In an effort to better understand the motivations behind perceived biases in the US cable news industry, 72 hours of CNN, FOX, and MSNBC during the week preceding the 2006 congressional election were analyzed. First- and second-level agenda-setting theories are used to examine how long and in what way federal politicians are portrayed. The results indicate distinct differences in political presentations between the three networks.

The Christian Right has been a major contributor to the policy process since the 1980s, helping shape the national agenda by illuminating a number of social issues and influencing elections with strong grassroots campaigns. For political scientists, Christian Right organizations provide a rich source of information for studying interest group activity, electioneering, and general political theory. In particular, their efforts to lobby various policy issues such as prayer in school, education, abortion, and traditional marriage, has caused them to become a distinct coalition of advocacy groups, and the focus of much research by many scholars. However, as we advance into the twenty-first century, new biotechnology-related issues have emerged that challenge Christian Right organizations and their values. The purpose of this dissertation was to investigate the involvement of the Christian Right between 2001 and the beginning of 2009 in legislative debates regarding stem cell research policy, and attempt to distinguish its effective and non-effective lobbying strategies, and the general perception of its influence. This study addressed three research questions. First, to what extent do Christian Right organizations participate in the legislative process regarding stem cell research? Second, what is the perceived influence of its lobbying activities on federal stem cell research legislation? Third, in what ways does the Christian Right engage in lobbying legislators on stem cell research legislation? Within these broad research questions, the following subsequent study objectives were pursued: 1) learn about the reasons for the Christian Right’s influence or lack of influence; 2) understand the goals of its advocacy efforts; 3) learn about its use of outside and inside lobbying strategies; 4) better understand the approach used by Christian Right organizations in lobbying legislators who were undecided about a particular stem cell research legislation; 5) learn about the kind of rhetoric it used; and 6) find out what, if any, forms of coalition building it engaged in as part of its advocacy efforts. In addition, this study examined why legislators voted against the majority of their political party when it came to stem cell research legislation. The epistemological approach for this study was qualitative. Data consisted of verbal responses to semi-structured questions during telephone interviews with representatives from Christian Right organizations, advocacy groups that support the expansion of stem cell research policy, former legislators, and current staff members. In addition to the in-depth interviews, data was also obtained through organizational and government documents. Finally, this dissertation analyzed the Christian Right and its participation in the development of stem cell research legislation through the lens of the advocacy coalition framework. In doing so, the study captures of the essence of the stem cell debate and the role of the Christian Right within it, and offers a new theoretical framework for examining the Christian Right.

L’originalité de la musique arabe tient dans la richesse mélodique et rythmique de ses multiplesinfluences. Toutefois, la particularité de son mode de transmission orale, ainsi que l’utilisationintensive et récurrente de l’improvisation, rendent difficile toute classification et archivage, pourtantindispensables à la sauvegarde de ce patrimoine culturel. Or, les tentatives de transcription musicale sesont soldées par de trop nombreuses simplifications, au point de sacrifier les nuances mélodiques etautres finesses techniques, spécifiques à cette musique.Il était nécessaire d’explorer une nouvelle voie, qui permettrait de la sauvegarder sur un support écrit,tout en respectant ses spécificités. A partir d’une oeuvre marquante de l’histoire de la musique arabe,la nūba raıt el dhil, présentée par la délégation tunisienne au Congrès du Caire de 1932, nousproposons un système original et inédit de codification, qui permettra de transcrire toutes les subtilitésdes oeuvres traditionnelles ou improvisées, redonnant ainsi aux interprètes leur liberté d'improvisation,tout en leur conservant la faculté de se référer à une partition simplifiée, mais plus fidèle à l'oeuvreoriginale. / The originality of Arabic music is due to its melodic and rhythmic richness, inheritedfrom many influences. However, the particulars of its oral mode of transmission, as well asthe intensive and recurrent usage of improvisation, render any classification and any archivingdifficult, as indispensable as they may be for the conservation of this cultural patrimony.Attempts at musical transcription resulted in excessive simplifications, or recorded onlyone single version, up to the point of sacrificing melodic nuances and other technical finessesspecific to this music. It appeared therefore necessary to try another solution that wouldallow safeguarding this music in writing, while preserving its specificities. On the basis of amemorable work in the history of Arabic music, the nūba raıt el dhil as presented by theTunisian delegation at the Cairo congress of 1932, we propose an original and novel systemof codification, writing down on the one hand the melodic framework resulting from areduction process and on the other hand the ornaments, in abridged form, as applied to thisreduced melody. This notation will allow transcribing all the subtleties of traditional orimprovised works, giving back to the performers their freedom of improvising, whileallowing them to refer to a simplified score more faithful to the original work.

Cette thèse esquisse une réflexion autour de la mutation du langage musical de l’improvisation instrumentale du type istikhbâr en Tunisie à travers le XXe siècle. Une des raisons qui sont à l’origine de cette mutation consiste à la théorisation de la musique tunisienne, intervenue au congrès du Caire de 1932. L’aspect le plus contraignant de ce congrès consiste à adopter une échelle musicale composée de vingt quatre notes équidistantes à l’octave, obtenues par la subdivision de chaque intervalle de demi-ton en deux quart de tons. Ce manuscrit traite en particulier l’évolution des échelles musicales et du comportement de leurs degrés à travers le temps tout en mesurant l’impact de cette nouvelle théorie. Il s’intéresse aussi à l’analyse des propriétés du cheminement mélodique et de la chaîne syntagmatique afin d’élucider les spécificités langagières inhérentes à chaque époque. Ces différents éléments sont ressortis grâce à la mise en oeuvre d’une méthode d’analyse empirique appliquée sur trois improvisations instrumentales A, B et C, jouées respectivement en 1926, 1963 et 1990. / This thesis exposes a reflection on the musical language‘s mutation in instrumental improvisation called istikhbâr in Tunisia through the XXth century. One of the reasons which are at the origin of this mutation is the theorization of Tunisian music taken place at the Cairo’s congress in 1932. The most compelling aspect of this congress is to adopt a musical scale consisting of twenty four equally spaced octave notes, obtained by subdividing each interval of a semitone into two quarter-tones. This manuscript treats particularly the evolution of musical scales and the behavior of their degrees by the time while measuring the impact of this new theory. It is also interested in analyzing the properties of the melodic path and syntagmatic in order to elucidate the characteristics of each period. These elements emerged by the application of an empirical analytic method applied in three instrumental improvisations A, B and C, respectively played in 1926, 1963 and 1990.

The main target of the Master's thesis is to evaluate international marketing activities of the AIMS International, s.r.o which belongs to the category of Small and Medium-sized Entities Within the Theory, definitions of marketing applications in the field of conference and incentive travel are described. Practical part is dealing with situation analysis of chosen company. Marketing budget and plan are included.

[pt] A produção acadêmica e científica sobre a Educação Ambiental (EA) no Brasil é grande e significativa. O objetivo deste estudo é realizar uma análise preliminar da produção acadêmica em EA, a partir de uma visão teórica crítica. A EA é qualificada, por alguns autores aqui estudados, como um campo teórico em construção, o que aponta para a importância da realização de balanços periódicos desse conhecimento que podem proporcionar o avanço para a compreensão do campo de estudo e ampliação do acesso à informação. Esta Dissertação é um estudo exploratório, com inspiração metodológica em pesquisas do tipo estado da arte que, além da revisão da literatura pertinente ao seu objeto de estudo, tomou por base três fontes de dados: o Banco de Teses da CAPES, entre 1988 e 2004, o V Congresso Ibero-Americano de Educação Ambiental, de 2006, e 12 Dissertações do Município do Rio de Janeiro, defendidas entre os anos 2000 e 2004. Cada uma destas fontes mereceu tratamento diverso. O Banco de Teses foi apenas apresentado em sua expressão numérica, agrupadas as teses sob diversas categorias: autoria, título, orientador, nível do curso, origem instituc ional, época e área do Curso de que se originou. Criou-se para os trabalhos do Congresso, um outro banco de dados com informações, além da sua origem, relacionadas às áreas de atuação da EA, e à metodologia do estudo apresentado. Finalmente, as 12 Dissertações cariocas analisadas o foram em suas relações com a produção do país, e descritas em seus elementos pré-textuais, textuais e pós-textuais. Destaque especial foi feito em relação aos seus objetivos, à metodologia usada, à bibliografia consultada, ao seu quadro teórico e aos resultados alcançados. Concluiu-se, na presente Dissertação, que, o olhar panorâmico, gerador de dois novos bancos de dados, e o olhar focalizado, que possibilitou melhor compreensão do quadro conceitual em EA de pesquisas realizadas, contribuíram para confirmar as diversas correntes de pensamento presentes no campo da EA, complementando os estudos anteriores, e trazendo novas possibilidades de reflexão. / [en] The academic and scientific production about Environmental Education (EE) in Brazil is large and significant. The aim of this study is to accomplish an introductory analyze of the academic production about EE, concerning a theoretical and critical view. The EE is qualified as a theoretical field in progress by some authors below-mentioned and this is a sign of the importance of a periodic knowledge evaluation to provide both the advance of understanding in this field of study and to amplify the access to information. This Dissertation is an exploratory study, with a methodological inspiration from researches called art state. Besides revising the pertinent literature to its object of study, it is based on three fountains: the CAPES data basis during 1988/2004, the Fifth EE Iberian- American Congress, in 2006 and twelve theses from Rio de Janeiro City, between 2000 and 2004. Each of these fountains deserved a special approach. The CAPES data bank was shown in numbers, the theses were classified according to different categories: author, title, instructor, level of the course, institutional origin, period of time and area of the course they had come from. To the Congress Works, another data bank was created informing not only their origin but the areas where the EE had acted and the employed methodology too. At last, the twelve Dissertations from Rio de Janeiro were analyzed in relation to the production all over the country. They were described including the pre- textual elements, the textual ones and the post-textual ones. A special attention was given to their objectives , the methodology they followed, the bibliography, the theoretical views and the results they reached. In this Dissertation, we came to an evidence: the panoramic observation created two new data banks and the focused observation brought a better comprehension of the EE concepts. Both of them gave a contribution to confirm the various streams of thoughts found in the field of the EE, complemented the previous studies and brought new possibilities of reflection.

A formação da Sociologia como disciplina escolar exemplifica como diferentes forças sociais concorrem na fabricação do currículo. Esta tese centrou-se em uma dessas forças sociais o campo científico para analisar a participação de intelectuais e sociedades científicas no processo de constituição do ensino de Sociologia como objeto de pesquisa das Ciências Sociais e Educação. A investigação recorreu à pesquisa documental, seguida de um esforço de revisão bibliográfica que lhe forneceu substrato teórico e metodológico. Suas principais fontes foram a revista Sociologia, a produção de programas de pós-graduação, os anais de sete edições do Congresso Brasileiro de Sociologia e o Diretório dos Grupos de Pesquisa no Brasil do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq). Os materiais coletados, tratados e analisados a partir de uma abordagem qualitativa, resultaram na construção de um mapa da produção acadêmica, organizada em dois contextos intelectuais: entre 1939 e 1955, momento em que a Sociologia como disciplina escolar foi reconhecida pelos intelectuais como parte do seu processo de institucionalização como ciência e profissão; e entre 1993 e 2013, quando as questões referentes ao percurso de escolarização da Sociologia adentraram a agenda de pesquisa de programas de pós-graduação. Ao todo, a pesquisa identificou mais de duas centenas de artigos, 56 dissertações de mestrado e teses de doutorado e 22 grupos de pesquisa. Concluiu que, entre 1939 e 1955, o meio acadêmico problematizou as funções universais e científicas do ensino de Sociologia, ao mesmo tempo em que se interessou por métodos de difusão dos conhecimentos das Ciências Sociais. A despeito dessa produção, o ensino de Sociologia não chegou a compor projetos investigativos autônomos. A maior parte dos trabalhos desempenhou um papel político de demarcar posição no debate sobre o lugar da Sociologia no quadro das ciências, estabelecer um escopo de atuação profissional para os cientistas sociais e expor inquietações relativas à didática da Sociologia no ensino superior. Nesse sentido, confirmou-se a hipótese de que o ensino de Sociologia se configurou como um objeto de pesquisa invisível ou, nas palavras de Bourdieu, ilegítimo para o campo científico. Essa invisibilidade associa-se à própria hierarquização entre, de um lado, atividades de pesquisa e formação de bacharéis, e, de outro e em posição de subordinação, atividades de ensino e formação de licenciados. No caso da produção contemporânea, verificou-se que se encontra em curso um processo de formação de uma área científica, nos termos de António Nóvoa, do ponto de vista acadêmico (produção dos programas de pós-graduação), científico (organização de grupos de pesquisa e eventos científicos) e curricular (criação de disciplinas, linhas de pesquisa e cursos na pós-graduação). Contudo, essa produção permanece circunscrita a alguns grupos de pesquisadores, com poucas evidências de opções teórico-metodológicas afins e sem reconhecimento por parte de cientistas sociais e pedagogos de áreas de pesquisa já consolidadas. A tese divide-se em três capítulos, além da Introdução e Conclusão. O primeiro capítulo Ensino de Sociologia e sociedades científicas propõe uma reflexão a respeito da formação da Sociologia como disciplina escolar a partir da experiência de países como Brasil, Portugal, Estados Unidos e França e à luz dos debates sobre o currículo como construção social. O segundo Debates acadêmicos contemporâneos (1993-2013) e terceiro capítulos Intelectuais e ensino de Sociologia (1939-1955) fazem um balanço das atividades acadêmicas registradas em revistas especializadas, eventos científicos e, em período recente, grupos de pesquisa e programas de pós-graduação. / The formation of Sociology as a school discipline is an example of how different social forces concur to fabricate the curriculum. This research focused on one of these social forces the academic-scientific field with the purpose of analyzing the participation of intellectuals and scientific societies in the making of the teaching of Sociology as an object of research in Social Science and Education. The investigation included documental research, followed by an effort of bibliographical review which provided theoretical and methodological substrate. Its main sources were the journal Sociologia, the graduate programs, the annals with seven editions of the Brazilian Congress of Sociology and the Directory of Research Groups in Brazil of the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) (National Council of Scientific and Technological Development). The materials were collected, treated and analyzed based on a qualitative approach, resulting in a map of the academic production, organized in two intellectual contexts: between 1939 and 1955, a moment when Sociology as a discipline was acknowledged by intellectuals as part of the process that institutionalized Sociology as a science and a profession; and between 1993 and 2013, when the issues related to the path of schooling of Sociologyset foot in the research agenda of graduate programs. In whole, the research identified over 200 articles, 56 theses and dissertations and 22 research groups. Conclusion was that between 1939 and 1955, the academic milieu problematized the universal and scientific functions of the teaching of Sociology, and at the same time there was an interest in methods to disseminate the knowledge of the Social Science. Despite such production, the teaching of Sociology did not manage to set up independent investigative projects. Most of the works played a political role in taking a position in the debate about where Sociology stands in the framework of sciences, to establish a scope of professional activity for the social scientists and present concerns about the didactics of Sociology in higher education. Thus, the assumption that the teaching of Sociology turned out as an invisible object of research was confirmed, or illegitimate in Bourdieu´s words, in the academic-scientific field. Such invisibility is associated with the very hierarchy between, on one hand, research activities and the training of Sociology graduates, and, on the other hand and in subordinate position, teaching activities and the training of teachers. In the case of contemporary production, there is process underway to set up a scientific area, according to António Nóvoa, from a perspective that is academic (production of graduate programs), scientific (organization of research groups and scientific events) and curricular (setting up disciplines, lines of research and graduate courses). However, this production is still restricted to some groups of researchers, with little evidence of related theoretical-methodological options and with no acknowledgement by social scientists and pedagogues from research areas already established. The dissertation is divided in three chapters, in addition to the Introduction and Conclusion. The first chapter Teaching of Sociology and the scientific societies proposes to think about how Sociology became a school discipline based on the experience of countries like Brazil, Portugal, the USA and France under the light of debates about the curriculum as a social construction. The second Contemporary academic debates (1993-2013) and the third chapters Intellectuals and the teaching of Sociology (1939-1955) make an assessment of the academic activities that circulated among specialized journals, scientific events and, recently, research groups and graduate programs.

O presente trabalho tem por intuito a análise do Primeiro Congresso Brasileiro de Escritores, realizado em São Paulo, entre os dias 22 e 27 de janeiro de 1945, por iniciativa da Associação Brasileira de Escritores (A.B.D.E.). Consagrado pela historiografia como um movimento da intelectualidade brasileira em favor da democracia, em franca oposição ao Estado Novo de Getúlio Vargas, este evento será estudado sob uma perspectiva mais ampla, que abarque não apenas as questões de cunho político, mas também aquelas de ordem econômica e profissional. Por esse viés, a leitura dos artigos publicados em jornais paulistanos e dirigidos aos congressistas, assim como das teses apresentadas e aprovadas durante as sessões plenárias, sugere uma expectativa em torno dois aspectos fundamentais: o estabelecimento de um regime democrático de governo, trazendo consigo o fim da censura; e a regulamentação dos direitos autorais, o que permitiria aos escritores uma melhor remuneração pela venda de suas obras e, por conseguinte, profissionalizarem-se enquanto homens de letras. A partir destes elementos, analisados à luz das idéias do pensador e sociólogo francês Pierre Bourdieu - notadamente as suas teses acerca do conceito de autonomia - este trabalho partirá do pressuposto de que o congresso dos escritores significou, para além da sua representatividade política - o primeiro grande movimento da intelectualidade brasileira em prol da autonomização do seu campo. / This study is aimed to review the First Brazilian Congress of Writers, held in Sao Paulo, between 22 and 27 January 1945 at the initiative of the Brazilian Association of Writers (ABDE). Enshrined in the historiography as a movement of the intellectual community to promote democracy in opened opposition to the Estado Novo of Getúlio Vargas, this event will be studied from a broader perspective, encompassing not only issues of political nature, but also those of economic and professional. For this aspect, the reading of articles published in São Paulo and headed to Congress and the submissions made and approved during the plenary sessions, suggests an expectation around two fundamental aspects: the establishment of a democratic system of government, bringing the end censorship, and regulation of copyright, which would allow the writers a better return by selling their works and, therefore, doing professional as men of letters. From these elements, considered in the light of the ideas of french philosopher and sociologist Pierre Bourdieu - notably his thesis about the concept of autonomy - this work will proceed on the assumption that Congress of writers means, in addition to his political representation, the first large movement of brazilian intellectuals in favor of the autonomy of their field.

Nos Estados republicanos modernos, o sistema de freios e contrapesos é um dos modelos institucionais responsável por assegurar o equilíbrio entre os Poderes e prevenir abusos por parte dos governantes. Dois questionamentos podem ser encontrados na literatura brasileira sobre o tema e fundamentam esta Dissertação: um geral sobre o suposto poder excessivo que o nosso sistema político confere ao Poder Executivo e outro, específico, de que nesse contexto, o veto teria um papel central na supremacia do presidente da república sobre o Congresso Nacional no âmbito do processo legislativo. Partindo dessas premissas, a pesquisa avalia se essas características estão condizentes com as expectativas e o desenho institucional proposto para o Estado brasileiro pela Assembleia Nacional Constituinte ANC de 1987. Com base nos anais da ANC e em referências históricas, conclui-se que, ao menos no tocante ao instituto do veto presidencial, o modelo de preponderância do Poder Executivo observado no processo legislativo decorreu de uma opção deliberada e reafirmada pela elite política em 1988, quando da promulgação da Constituição. / In modern republican states, the system of checks and balances is one of the institutional models responsible for ensuring the balance between powers and preventing abuses by rulers. Two issues can be found in the Brazilian academic literature on the matter that underlie this Dissertation: one concerning the alleged excessive power that our political system grant to the executive branch, and another one more specific that, in this context, the veto would have a main role in the supremacy of the President of the Republic over Congress in the legislative process. Beginning with these assumptions, this research evaluates whether these characteristics are consistent with the expectations and the institutional design proposed for the Brazilian State by the National Constituent Assembly (ANC) of 1987. Based on the ANC records and historical references, it concluded that, at least in regard to the presidential veto institute, the preponderance of the executive branch model observed in the legislative process derived from a deliberate and reaffirmed choice made by the political elite in 1988, at the promulgation of the Constitution.

A presente tese tem por objetivo a análise da decisão sobre a constituição econômica, no âmbito da realização da constituição dirigente e da instituição do Estado Democrático e Social de Direito no Brasil, por meio do processo constituinte levado a efeito nos anos de 1987 e 1988. Partindo da constatação de que a literatura jurídico-constitucional brasileira não dá a necessária atenção à problemática constituinte nem à articulação entre Estado, Constituição e Política e tendo em vista a constituição econômica presente no texto constitucional de 1988, o trabalho articula os temas do poder constituinte, da constituição dirigente-econômica e da reconstrução do Estado, utilizando-se do instrumental da teoria constitucional, da teoria do Estado e da história constitucional. Avalia-se, pois, que a manifestação do poder constituinte se inscreve como locus privilegiado para a observação da correspondência entre Estado, Constituição e Política, demonstrado pela observação das suas manifestações no Brasil, em diversos momentos, nomeadamente em 1987/1988. De fato, na esteira da convocação estabelecida pela Emenda Constitucional n. 26, de 27 de novembro de 1985, o Brasil viveu um dos mais importantes momentos de ativação política da sociedade civil organizada, que dava continuidade ao processo de mudança política, o qual, iniciando-se em meados da década de 70 e prolongando-se pelos anos 80, ocasionou a inflexão do regime militar, a construção de instituições representativas e multipartidárias e a realização de uma nova Constituição. Assim, se o ritmo cadenciado das mudanças e as negociações entre os agentes que pressionavam pela abertura política e os líderes do regime burocrático-autoritário sugeriram a existência de um tipo especial de transição, denominado transição pela transação, e apesar das limitações constantes do ato convocatório do Congresso Constituinte, o produto final do esforço constituinte ficou mais próximo das aspirações democráticas e progressistas. Constata-se que, nas duas últimas décadas, apesar das transformações que ocorreram no capitalismo, com a desconstrução do padrão regulatório keyenesiano, a expansão dos mercados, a relativização do Estado, enfim, a ameaça neoliberal, o caráter dirigente da Constituição brasileira, todavia, mantém-se intacto. Por tudo isso, decorridos vinte anos da promulgação da Constituição Federal, conformação normativa de uma ordem econômica, fundada na valorização do trabalho humano e na livre iniciativa, com o fim de assegurar a todos existência digna, conforme os ditames da justiça social (CF, art. 170, caput), representa um salto de qualidade no constitucionalismo nacional e está a desafiar a realização conjunta da democracia política, da sociedade de bem-estar e do desenvolvimento econômico. / This thesis has as its objective an analysis of the decision on the \"economic constitution\", within the ambit of the directive constitution and the establishment of the Social and Democratic State of Law in Brazil, through the constituent process carried out during the years of 1987 and 1988. In view of the fact that legal and constitutional Brazilian literature does not give the necessary attention to the problem nor the linkage between constituent State, Constitution and Politics and in view of the \"economic constitution\" laid out in the constitutional text of 1988, this paper articulates the themes of constituent power, economic directive constitution and the reconstruction of the State, using the tools of constitutional theory, theory of the state and constitutional history. So, it has been assessed that the manifestation of the constituent power comes as privileged locus for the observation of the correlation between State, Constitution and Politics, demonstrated by observing its manifestations in Brazil, at different times, particularly in 1987/1988. In fact, in the wake of the call established by the 26th Constitutional Amendment, from November 27th 1985, Brazil experienced one of its most important moments of political awakening of organized civil society, which had been pushing for political change, from the mid-70s and into the 80s, that led to the fall of the military regime, the building of representative institutions and the founding of multiparty system and a new constitution. Thus, if the rhythmical pace of change and the negotiations between the players that struggled for political opening and the leaders of the political and bureaucratic-authoritarian regime suggested the existence of a special type of transition, called \"transition through the transaction\", and despite the limitations of the call for the Constituent Congress, the final product of the effort was closer to the constitutional democratic and progressive aspirations. It appears that in the past two decades, despite the changes that have occurred in capitalism, with the abandonment of Keynes regulatory standard, the expansion of markets, the relativization of the state, in other words, the neoliberal threat, the leading character of the Brazilian Constitution, however, remains intact. It can be concluded that after twenty years of the enactment of the Federal Constitution, conformation of a normative \"economic order, based on the enhancement of human labor and free enterprise\", in order to \"ensure a dignified livelihood for all, according to the dictates of social justice\" (Federal Constitution, art. 170, caput), it represents a great leap in national constitutionalism and challenges a joint realization of political democracy, social welfare and economic development.