Esta tese trata de como o sistema SignWriting pode servir de suporte a uma nova proposta pedagógica ao ensino da escrita de língua de sinais e letramento para crianças surdas usuárias da Língua Brasileira de Sinais - Libras e da Língua de Sinais Francesa - LSF. Escrever deve ser uma atividade significativa para a criança. No caso da criança surda, a escrita fundamenta-se em sua competência na língua de sinais, sem precisar da intermediação da língua oral. A criança surda, quando em um ambiente onde ela e seus colegas se comunicam em língua de sinais, efetivamente tenta escrever sinais, quando é incentivada a fazê-lo. Em nossos experimentos, usamos o sistema SignWriting para mostrar ás crianças surdas (e a seus pais e professores) como escrever textos em línguas de sinais de ambas as formas: manuscrita e impressa, usando o programa Sign Writer para editar textos em línguas de sinais. A base teórica que apóia a tese é a abordagem bilíngüe para a educação de surdos, a língua de sinais, a teoria de Piaget, e de Ferreiro quando trata das etapas da alfabetização em língua oral. Esta investigação possui um caráter exploratório, em que o delineamento metodológico é dado pela pesquisa-ação. O primeiro estudo apresenta um levantamento do processo de aquisição da escrita de sinais, em sua forma manuscrita, pela criança e jovem surdo no Brasil e na França. O segundo estudo trata da ajuda que a informática pode dar a essa aquisição e de como utilizamos os softwares de escrita de língua de sinais em aulas de introdução ao uso do computador e em transcrições da LSF de corpus vídeo para a escrita de língua de sinais. Os resultados sugerem que as crianças evoluem em sua escrita, pois muitos signos que elas escreveram não foram sugeridos pela experimentadora, nem por outro meio, mas surgiram espontaneamente. A introdução de um software como o Sign Writer ou o SW-Edit nas classes para introduzir as TI traz a essas aulas muito maior interesse do que quando usamos um editor de textos na língua oral. Também as produções das crianças são mais sofisticadas. As conclusões indicam que a escrita de língua de sinais incorporada à educação das crianças surdas pode significar um avanço significativo na consolidação de uma educação realmente bilíngüe, na evolução das línguas de sinais e aponta para a possibilidade de novas abordagens ao ensino da língua oral como segunda língua. / This thesis describes how the SignWriting system can support a new pedagogic proposal to the teaching of written sign language and literacy for deaf children using the Brazilian Sign Language – Libras and the French Sign Language – LSF. Writing should be a significant activity for the child. In the case of a deaf child, writing is based on his/her competence in sign language, needless of the intermediation of the spoken language. The deaf child, when in an environment where he/she and her colleagues communicate using sign language, indeed tries to write using signs, when encouraged to do so. In our experiments, we used the SignWriting system to show the deaf children (and their parents and teachers) how to write texts in sign languages in both forms: handwritten and printed, using the SignWriter program to edit texts in sign languages. The theoretical basis supporting this thesis is the bilingual approach for the education of the deaf, sign language, and the theories of Piaget and of Ferreiro, with their approach of the stages of literacy in oral language. This investigation has an exploratory character, where the methodological alignment is given by research-action. The first study presents a description of the sign language writing acquisition process by the children and youngsters in Brazil and in France. The second study presents how information technology (I.T.) can support this acquisition and the way sign language writing softwares can be used in introductory lessons of computer skills and in transcriptions of LSF from corpus video to written sign language. The results observed suggest that children evolve in their writing, since many signs and phrases they wrote were not suggested by the researcher nor by other means, they rather appeared spontaneously. The introduction of a software such as Sign Writer or SW-Edit during the I.T. classes brings significantly higher interest to these lessons when compared to a text editor in oral language. Also the children’s productions are more sophisticate. The conclusion indicates that sign language writing, when incorporated to the education of deaf children, can represent a significant advance in the consolidation of a really bilingual education, as well as in the evolution of sign languages, and also indicates the possibility of new approaches to the teaching of oral language as a second language.

Tendo em vista o amplo acesso às tecnologias de informação e comunicação (TICs) na sociedade contemporânea, com a promessa de um mundo virtual sem limites exercendo intenso poder de atração sobre os jovens, faz-se necessária a análise dos mecanismos ideológicos de manipulação psicológica postos em ação pela indústria cultural global no seio da subjetividade juvenil. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar os hábitos e os interesses dos adolescentes no ciberespaço, buscando apreender os possíveis efeitos em sua constituição subjetiva. A pesquisa empírica foi dividida em duas etapas desenvolvidas simultaneamente: a primeira constou de um percurso etnográfico na cibercultura com o intuito de desvendar os interesses econômicos subjacentes aos sites frequentados pelos jovens; a segunda etapa foi realizada em uma escola pública e em uma escola privada, localizadas em um mesmo bairro de São Paulo, onde foram aplicados 108 questionários aos estudantes do último ano do Ensino Fundamental, com idade entre 13 e 16 anos, de ambos os sexos. Na escola pública, foram realizadas observações participativas nas aulas de Informática Educativa. Em ambas efetuaram-se entrevistas com alunos considerados por seus colegas como os mais conectados à internet, bem como entrevistas complementares com professores, coordenadores e diretores. A interpretação e a análise dos dados fundamentaram-se na filosofia da educação, teoria crítica e psicanálise. Constatou-se que as atividades preferidas dos adolescentes consistiam em frequentar as redes sociais, jogar, assistir a vídeos, visitar home pages de celebridades e de pornografia. Concluiu-se que os jovens são atraídos pelo ciberespaço principalmente pela possibilidade de exercitar fantasias virtuais e se sentirem aceitos pelo grupo. Entre os meninos, prevaleciam as fantasias onipotentes e sádicas, com as seguintes temáticas: o terrorista/policial, o herói/sobrenatural, o hacker/expert. Entre as meninas, eram frequentes as fantasias românticas, cujos temas principais envolviam: a amada/escolhida, a mãe/bebê, a celebridade. Observou-se que as fantasias virtuais são produzidas pela indústria audiovisual, geralmente, a partir de componentes perverso-polimórficos reeditados, identificados pelo que T. W. Adorno denominou de psicanálise às avessas. Ao se fixarem nas fantasias virtuais por meio das próteses digitais imagéticas, a capacidade dos jovens de apreensão das experiências de suas vidas sofrem alterações significativas, dificultando a reflexão sobre estas. O investimento libidinal nos dispositivos televisuais, reduzido às satisfações escopofílicas e à excitação constante dos sentidos, não contribui para a assunção epistemofílica, resultando no empobrecimento do imaginário e do simbólico. No ciberespaço os adolescentes têm seus direitos de proteção violados, uma vez que seus psiquismos ainda se encontram em desenvolvimento. Os interesses no lucro parecem prevalecer em relação a qualquer dimensão ética envolvida. Nesse contexto, a internet, ao invés de ser um importante instrumento de ampliação do conhecimento e de participação social, da maneira como tem sido utilizada, tem contribuído para a alienação e fixação em satisfações narcísicas. Assim, conclui-se ser importante não somente a inclusão digital, no sentido de apropriação das TICs nos ambientes escolares, mas também uma efetiva formação crítica dos jovens em relação às mídias, fornecendo-lhes condições para que possam refletir sobre as ficções nas quais estão inseridos. / In light of the wide access to the information and communication technologies (ICT) in the contemporary society, which by promising limitless virtual world exert strong power of attraction on the young people, we consider it is necessary to analyze the ideological mechanisms of psychological manipulation in action by the global culture industry in young subjectivity. Thus, the present study aimed to identify the adolescent habits and interests in cyberspace in order to understand the possible consequences in their subjective constitution. This empirical research was divided into two phases performed simultaneously: the first one was composed by an ethnographic journey through cyberculture, aiming to find out the economic interests behind the sites most visited by the adolescents; the second phase was carried out in one public and one private school placed in the same neighborhood in São Paulo, where 108 questionnaires were applied to the 13 to 16-year-old boys and girls students in the last year of Secondary School. In the public school, participant observation was the approach used in the Educational Computing classes. Interviews were done in both schools with the students known as the most connected to the internet as well as additional interviews with the teachers, coordinators, and principals. Data interpretation and analysis were based on philosophy of education, critical theory and psychoanalysis. We have found that the adolescent favorite activities consisted of frequently going to social networks, playing games, watching videos, visiting celebrities home pages and pornography. We concluded that the adolescents are mainly attracted to cyberspace for their possibility to exercise virtual fantasies and feel accepted by their group. Among the boys prevailed omnipotent and sadistic fantasies with the following thematic features: the terrorist/policeman, the hero/supernatural, the hacker/expert. Among the girls, romantic fantasies were usual and involved mainly these themes: the beloved/chosen, the mother/baby, the celebrity. We noticed that the virtual fantasies are produced by the audiovisual industry generally out of perverse-polymorphic components reedited, identified by T.W. Adorno as psychoanalysis in reverse. When the adolescents get fixed to virtual fantasies by means of imagetic digital prostheses, their capacity of apprehending their own experiences in life suffers significant changes, hindering their reflection about them. The libidinal investment in televisual devices, reduced to scopophiliac gratification and constant excitement of the senses, doesnt contribute to the epistemophilic assumption - which results in imaginary and symbolic impoverishing. In cyberspace the adolescents have their protection rights violated since their psychism are still in process of development. Interests in making money seem to prevail over any ethical dimension involved. In this context, rather than being an important instrument to expand knowledge and social participation, the way the internet has being used it has contributed to the alienation and fixation in narcissistic gratification. Therefore, we have concluded that digital inclusion is important - meaning ICTs appropriation in the school environment - but also young peoples effective critical thinking formation with regard to the media, in order to offer them conditions to reflect about the fictions where they are inserted in.

A Educação à Distância é uma modalidade de ensino que permite eliminar a separação geográfica entre educador e educando para atender a um número ilimitado de alunos que estejam em busca de formação, capacitação ou atualização profissional. É também, um processo de auto-aprendizado que é incentivado pela utilização de estratégias didáticas bem elaboradas e adequadas às várias situações vigentes. Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo conhecer e explanar a vivência dos alunos do município de Amparo participantes da Especialização em Saúde da Família/UNASUS/UNIFESP, 2012, no processo de ensino-aprendizagem através do ensino a distância mediado por tecnologia e avaliar o impacto da educação permanente na organização dos serviços. Através de um modelo de pesquisa qualitativa, buscou-se estabelecer a percepção dos alunos com relação à metodologia, técnica, estratégias de aprendizagem e mudanças ocorridas nos serviços em que estão inseridos os profissionais capacitados. A metodologia, de natureza qualitativa foi utilizada através de grupos focais como processo de análise, nos encontros presenciais e webconferências, estratificados por eixos estruturantes objeto da pesquisa. O público alvo foram os profissionais formados como especialistas em Saúde da Família pelo curso de UNASUS/ UNIFESP do município de Amparo, 2012. As respostas foram classificadas segundo os eixos estruturantes buscando contextualizar o relato dos atores pesquisados. Após análise e avaliação destes discursos, foram estabelecidas relações e sínteses inerentes ao processo de ensino a distância e avaliação do impacto na organização e implementação dos serviços. Observou-se que, todas as narrativas referem a importância da educação permanente em saúde como eixo propulsor de mudanças nos serviços, e a Especialização em Saúde da Família-UNASUS/UNIFESP foi exímia em qualidade e excelência abrangendo um universo de mais de 4000 profissionais capacitados. Mas oportunamente destacaram, que nem sempre as transformações desejadas acontecem na mesma velocidade do proposto e assimilado pelo curso. Muitos fatores institucionais são barreiras naturais ao avanço de diretrizes e propostas. A práxis da docência traz elementos para que a realidade dos cursos e conteúdos seja apropriada de diferentes formas nos cenários do serviço. Entra neste quesito a habilidade dos profissionais nesta transformação entre o aprendido, apreendido e o executável. A conclusão destaca a importância do reconhecimento que a educação permanente em saúde deve ser sempre incentivada e oferecida aos profissionais, onde seus cenários de prática possam ser reorganizados e fortalecidos, buscando desenvolver propostas qualificadas social e tecnicamente, com aplicabilidade oportunizada por gestores e representantes municipais, estaduais e federais. / Distance Learning is a democratic teaching method that allows eliminating the geographic separation between the teacher and educated to attend an unlimited number of students who seeks graduation or professional refreshment. It is also a self-learning process encouraged by the use of well elaborated teaching resources according to the circumstances and contingencies. The objective of this study was to explore and to expand the experience of the UNASUS / UNIFESP Family Health Specialization Course students from Amparo municipality about the teaching-learning process on technology-mediated distance education and to measure its impact as a continuing education in the service organization. A qualitative research model was used in order to establish the student perception related to the methodology, technique, learning strategies and changes occurred in the services they are related to. In the qualitative nature of the methodology used, the focal groups were used for the analyses process, through face-to-face meetings and web conferences stratified by themes of the object studied. The target audience: professionals from Amparo municipality graduated on UNASUS / UNIFESP Family Health specialization course. The answers obtained were classified by axes to contextualize the researched actors report. After the analysis and evaluation of their speeches, the relations and a summary inherent to the Distance Learning process were established and the impact in the organization and implementation of the service were evaluated. Was noticed that all the narratives concern to the importance of the continuing education in health as a drive shaft of changes in the service. It was also noticed that the specialization was outstanding in quality and excellence. But it was highlighted that the seeking transformation does not always happen in the same velocity as the one proposed by the course. A lot of institutional difficulties are natural barriers to the advance of the guidelines and proposals. The academic praxis brings elements to make the reality of the courses and contents appropriated to different forms in the scenario service. Enters in this point the professional\'s ability in the transformation between the learned and the executable. The conclusion highlighted the importance of the recognition that the continuing education in health must be always incentivized and offered to groups of professionals, where the practical scenarios can be reorganized and strengthened. Seeking to development practical qualified socially and technically with applicability used by the managers and representatives of public power.

The purpose of the study was to attempt to understand why Brigham Young University Technology Teacher Education program has attracted and retained a high number of females. This was done through a self-created survey composed of four forced responses, distributed among the Winter 2006 semester students. Likert-scale questions were outlined according to the five theoretical influences on women in technology, as established by Welty and Puck (2001) and two of the three relationships of academia, as established by Haynie III (1999), as well as three free response questions regarding retention and attraction within the major. Findings suggested strong positive polarity in four of the five influences and in both relationships, with particular emphasis on subject content, positive teacher/student relationships, as well as an overall positive environment as major contributors to attraction and retention at this university. "Role Models, Mentors, and Peers" was the only influence that scored in the negative range. Though the effect size showed differences between males and females on individual questions as well as the two relationships and "Messages from Counselors", no practical difference was found between the male and female perceptions under the five remaining general categories. In all three categories where a medium to large effect size was shown, females were favored in having more positive responses and perceptions than males.

No description available.

This study combines analytical and narrative modes of historical enquiry with educational policy sociology to construct a history of media in education in Scotland. It uses the development trajectory of a single case, media education in Scotland's statutory education sector, to deconstruct and reconstruct a history of the institutional relationship between the Scottish Film Council (SFC) and the Scottish Education Department (SED) that stretches back to the 1930s. Existing literature describes media education in Scotland as a phenomenon located in the 1970s and 1980s. This study disaggregates media education discourse and dissolves chronological boundaries to make connections with earlier attempts to introduce media into Scottish education in the context of Scotland's constitutional relations within the UK. It employs historical and socio-cultural methods to analyse the intersections between actors and events taking place over six decades. The analysis and interpretation of the data is located in three time periods. Chapter 3 covers the period from 1929 until 1974 when, on the cusp of the emergence of the new texts and technologies of film, the SFC was established to promote and protect Scottish film culture and audio-visual technologies. During this time, the interdependence of teachers, the film trade and the educational policy-making community led to the production, distribution and exhibition of new and popular forms of text to national and international acclaim. By juxtaposing public and private documents circulating on the margins of statutory education, this chapter generates a new understanding of the importance of film and its technologies in Scotland in the pursuit of a more culturally relevant and contemporary model of education. It also describes how constraints upon Scotland’s cultural production infrastructure limited its capacity to effect significant educational change. In the 1970s, cultural, political and educational ferment in pre-devolution Scotland, created a discursive shift that gave rise first to media education and then to Media Studies. Articulating documents with wider discourses of educational and cultural change and interviews with key players, Chapter 4 describes a counter-narrative gaining momentum. The constraints of the practices of traditional subjects and pedagogies combined with the constraints on Scottish cultural production gave shape and form to the media education movement. Significantly for this study, the movement included influential members of Scottish education’s leadership class. Between 1983 to 1986, the innovative Media Education Development Project (MEDP) aimed to place media education at the centre of teaching and learning in Scottish education. This was fully funded by the SED, managed by the Scottish Council for Educational Technology (SCET) and the SFC and implemented by the Association for Media Education in Scotland (AMES). The MEDP overlapped briefly with another initiative in SCET, the Scottish Microelectronics Development Project (SMDP). During this period, Media Studies enjoyed rapid success as a popular non-advanced qualification in the upper secondary and further education sectors. Media education, however, did not. Chapter 5 explores the links between the MEDP and the SMDP through the agency of three central actors: SCET, the SFC and AMES in the context of a second term of Margaret Thatcher’s Conservative government. This study concludes that between 1934 and 1964, the SFC was a key educational bureaucracy in Scottish education. The SFC’s role as an agent of change represented the recognition of a link between relevant and contemporary Scottish cultural production and the transformation of statutory education. Between 1929 and 1982 three iterations for media and education in Scotland can be discerned. In 1983, the MEDP began a fourth but its progress faltered. The study suggests that if a new iteration for media and education in Scotland in the twenty-first century is to emerge, an institutional link between media culture, technology and educational transformation requires to be restored.

Recent research has persistently emphasized that education is broken and that the solutions lie with technological resources in educational institutions and teaching methods (Teräs et al., 2020), which has generated a techno-solutionism approach of Edtech companies (Mirrlees & Alvi, 2019). The outbreak of COVID-19 exposed significant challenges and limitations when adapting education to the digital environment highlighting a need for a deeper understanding of the integration of technology with education. While some scholars focus on technological artefacts as an object of study at the intersection between neuroscience and technology (Healy, 1998), others focus on the importance of pedagogy and the challenges of researching pedagogy in a context of rapidly increasing technological advancement (Hellstén & Reid, 2008).Through investigating Brazilian teachers’ experiences and challenges of integrating technology within higher education before and during the pandemic, the study contributes to furthering understanding of the intersection between pedagogy and technology. The application of an exploratory sequential mixed-methods design contextualizes the teachers’ voices and enables contrast with the existing literature in international contexts. The study’s findings suggest that most of the teachers included technology in their classes to some extent. The teachers’ personal preferences and course discipline, however, can influence how they would incorporate technological resources in higher education. Moreover, the university’s policies and support structures also influence teachers’ decisions and motivations regarding technology integration. The study recontextualized the growing discussion in global research surrounding education and technology by using prominent scholars in the field to form a foundation through which to understand if similar issues may also appear in the Brazilian context. The main differences in the findings of this research set the case of Brazil apart in that the teachers noticed that the course discipline can be a factor in deciding whether or not to use technological resources in their classes at Brazilian institutions. The discussion about the course discipline did not appear in the international literature review focusing on technology-enhanced learning and teachers’ attitudes toward technology integrations. Moreover, this research facilitated the creation of the Inverted Mirror instrument, which was developed during the literature review process to create a visualization of comparisons. The Inverted Mirror instrument is used here to compare and visualize what is unseen or hidden during the comparison of teacher experiences in order to explain what occurs when technology is used in the classroom.

No description available.

Com o recente crescimento do interesse em atividades manuais baseada em tecnologias digitais, espaços de construção começam a fazer parte de projetos educacionais públicos e privados no país. Estes espaços são planejados, construídos e executados seguindo tendências transnacionais de construção digital. Esta tese contrasta propostas maker baseadas em FabLabs, na Maker Media, em críticas à tecnoutopia californiana e no FabLearn com objetivo de compreender as origens, objetivos e implicações de cada uma dessas diferentes propostas de tecnologias para a Educação. Considerando a sub-teorização do movimento maker em geral, que privilegia o fazer acima do refletir, esta tese apresenta conceitos de tecnologia baseado em Álvaro Vieira Pinto, de práxis e liberdade em Paulo Freire, e de bases social da técnica no campo de Ciência, Tecnologia e Sociedade. Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva de fatos e fenômenos em voga na tecnociência e educação brasileiras. Os resultados alcançados são uma abordagem crítico-reflexiva das diferentes vertentes maker, o contraste entre diferentes propostas de construção digital, uma contribuição a propostas progressistas de educação e a valorização e expansão da obra de pensadores nacionais de Educação e tecnologias. Conclui-se que a proposta FabLearn é condicente com ideias freirianas para Educação e que parte da falta de embasamento teórico do movimento maker em geral pode ser preenchida pelo pensamento filosófico de Álvaro Vieira Pinto e educacional de Paulo Freire, em uma perspectiva emancipatória e inclusiva da sociedade. / Spaces dedicated to construction based on digital resources are taking part of public and private educational projects in Brazil as a result of the growing public interest in hands-on activities. These spaces are planned, built, and executed under transnational trends of digital construction. This Ph.D. thesis contrasts maker proposals, e.g. FabLabs, Maker Media, criticism to the Californian tecnoutopia, and FabLearn, in order to comprehend the origins, the aims and the implications of each one of these distinct proposals of technologies in Education. One considering the under-theorization of maker movement in general, which privileges the ´making´ over reflection, this thesis presents concepts of technology based on Alvaro Vieira Pinto, and praxis and freedom on Paulo Freire’s work, along a discussion of social basis of techniques on Science, Technology and Society Studies. It is a descriptive research about facts and phenomenons in an ongoing debate about Brazilian techno science and education. As results, it presents firstly a critical reflexive approach of diverse maker proposals, secondly a contribution to progressive education discussions, and thirdly the enrichment and expansion of national thinkers’ theories on technology and education. It concludes that FabLearn is consistent with Freire’s ideas of progressive education, and Alvaro Vieira Pinto’s philosophical and Paulo Freire’s educational thoughts can be filled in, based on an emancipatory and inclusive perspective of society, the theoretical gap of maker movement.

Com o recente crescimento do interesse em atividades manuais baseada em tecnologias digitais, espaços de construção começam a fazer parte de projetos educacionais públicos e privados no país. Estes espaços são planejados, construídos e executados seguindo tendências transnacionais de construção digital. Esta tese contrasta propostas maker baseadas em FabLabs, na Maker Media, em críticas à tecnoutopia californiana e no FabLearn com objetivo de compreender as origens, objetivos e implicações de cada uma dessas diferentes propostas de tecnologias para a Educação. Considerando a sub-teorização do movimento maker em geral, que privilegia o fazer acima do refletir, esta tese apresenta conceitos de tecnologia baseado em Álvaro Vieira Pinto, de práxis e liberdade em Paulo Freire, e de bases social da técnica no campo de Ciência, Tecnologia e Sociedade. Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva de fatos e fenômenos em voga na tecnociência e educação brasileiras. Os resultados alcançados são uma abordagem crítico-reflexiva das diferentes vertentes maker, o contraste entre diferentes propostas de construção digital, uma contribuição a propostas progressistas de educação e a valorização e expansão da obra de pensadores nacionais de Educação e tecnologias. Conclui-se que a proposta FabLearn é condicente com ideias freirianas para Educação e que parte da falta de embasamento teórico do movimento maker em geral pode ser preenchida pelo pensamento filosófico de Álvaro Vieira Pinto e educacional de Paulo Freire, em uma perspectiva emancipatória e inclusiva da sociedade. / Spaces dedicated to construction based on digital resources are taking part of public and private educational projects in Brazil as a result of the growing public interest in hands-on activities. These spaces are planned, built, and executed under transnational trends of digital construction. This Ph.D. thesis contrasts maker proposals, e.g. FabLabs, Maker Media, criticism to the Californian tecnoutopia, and FabLearn, in order to comprehend the origins, the aims and the implications of each one of these distinct proposals of technologies in Education. One considering the under-theorization of maker movement in general, which privileges the ´making´ over reflection, this thesis presents concepts of technology based on Alvaro Vieira Pinto, and praxis and freedom on Paulo Freire’s work, along a discussion of social basis of techniques on Science, Technology and Society Studies. It is a descriptive research about facts and phenomenons in an ongoing debate about Brazilian techno science and education. As results, it presents firstly a critical reflexive approach of diverse maker proposals, secondly a contribution to progressive education discussions, and thirdly the enrichment and expansion of national thinkers’ theories on technology and education. It concludes that FabLearn is consistent with Freire’s ideas of progressive education, and Alvaro Vieira Pinto’s philosophical and Paulo Freire’s educational thoughts can be filled in, based on an emancipatory and inclusive perspective of society, the theoretical gap of maker movement.