響是造成多義現象的重要因素。 / This study investigates the prevalently used polysemous motion verb PAO “run” in Mandarin Chinese. The data are extracted from Academic Sinica Balanced Corpus of Modern Chinese. Under the framework of Motion Event Frame （Talmy 1975, 1985, 2000）, the study explicates the mechanism of PAO’s syntactic complexities in a more plausible manner. Four different structures of PAO are detected: the most typical intransitive structure [A. NP+PAO], structures with prepostions [B. NP+P+PAO+NP] and [C. NP+PAO+P+NP], and the unconventional transtive structure [D. NP+PAO+NP（oblique case）]. Each structure manifests different conceptual structures. It is claimed that the extention of Path has caused the usage of unconventional transtive structure and the polysemous phenomenon of PAO. In addition, this paper investigates the relationship between the different senses of PAO and elements in its conceptual structure. The relevance and distinction between the different senses of PAO are built as a radial categorization. PAO is suggested to have seven different senses: move quickly with legs, move to specific places, move for specific reasons, escape, two or more participants race, vehicles or objects move and leave the original location. Each sense is related to the overall syntactic structure, the conceptual structure and different contexts. In conclusion, the interaction between the conceputual structure, the syntactic structure and semantic meanings is a major factor that makes a polysemy.