博士（経済学） / 甲第410号 / iii, 165p / 一橋大学

The European Union was devised to promote competition in the international market environment and ensure balanced allocation of fiscal and political requirements of the Member States. Globalization has led to enabling tax environments through granting of tax benefits by EU Member jurisdictions intended to promote competition in attracting foreign investment, trade, and development. Multinational Corporations may often exploit these tax benefits through various tax arrangement provisions causing a loss of tax revenue. The European Commission is implored to oversee the tax ruling granted by the Member States that is distortionary to the internal market. The Notion of State aid rule Article 107(1) TFEU is adopted as part of the mechanism to combat distortions that leads to tax evasion and harmful tax competition.  This research is intended to analyse the Commission and the General Court’s approach to demonstrate illegal or unlawful State aid through varied and adaptive methodology to tackle emerging complex tax arrangements provisions of Multinational Corporations, notably the Amazon and Engie recent cases. This paper also discusses the identification of potential conflict of laws between the relevant general system of legal rule of the domestic tax legislation and EU Law. Specifically with regards to the determination of whether a tax benefit confers a tax advantage and subsequently if that advantage is deemed selective in nature in a transfer of financial asset undertaking under a certain domestic law. The dynamics of potential abuse of law and aid recovery with the general tax principle of Legality will also be explored.

臺灣現有移轉計價之規範未有明確的罰則(Penalty)，因而衍生許多稅負規避的問題。本文採用動態最適化(Dynamic Optimization)的模型來觀察跨國企業移轉計價的行為，在面臨懲罰與兩國稅差時企業會如何利用移轉價格及數量來進行獲利移轉以規避稅負，進而分析政府調降稅率以降低稅差並吸引獲利移轉的稅率政策對企業移轉計價的影響，最後再探討罰則在法規制定上的必要性。結果顯示，預料到的稅率政策在長期能有效減少企業從事移轉價格操弄(Transfer Price Manipulation)，但在短期﹝除了宣告那一刻之外﹞反而更助長移轉價格操弄的發生，特別是當政策宣告至執行之期間過長時更為嚴重。此外，由先前的文獻可知無罰則下的最適移轉價格為一邊界解(Boundary Solution)，本文也證明了此邊界解亦可能出現於有罰則的情況下。然而，罰則的存在創造了內部解(Interior Solution)的可能性，此內部解較邊界解更趨近於常規交易價格，因此我們仍建議政府制定罰則。 / This paper employs a dynamic optimization model to determine the equilibrium price and quantity in a multinational firm (MNF) faced with a threat of a penalty. We analyze the impact on transfer pricing that arises from the unanticipated and anticipated permanent taxation policy of home country and host country. Anticipated taxation policy for reducing tax differentials can reduce transfer price manipulation in the long term. However, except for the moment of announcement, such reduction of transfer price manipulation does not occur in the short term, especially in the case of a large time lag of policy. We also show that the boundary solution is possible even though transfer price penalty exists and suggest that governments impose penalty which creates the possibility of interior solution.

No description available.

Dans le cadre de l’internationalisation puis de la mondialisation de la sphère économique et financière, les paradis fiscaux se sont développés tout au long du XXe siècle. Emergent à l’abri de la cage de l’Etat-Nation, ce phénomène de déconnexion de la sphère résidente de la sphère d’activité économique effective, a donné lieu à l’émergence de centres offshore, de manière embryonnaire durant la première moitié du XXe siècle, puis à une échelle industrielle sur l’ensemble des secteurs de l’activité économique à partir des années 1950. Les observateurs et les acteurs politiques des pays industrialisés se sont progressivement saisi du sujet dans le cadre de l’appréhension des effets dommageables de la concurrence fiscale internationale. Les difficultés rencontrées dans la lutte engagée à différentes échelles contre ces territoires traduisent l’ambiguïté des relations qu’entretiennent les grands pays industrialisés avec la sphère offshore. / In the framework of the growth and the internationalisation of the financial flows since the beginning of the twentieth century, Tax havens leading positions in the economic and financial environment have become so much important, that many political actors of the well developed countries have tried to assess this phenomenon through the international tax competition studies. Going further in the tax optimisation and tax planning process of the offshore sphere of activity, we can consider that far from being isolated in the sovereignty of a few countries, the offshore financial model is far integrated in the worldwide economic system, which can explain the difficulty and the different means used by the political authority to manage and stop the offshore mechanism through a by territory approach.

Submitted by Roberto Codorniz Leite Pereira (roberto.leite@gvmail.br) on 2012-10-23T03:02:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de Mestrado_Versão Protocolo Final.pdf: 2294195 bytes, checksum: 98015b777bb51eeb39cc03871fc8faf4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2012-10-23T11:38:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de Mestrado_Versão Protocolo Final.pdf: 2294195 bytes, checksum: 98015b777bb51eeb39cc03871fc8faf4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-23T12:01:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de Mestrado_Versão Protocolo Final.pdf: 2294195 bytes, checksum: 98015b777bb51eeb39cc03871fc8faf4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-21 / O presente trabalho é o resultado de uma pesquisa empírica que buscou reconstruir toda a trajetória percorrida pela política pública que orienta o atual regime de tributação de lucros auferidos no exterior por controladas e coligadas de empresas brasileiras com o objetivo de compreender as razões que levaram o Brasil a adotar uma norma de antidiferimento demasiadamente ampla, quando comparada às normas de natureza similar adotadas na experiência internacional. Além disso, buscamos identificar a real extensão dos efeitos econômicos ensejados pelo regime brasileiro, em especial, frente ao processo de internacionalização produtiva que vem se fazendo cada vez mais presente na realidade de diversas empresas de capital nacional. Partimos da hipótese de que o regime vigente afeta negativamente às empresas que buscam internacionalizar parte da sua atividade produtiva. Os resultados da pesquisa são de grande importância e nos ajudaram a compreender melhor as causas de muitas das questões jurídicas que atualmente ocupam grande parte do debate acadêmico no direito tributário brasileiro. Defendemos a ideia de que, se os efeitos do regime brasileiro afetam negativamente a internacionalização produtiva, o regime poderá afrontar a Ordem Econômica Constitucional. / This thesis presents the conclusions of an empirical legal research that remade the path followed by the public policy adopted by Brazilian government to tax corporate foreign income in order to understand precisely the reasons that led Brazil to adopt an antideferral rule that is broader that the Controlled Foreign Company (CFC) rules adopted world wide. Besides, our objective was also to identify the economic effects on Brazilian transnational companies arising from Brazilian CFC rules, regarding the increasing internationalization process that Brazilian firms are making through in the past decade. We adopted the hypothesis that Brazilian tax regime affects negatively transnational companies that aim to internationalize part of their production. The outcomes of the present research are of a great value to achieve a better understanding about the causes of many legal questions that are currently being discussed among legal practitioners and scholars and faced by courts. Our opinion is that, if the economic effects arising from Brazilian tax regime affects the internationalization process of Brazilian firms, that may go against, in certain cases, the economic order settled by our Constitution.

Dans l’évolution d’une entreprise, la nécessité d’opérer des « déplacements de son patrimoine » est directement liée à sa vie voir même à sa survie. Cette réalité complexe des déplacements du patrimoine procède de ce que l’on désigne communément par le terme « restructuration ». Ces opérations comportent des enjeux économiques, sociaux, financiers, juridiques, patrimoniaux et fiscaux pour les entrepreneurs et dirigeants. L’influence de la fiscalité en ces domaines est une réalité, souvent perçue comme une pression, traduite en contrainte par les dirigeants toujours à la recherche de solutions optimales. La recherche de la neutralité fiscale de l’opération est alors un aspect privilégié dans le processus de prise de décision. Au-delà de cette constatation, le concept de neutralité fiscale trouve une définition large, évolutive et diversement traduite compte tenu des vertus véhiculées par ses principes économiques. Cette neutralité peut être qualifiée de principe lors de déplacements du patrimoine sans contrepartie financière que sont les opérations de fusions et assimilées. En effet, à l’ère des politiques interventionnistes, la frontière entre public et privé s’estompe du fait de l’incitation et de l’orientation fiscale de l’économie. Ce faisant, l’Etat vise ainsi à atteindre un de ses intérêts supérieurs : le développement et la sauvegarde des entreprises nationales. La neutralité fiscale qui s’applique aux fusions et opérations assimilées témoigne de l’existence de règles fiscales dérogatoires spécialement édictées pour atteindre lesdits objectifs. Alors que, s’agissant des déplacements sans contrepartie financières, les choses sont établies depuis un certain temps, en matière de déplacements avec contrepartie financière (ventes de titres et de fonds de commerce), une neutralité dérogatoire « d’exemption » est apparue récemment et favorise ce type de mutation. Ces derniers développements sont apparus pour les mêmes raisons que précédemment mais également pour répondre à la concurrence fiscale internationale.Ainsi, contrairement à sa définition classique qui l’associe aux politiques libérales, la neutralité fiscale peut-être recréée par l’interventionnisme fiscal dans certaines opérations. Les opérations de restructurations nécessitant le déplacement du patrimoine des entreprises soumises à l’impôt sur les sociétés, sont la traduction de ce constat, particulièrement lorsqu’il est question de regroupement et de concentration. / As part of a company’s development, the need for « transfers of assets and liabilities » is directly related to corporate life and even corporate survival. The complex reality of transferring assets and liabilities follows on from what is commonly called « restructuring ». These operations have economic, company relations, financial, legal and tax implications for entrepreneurs and company managers. The impact of taxation in these areas is a reality that is often perceived as a burden translating as a constraint for company managers ever seeking solutions that are optimal. The search for tax neutrality of the operation is therefore an aspect given priority in the decision-making process. Over and beyond this consideration, the notion of tax neutrality finds a broad, evolving definition reflected in various forms having regard to the benefits conveyed by its underlying economic principles. This neutrality can be qualified as acquired in principle at the time of asset and liability transfers conducted without any financial consideration i.e. mergers and related operations. In this era of interventionist policies, the boundary between public and private becomes blurred subsequent to tax incentives and the fiscal stance taken by the economy. By so doing, the State aspires to achieving one of its overriding interests: the development and safeguarding of national companies. The tax neutrality which applies to mergers and related operations is evidence of the existence of exceptional tax rules specially laid down to reach these objectives. Whereas provisions for transfer operations conducted without any financial consideration have been in place for some time, for operations which do entail a financial consideration (sales of securities and goodwill) dispensational « exemption » neutrality is newly introduced and favours this type of transfer. These recent developments have been prompted by the same reasons as previously, but they are also a response to international tax competition. Therefore, contrary to its conventional definition in which it was associated with liberal policies, tax neutrality can be reproduced by tax interventionism for some operations. Restructuring operations which require the transfer of assets and liabilities of companies liable for corporate tax are the reflection of this observation, in particular when the issue is one of regrouping and concentration.

The main aim of this paper is to assess the impact of tax competition on the functioning of the public sector in the real economy. In particular it follows up the public finances and the impact of tax competition on the amount and structure of publicly provided goods and services. The paper is based on the economic theory of tax competition and fiscal federalism, taking into account the arguments both against and in favor of tax competition. It examines tax competition in a particular example of Switzerland and shows how tax competition works here. The paper analyzes tax competition in Swiss cantons and shows that the tax burden in the canton is dependent on the tax burden in the neighboring cantons. It also deals with the influence of tax competition on the structure of publicly provided goods in Switzerland and takes into account also the phenomenon of commuting and the consumption of publicly provided goods in cantons different from the canton where the tax is collected. The paper also examines the impact of commuting on the structure and level of public expenditure in Swiss cantons.

This diploma thesis “Tax Harmonisation in the European Union” focuses on an assessment of current developments in the harmonization of the various types of taxes. It compares the pros and cons of tax harmonization versus tax competition. It assesses continuation of the harmonisation process feasibility and its consequences. It contains an overview of the implementation of harmonization measures into the tax system in the Czech Republic.

Les enjeux présentés par la puissance financière des fonds souverains et les réactions politiques des pays d’accueil appellent naturellement à s’interroger sur la façon dont la fiscalité appréhende ces questions. La réponse nécessite de se placer tant sur le plan du droit interne français que sur celui de la fiscalité internationale. La présente étude procède à une analyse comparée de la fiscalité directe applicable aux fonds souverains en France et aux Etats-Unis. Cette analyse se poursuit à travers l’examen de conventions fiscales conclues par la France mais aussi par des Etats étrangers détenteurs de fonds souverains. La question de l’application des conventions fiscales aux fonds souverains est évoquée à travers l’exposé des modèles de conventions fiscales de l’OCDE et des Etats-Unis. Le statut fiscal des fonds souverains est confronté à celui des apporteurs de capitaux privés au regard de la distorsion de concurrence fiscale entre investisseurs. En l’absence de dispositions législatives précises, de doctrine administrative et de jurisprudence, ces travaux sont principalement fondés sur une interprétation des faits et du droit positif. Les solutions proposées tentent de remédier aux problématiques ainsi dégagées. / The growing number of investments made by sovereign wealth funds and the reactions of host countries has raised questions regarding the tax treatment of those public financial entities. Answering these questions implies to analyze the tax legislation on both a national and international level. In this respect this paper compares the direct taxation of sovereign wealth funds investments in France and in the United States. It is then followed by an analysis of some tax treaties signed by France as well as tax treaties signed by countries owning sovereign wealth funds. Questions related to the application of tax treaties to sovereign wealth funds are examined through the presentation of the OECD model tax convention and the United States income model tax convention. We then compare the tax status of sovereign wealth funds and private investors regarding tax competition and portfolio choices. We will see through the lack of tax regulations, guidance and the absence of court decision that this study is mainly based on an interpretation of the facts and the law as a consequence. The solutions provided in this paper aim at clarifying the issues we have identified. Hopefully this will raise further interrogations and will be followed by other studies.