The use of treated wastewater (TWW) for crop irrigation is how many governments are looking to feed their large population due to urbanisation. Here, we outline and analyse the benefits of using TWW and the drawbacks of such practices in line with existing regulations. The review begins by highlighting the history of wastewater reuse in agriculture. The approach used in the write-up is outlined after the background. There is an in-depth look at three main areas: the uptake of heavy metals and pharmaceuticals on crop irrigation, plant yield, and the impact of regulations on these practices. Results demonstrate the presence of several pharmaceuticals, triclosan, acetaminophen, diazepam in lettuce, meprobamate, atenolol in celery, and carbamazepine, triclosan, and triclocarbon in soybean. Trace metals (Cd, Pb) are present in the edible part of the vegetable and arsenic is found in the ryegrass roots and maise. Some benefits derived from using TWW in crop irrigation include nutrient supply, water resource protection and food security, whereas the drawbacks are exposure of contaminants to food and humans.

[pt] A competitividade no mundo corporativo tem se elevado consideravelmente e para se manterem competitivas, as empresas devem inovar seus processos produtivos constantemente. O lean manufacturing(LM) surgiu como uma filosofia que preza pela eliminação dos desperdícios no meio de produção. Atualmente, o mundo vivência a quarta revolução industrial ou Indústria 4.0 (I4.0), que é baseada em uma alta conectividade. Para se atualizarem, as empresas estão integrando o LM e a I 4.0. Para que a implementação das tecnologias da Indústria 4.0 seja um sucesso, é necessário analisar qual tecnologia se adapta melhor ao ambiente lean instalado. Neste contexto, a presente dissertação de mestrado tem por objetivo analisar os pontos de sinergia entre LM e I4.0 e melhorar a compreensão corporativa sob a implementação conjunta dessas duas vertentes na indústria de manufatura. Dois frameworks de integração entre o LM e a I4.0 são propostos, ambos com o intuito de auxiliar o processo de implementação conjunta dessas duas vertentes. Para atingir o objetivo de pesquisa, foram realizadas uma revisão sistemática da literatura e um Painel com Especialistas para o desenvolvimento e validação dos frameworks. São, também, apresentadas análises descritivas e de conteúdo sobre os temas propostos. Sugere-se, como pesquisa futura a realização de um estudo de caso em que esses frameworks sejam colocados em prática na indústria de manufatura. / [en] The competitiveness in the corporate world has increased considerably, and to keep competitive, companies must continuously innovate their production processes. Lean manufacturing (LM) emerged as a philosophy that replaces waste in the production environment. Currently, the world experiences the fourth industrial revolution or Industry 4.0, which is based on high connectivity. To keep themselves updated, companies are integrating lean and Industry 4.0. Towards the successful implementation of Industry 4.0 technologies, it is necessary to analyze which technology best adapts to the lean installed environment. Within this context, this Master s thesis aims to analyze the synergy points between LM and Industry 4.0 and to improve corporate understanding under the joint implementation of these two strands in the manufacturing industry. Two integration frameworks between the LM and I4.0 are proposed, both aiming to assist the process of joint implementation of these two strands. To achieve this objective, a systematic literature review and a Panel of Experts were carried out to develop and validate the frameworks. Descriptive and content analyses of the proposed topics are also presented. It is suggested for future research a case study in which these frameworks are used in practice in the manufacturing industry.

In today's rapidly evolving digital age, the relationship between citizens and government entities has undergone a transformative shift, primarily facilitated by Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). Transformational Government (T-Gov) is considered a technological innovation and a shift to a new entrepreneurial culture from inefficient, unaccountable bureaucracy generally observed within public organizations. T-Gov involves e-government, business process reengineering, and business scope revaluation with the ambition to be more citizen-centric. This thesis presents in an aggregated fashion ICT tools and technologies that ameliorate interaction between citizens and public organizations by providing solutions to frequent issues that citizens raise as part of transformational government. When presenting those ICT tools, it is essential to depict how ICT tools and technologies are transforming public values and how assessing the maturity level of the tools for a more comprehensive retrospect of how digital tools have metamorphosed citizens, public organizations, and public officials' interactions. Here then comes the research problem as there is a lack of systematic review on Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) tools support to address citizens' issues as part of government transformation and a scarcity of systematic examination of the overall maturity landscape. Hence, research questions have been formulated: What ICT tools and technologies are available to address frequent issues citizens raise to public organizations to improve public services? What is the maturity level of those ICT tools and technologies? Which were answered by conducting a survey through a systematic literature review strategy. The data collection included identifying articles and systematically selecting relevant ones through screening criteria and then extracting data from those articles. The data analysis method was done through a thematic approach to extract public values embedded in those ICT tools and assess their maturity level. Supportive tools like Atlas.ti and concept matrix-assisted in extracting emerging themes from those ICT tools. These emerging themes are public values offered by those ICT tools and technologies. The maturity level assessment of each ICT tool and technology grouped into ICT solutions was based on the general availability of the solution in the market. However, the Technology Readiness Level method (TRL) evaluated each ICT tool and technology contextually. The results were an exhaustive list of ICT Solutions, each being a set of ICT tools, mapped to the public values they deliver and Citizens' frequent issues they address. The result incorporated the maturity level of each ICT tool and the ICT Solution. The maturity from the market level was also included. The discussion explained in detail how ICT tools and technologies have transformed each public value delivered by public organizations. In conclusion, grounded on the results, this thesis has brought to light at an in-depth level how matured ICT tools and technologies have substantially transformed public values by analyzing profoundly the state of each public value offered before and after the deployment of each ICT solution within public organizations, laying a pace to a strategic adoption of these solutions, thus contributing to more efficient, citizen-centric public services, which implies addressing citizens issues.

Yes / The establishment of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) has opened new avenues of research interest in International Business and International Management. However, scholarly work in this fledgling area of research has been disparate and often lacking in the assessment of core international business implications of the emergence of the AfCFTA on member states as well as non-member states. This is because, as yet, no systematic attempt has been made to explore the AfCFTA in the context of IB research, or project future IB research directions. Hence, in this paper, using the PRISMA method we have systematically identified the current published research and scholarly work on the AfCFTA and provided a robust picture of the current state of knowledge and available literature on the AfCFTA while at the same time outlining potential areas for future international business research

Within the last decade research on climate change strategies and adaptive capacity emerged as the debate about climate change was intensified with the publishing of the Third Assessment Report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in 2001. That companies are facing risks and opportunities is not new and the awareness to address these issues is growing. However, there is still need for research in the field of corporate strategic response to climate change. Recently, research focused on resilience management to address climate change. Resilience management is about being able to experience changes and remain stable getting back into the same situation before the change happen. On the contrary to resilience management adaptive capacity is about the ability to be able to adapt to uncertain and unexpected events on the long term. This includes long-term changes. This work argues that companies should think about their adaptive capacity as climate change induces short and long-term changes. Adding this dimension to the strategic planning companies need to think of how they can improve their adaptive capacity. This work investigates research in both issues adaptive capacity and climate change research and in their relation. Applying a systematic literature review this study conducted 60 references which are examined by a qualitative-quantitative analysis and answers the following questions: What is the current scientific view of adaptive capacity within strategic management literature? What are determinants of adaptive capacity? How can adaptive capacity be linked to climate change strategy and is it even antecedent to climate change strategies? The findings of this research indicate that adaptive capacity and climate change strategies exhibit a link but it cannot be proved whether adaptive capacity is antecedent. Furthermore, the term adaptive capacity is merely discussed within strategic management literature and if it is discussed and examined, several concepts and theories are applied to explain determinants of adaptive capacity. Several concepts such as dynamic capabilities, organizational learning capability, organizational learning, organizational change capacity, flexibility and more could be identified as concepts enhancing adaptive capacity. This works provides an overview of related concepts and theories.

On March 2011 a destructive 9.0-magnitude earthquake and tsunami along with nuclear explosions struck northeastern Japan; killing thousands of people, halting industry and crippling infrastructure. A large manufacturing company operating outside of Japan received the news in the middle of the night. Within a few hours of the tsunami hitting Japan, this manufacturer’s logistics team ran global materials management reports to communicate the precise status of the products originating from Japan to their entire global network of facilities. With this quick and far reaching communication the manufacturer was able to launch a successful contingency plan. Alternative suppliers, already existing as part of their global network, were evaluated and used to mitigate Japan’s disruptive impact. The resiliency of this manufacturer’s trusted network of supply chain trading partners allowed for minimum disruptions, saving countless money and maintaining continuity for its end-to-end supply chain. This manufacturer was part of a cloud-based supply chain that provided the catalyst to quickly shift its resources to allay the impact of no longer being able to receive product from Japan. Today's supply chains are global and complex networks of enterprises that aim to deliver products in the right quantity, in the right place, and at the right time in an increasingly volatile and unpredictable environment. To cope with internal and external supply chain instability and disruptions, supply chains need to be resilient to survive. A supply chain's ability to collaboratively share information with its supply chain partners is one of the most important factors that enhance a supply chain’s resilience. Cloud based supply chain management (SCM) creates a platform that enables collaborative information sharing that helps to identify, monitor and reduce supply chain risks, vulnerabilities and disruptions. However, supply chain academics and practitioners are at its infancy in understanding the capabilities of cloud based supply chains and its impact on resiliency. The goal of this dissertation is to explore how cloud based SCM make supply chains more resilient to disruptions. To achieve this goal the present research addresses the following fundamental research question: What is the impact of cloud based supply chain management (SCM) on supply chain resilience? To address this research question, this dissertation is comprised of three separate but interrelated essays. The first essay uses the systematically literature review (SLR) method to provide clear definitions of supporting constructs of supply chain resiliency (SCRES), classify the capabilities of SCRES, and identify existing research gaps and future SCRES research ideas. The second essay applies resource-based view (RBV) and dynamic capabilities as the theoretical lens to investigate the role of cloud based SCM in establishing SCRES. The second essay develops a theory-driven, conceptual model to illustrate and explain the relationships among cloud based SCM, SCRES, and the supply chain capabilities identified in the first essay. The third essay uses systems dynamics theory to develop two novel casual loop diagrams (CLD) and its equivalent systems dynamics (SD) models to quantitatively analyze the impact of cloud based information sharing on supply chain performance. A hospital supply chain is used as an illustrative example to show the positive impact on performance. Lead-time, inventory spend, and customer service levels are the comparative performance metrics used in this essay and are consistent with the findings of essays 1 and 2. One CLD and its equivalent SD model represent a traditional on-premise hospital supply chain information sharing platform and the other represent a cloud based hospital information sharing platform. The SD models simulate and compare the performance of the traditional and cloud based hospital supply chain platforms.

Culturally responsive education has been an actual topic in teacher education for decades, but most teachers still finish their education without appropriate knowledge and skills for teaching in culturally and linguistically diverse classrooms. Providing quality education to diverse learners remains a challenge, particularly in the fields of mathematics and sciences. The purpose of this systematic literature review was to describe intervention programs preparing in-service and pre-service math and science teachers for teaching in culturally diverse classrooms, and the outcomes of such programs. A search for scholarly journals evaluating such intervention programs has been carried out in several databases, resulting in nine articles included in the analysis. Intervention programs described in these articles covered several important aspects of culturally relevant education and had a limited success in developing cultural responsiveness of teachers. The construct of culturally relevant education is complex and multi-layered, and thus hard to measure without simplifying it to measurable constructs. Limitations of the study and implications for the future research and practice are discussed.

A medical procedure is a threatening and stressful experience for many children. The consequent increased feelings of anxiety in hospitalized children can negatively affect their healing process, their psychological health, and their behavioural, cognitive, emotional and academic development. To limit these negative results, knowledge about interventions that could contribute to a decrease in anxiety in hospitalized children is needed. The aim of this review was to examine interventions aiming at reducing anxiety in hospitalized children that undergo a medical procedure. A systematic literature was conducted in three databases that has resulted in 10 articles that met the inclusion criteria. The 10 selected articles included a total of 11 interventions for this review. The results showed that the intervention technique Distraction was effective in reducing anxiety for most hospitalized children. The intervention technique Information provision showed both significance and non-significance and the intervention techniques Medication and Modelling showed a non-significant change in anxiety. Besides, an active distraction form and a longer duration of the intervention might contribute to the effectiveness in reducing the hospitalized child’s anxiety level. Future research needs to focus on the anxiety level of both children and their parents, in addition to the upcoming intervention use of multimedia applications. Furthermore, the characteristics of the hospitalized child and the collaboration with the child and parents should be taken into account before applying interventions aiming at reducing anxiety in hospitalized children.

Bakgrund: Det framkommer centrala aspekter vid omvårdnaden av patienter som skadar sig själva som i sin tur ställer krav på vårdpersonalens förmåga att förhålla sig till mötet med dessa patienter. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att belysa psykiatrisk vårdpersonals upplevelser i mötet med patienter som skadar sig själva. Metod: En systematisk litteraturstudie baserad på Evans analysmetod och resultatet grundar sig på 22 artiklar av kvalitativ ansats. Resultat: Vårdpersonalens möten med patienter som skadar sig själva redovisas sex teman; Att utmanas av negativa känslor, Att stänga av sin empatiska förmåga, Att vara osäker på vad som komma skall, En svår balansgång, Ett gynnsamt möte och Professionell utveckling. Slutsats: Resultatet visade på att vårdpersonal i psykiatrisk vård har att hantera flera negativa känslor i sina möten med patienter som skadar sig själva. Kontinuerlig fortbildning och handledning framstår som nödvändiga förutsättningar för att möjliggöra gynnsamma möten med patientgruppen. / Background: It appears to be central aspects regarding the care of patients who self-harm and these aspects set requirements on psychiatric health care personnel's ability to relate to the meeting with the patients. Aim: To illustrate psychiatric health care personnel's experiences of meeting with patients who self-harm. Method: A systematic literature review based on a method described by Evans with a result based on 22 articles of qualitative design. Result: To meet patients who self-harm can be seen out of the six themes described in the result of the present study; To be challenged by negative emotions, To disconnect from your empathic ability, To be unsure of what´s to come, A difficult balancing act, A favorably meeting and Professional development. Conclusion: The result of the present study shows that the negative emotions were prominent. Continuous further training and tutorial appears necessary conditions to enable favorable meetings with the patient group.

Bakgrund: Att genomgå hjärtkirurgi kan rädda en patients liv men det kan även leda till en ökad risk att drabbas av en komplikation som postoperativt delirium. Delirium är inte ett sjukdomstillstånd utan ett tillstånd av mental förvirring som påverkar patientens uppmärksamhet, medvetenhet och kognitiva förmåga. Postoperativt delirium kan leda till många negativa konsekvenser vilket kan medföra lidande för patienten. Vården ska ha som mål att lindra patientens lidande genom att se till hela patienten i den vårdande relationen, det är det som är kärnan i vårdvetenskap. Forskning har visat att det är viktigt för patientens postoperativa återhämtning att tidigt kunna upptäcka och förebygga postoperativt delirium. Det har framkommit att intensivvårdssjuksköterskor behöver ha ökad förståelse och kunskap om ämnet för att kunna upptäcka och förebygga postoperativt delirium efter hjärtkirurgi. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att identifiera riskfaktorer som kan påverka utvecklingen av postoperativt delirium bland intensivvårdspatienter efter hjärtkirurgi. Metod: En systematisk litteraturstudie där kvantitativa artiklar har analyserats efter Bettany-Saltikov och McSherry (2016) analysmetod. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i fyra kategorier: Patientens bakgrund, Tiden i hjärt-lungmaskin, Längden av respiratorbehandling samt Komplikationer till följd av hjärtkirurgi som är riskfaktorer som visade sig påverka utvecklingen av postoperativt delirium. Slutsats: Den samlade kunskapen som föreliggande studie har givit kan ligga till grund för intensivvårdssjuksköterskor i vården av patienter med postoperativt delirium. Intensivvårdssjuksköterskor ska ha med sig i den vårdande relationen att patientens situation är komplex och att det de utsätts för kan bidra till ökat lidande för patienten. Mer forskning behövs kring riskfaktorer för postoperativt delirium och hur den mentala förvirringen påverkar patienten och dess anhöriga. / Background: Heart surgery can save a patient's life but can also lead to an increased risk of suffering from a complication such as postoperative delirium. Delirium is not an illness but a state of mental confusion that affects the patient's attention, awareness and cognitive ability. Postoperative delirium can lead to many negative consequences which can cause patient suffering. Nursing care has aimed to alleviate a patient's suffering by seeing the entire patient in the caring relationship. This is the core in nursing science. Research has shown that it is important for the patient's postoperative recovery to be able to detect and prevent postoperative delirium in an early stage. It has appeared that intensive care nurses need more education and knowledge in this area in order to be able to detect and prevent postoperative delirium after heart surgery. Aim: The aim of the study is to identify risk factors that are associated with the development of postoperative delirium after heart surgery within patients in the intensive care unit. Method: A systematic literature review that analyzed quantitative articles according to a method of analysis by Bettany-Saltikov and McSherry (2016). Result: Four categories emerged from the analysis: Patients background, length of mechanical ventilation, Heart- and lung machine duration and Complications after heart surgery that were risk factors which affected the development of postoperative delirium. Conclusion: The overall knowledge that the study has provided can form a basis for intensive care nurses in the care of patients with postoperative delirium. Further research is needed on risk factors for postoperative delirium and how the mental confusion affects both the patient and relatives. More research is also needed about how postoperative delirium can be prevented.