La problématique des réfugiés fait partie du cadre plus large des politiques migratoires et de la migration internationale en général. Étant un pays d’immigration, le Canada a dû composer avec plusieurs vagues migratoires et s’y adapter en changeant sa politique d’immigration (au niveau fédéral et provincial) en définissant, en termes numériques, les objectifs annuels d’admission des immigrants (le nombre souhaité d’immigrants), ainsi que les objectifs politiques, humanitaires, économiques et démographiques à long terme. Le groupe visé par le présent rapport (les demandeurs d’asile et les réfugiés) se distingue de toute autre catégorie d’immigration par la spécificité de sa condition - une fuite involontaire et une absence de protection des autorités nationales de leur pays. Au plan international et dans le cadre de la politique canadienne, un réfugié: « l’individu qui fuit la persécution » devient un «demandeur d’asile » au moment de faire face à un processus de reconnaissance du statut de réfugié, conforme aux définitions, aux lois et à la politique d’immigration canadiennes. Les étapes de ce processus sont importantes, parce qu’elles établissent une continuité de la demande d’asile, mais aussi parce qu’elles influencent la comptabilisation et les statistiques sur les demandeurs d’asile et les réfugiés. Les données de Citoyenneté et Immigration Canada figurent parmi les rares sources disponibles donnant à la fois des informations sur les demandeurs d’asile et les réfugiés. Cette population au Canada est mal connue et assez difficile à décrire à cause de la faiblesse des statistiques. Du point de vue démographique, une meilleure connaissance du nombre et de l’évolution des immigrants de la catégorie « demandeur d’asile » ou « réfugié », ainsi que de leurs caractéristiques sociodémographiques (sexe, âge, scolarité, connaissances linguistiques, pays d’origine, etc.) aide à cerner leurs besoins en services et à leur fournir des politiques adéquates d’intégration à la culture et à la vie canadiennes. / The problem of refugees is part of the broader framework of migration policies and international migration in general. As a country of immigration, Canada has had to deal with several waves of migration and to adapt its immigration policy (at the federal and provincial level) by defining, in numerical terms, the annual targets for the admission of immigrants (the desired number of immigrants), as well as its political, humanitarian, economic and demographic objectives. The target group for this report (the asylum seekers and refugees) differs from any other category of immigration by a specific condition – an inadvertent leak and a lack of protection from the national authorities of their country. At the international level and in the context of Canadian politics, a refugee: “the individual who is fleeing persecution” becomes an “asylum seeker” when engaging a process of recognition of refugee status, consistent with the Canadian immigration policy. The steps involved in this process are important because they establish continuity in the application process for asylum, but also because they influence the accounting and statistics on asylum seekers and refugees. The data from Citizenship and Immigration Canada are among the few sources available that provides indication on both asylum seekers and refugees. From a demographic point of view, a better knowledge of the number and the evolution of the immigrants of the category “asylum seeker” or “refugee”, as well as of their sociodemographic characteristics (sex, age, education, language skills, country of origin, etc.) help to identify their needs in services and to provide them with adequate policies of integration to Canada.

[pt] A dissertação analisa o processo de construção social do Refugiado em dois momentos históricos específicos da segunda metade do século XX: entre 1945- 1954 e no pós-Guerra Fria. O objetivo central é mostrar como as práticas discursivas relativas ao Refugiado são informadas pelas estruturas constitucionais da sociedade internacional e pelas crenças e valores fundamentais que definem os critérios de legitimidade da ação estatal. Procura evidenciar o caráter contingente e variável da definição do Refugiado em dois contextos de transformação da ordem internacional. A pesquisa parte da abordagem construtivista, assentada na proposta de Reus-Smit (1999) e de Onuf (1989), na tentativa de fornecer uma explicação mais adequada dos processos sociais de constituição do Refugiado na moderna sociedade de Estados, enfatizando o papel das organizações internacionais, em especial do Alto Comissariado das Nações Unidas para os Refugiados (ACNUR). Neste sentido, ressalta a importância da territorialidade e do imaginário espacial enquanto critérios centrais para a delimitação dos fenômenos migratórios forçados, critérios esses tensionados a partir da década de noventa. / [en] The dissertation s main purpose is to analyze the process of social construction of the Refugee in two specific historical moments in the second half of the twentieth century: from 1945 to 1954 and after the end of the Cold War. The main goal is to demonstrate how discursive practices related to the refugee are informed by the constitutional structures of international society and by the fundamental values and beliefs that legitimate state action. It also aims at showing the contingent and changing nature of the refugee definition in contexts of profound transformations in international orders. The research is based on a constructivist approach, mainly in Reus-Smit (1999) and Onuf s (1989) frameworks, in an attempt to provide a more adequate understanding of the social processes constitutive of the refugee in the modern society of States, highlighting the role of international organizations, in particular the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). In that sense, it gives emphasis to the primary importance attached to territoriality and the spatial imagery as fundamental criteria to establishing the limits of forced international migration, a criteria that has faced great challenges since the nineties.

Cette thèse soulève l’importance d’acteurs et de voies de transferts souvent négligés en adoptant une perspective longitudinale et multi-niveaux sur les transferts internationaux de normes et de politiques. Elle examine le rôle d’organisations internationales dans le développement de politiques et de pratiques relatives à l’asile en Ukraine depuis la première loi sur les réfugiés en 1993 jusqu’en 2015. Elle montre la dépendance de l’action des organisations internationales (OI) et non-gouvernementales (ONG) à l’égard de modes d’influence plus connus, telles que la conditionnalité sectorielle exercée par l’Union Européenne, mais elle met aussi en lumière les modalités propres à leurs interventions. Elle étudie les interactions et les relations entre les acteurs étatiques et non-étatiques au long d’une « chaîne de transferts », révélant les logiques de dépendance, de délégation et de contrôle ainsi que les processus de traduction, de soutien et de résistance aux transferts. En analysant le soutien et des formes subtiles de résistance à l’adoption législative des normes internationales par le Parlement, elle montre l’impact de la quête de reconnaissance internationale et d’incitations offertes par les OI. Les OI et les ONG cherchent à influencer les pratiques étatiques en adaptant leurs stratégies aux résistances et aux obstacles structurels, par des approches consensuelles ou confrontatives, formelles ou informelles, verticales ou horizontales. En dépit de l’effort des entrepreneurs de normes pour induire la formalisation de certains changements, les effets des transferts sur les pratiques étatiques restent hétérogènes et instables. / This thesis uncovers the importance of often overlooked actors and transfer channels by adopting a longitudinal and multi-level perspective on international norm and policy transfer. It examines the role of international organisations in the development of asylum policies and practices in Ukraine since the adoption of the first Law on Refugees. It shows how the action of international and domestic non-governmental organisations is interlinked with and differs from the sector-specific conditionality exercised by the European Union. In this manner, it enriches the findings on transfer from research that has mostly focused on top-down processes and political elite actors. It investigates the interactions and relations between state and non-state actors of the “transfer chain”, revealing logics of dependence, delegation and control as well as processes of translation, support and resistance. Analysing the support and subtle forms of resistance to the legislative adoption of international norms at the Parliament, it demonstrates that adoption is shaped, to a large extent, by domestic politicians’ pursuit of recognition and incentives by international organisations. Moreover, non-state actors seek to influence state practices by adapting their strategies to domestic resistance and structural obstacles, utilising confrontational and harmony-seeking, formal and informal, top-down and horizontal strategies. While norm entrepreneurs try to trigger the formalisation of certain changes, the effects of the transfer attempts on state practices remain heterogeneous and unstable. This thesis thus adds to transfer scholars’ widespread findings regarding the weak application of norms.

難民問題是一個國際性問題，難民是指居住在自己國籍國家以外，無法或不願返國的個人，由於種族、宗教、國籍、特定社會成員身分，或政治立場遭迫害而有所恐懼。由於難民對移入國造成政治、經濟、文化、社會、教育、安全等方面的衝擊，政府必須規劃難民政策並制定相關法規來因應難民問題。加拿大每年收容難民約25,000人，約收容世界上難民的10%，加拿大在2002年制定「移民及難民保護法」等法規，建立了完整的難民政策，並與聯合國難民署及國際移民組織等單位進行合作，共同協力來解決難民的安置問題。加拿大落實人權治國理念，積極參與國際事務，實質進行難民庇護措施，政府與民間共同合作提供難民保護及協助，並因時制宜的對其難民政策進行調整，以利其國家未來發展。本文以加拿大的難民歷史沿革之架構出發，就加拿大難民政策發展歷程、接納難民現況及難民政策實踐及改革措施作一整理，文末筆者以其研究發現提出建議及結論。 / Refugee problem was recognized as an international issue. The term of “refugee” has been perceived as people who face systematic discrimination on the bases of ethnicity, religion, nationality, and membership in a specific social group with “fear of persecution”. The problem of refugee has fostered an intense debate regarding what changes of political, economic, cultural, educational and secure environments are necessary in refugee-receiving countries to provide effective solutions. In Canada, there are about 25,000 people entered to seek asylum every year – with approximately 10% of all refugees worldwide. In order to deal with refugees’ settlement issues, Immigration and Refugee Protection Act came into effect in 2002. In addition, the Canadian government's effort in cooperating with UNHCR and IOM enables refugees to stay in safety. The dissertation presents historical overview of issues of refugees and provides critical review and discussion on refugee policies in Canada. In the end, the author proposed her personal conclusion and suggestion through the research.

La problématique des réfugiés fait partie du cadre plus large des politiques migratoires et de la migration internationale en général. Étant un pays d’immigration, le Canada a dû composer avec plusieurs vagues migratoires et s’y adapter en changeant sa politique d’immigration (au niveau fédéral et provincial) en définissant, en termes numériques, les objectifs annuels d’admission des immigrants (le nombre souhaité d’immigrants), ainsi que les objectifs politiques, humanitaires, économiques et démographiques à long terme. Le groupe visé par le présent rapport (les demandeurs d’asile et les réfugiés) se distingue de toute autre catégorie d’immigration par la spécificité de sa condition - une fuite involontaire et une absence de protection des autorités nationales de leur pays. Au plan international et dans le cadre de la politique canadienne, un réfugié: « l’individu qui fuit la persécution » devient un «demandeur d’asile » au moment de faire face à un processus de reconnaissance du statut de réfugié, conforme aux définitions, aux lois et à la politique d’immigration canadiennes. Les étapes de ce processus sont importantes, parce qu’elles établissent une continuité de la demande d’asile, mais aussi parce qu’elles influencent la comptabilisation et les statistiques sur les demandeurs d’asile et les réfugiés. Les données de Citoyenneté et Immigration Canada figurent parmi les rares sources disponibles donnant à la fois des informations sur les demandeurs d’asile et les réfugiés. Cette population au Canada est mal connue et assez difficile à décrire à cause de la faiblesse des statistiques. Du point de vue démographique, une meilleure connaissance du nombre et de l’évolution des immigrants de la catégorie « demandeur d’asile » ou « réfugié », ainsi que de leurs caractéristiques sociodémographiques (sexe, âge, scolarité, connaissances linguistiques, pays d’origine, etc.) aide à cerner leurs besoins en services et à leur fournir des politiques adéquates d’intégration à la culture et à la vie canadiennes. / The problem of refugees is part of the broader framework of migration policies and international migration in general. As a country of immigration, Canada has had to deal with several waves of migration and to adapt its immigration policy (at the federal and provincial level) by defining, in numerical terms, the annual targets for the admission of immigrants (the desired number of immigrants), as well as its political, humanitarian, economic and demographic objectives. The target group for this report (the asylum seekers and refugees) differs from any other category of immigration by a specific condition – an inadvertent leak and a lack of protection from the national authorities of their country. At the international level and in the context of Canadian politics, a refugee: “the individual who is fleeing persecution” becomes an “asylum seeker” when engaging a process of recognition of refugee status, consistent with the Canadian immigration policy. The steps involved in this process are important because they establish continuity in the application process for asylum, but also because they influence the accounting and statistics on asylum seekers and refugees. The data from Citizenship and Immigration Canada are among the few sources available that provides indication on both asylum seekers and refugees. From a demographic point of view, a better knowledge of the number and the evolution of the immigrants of the category “asylum seeker” or “refugee”, as well as of their sociodemographic characteristics (sex, age, education, language skills, country of origin, etc.) help to identify their needs in services and to provide them with adequate policies of integration to Canada.

Les effets néfastes du changement climatique influencent de manière exponentielle les déplacements humains. Au courant des dernières années, plusieurs acteurs de la communauté internationale ont constaté l’urgence de la situation, menant à une vague de conscientisation dans les sphères politique et publique. Cependant, la nature causale complexe des déplacements crée des tensions politiques affectant le développement d’une gouvernance stable. Dans ce mémoire, nous cherchons à savoir comment la catégorie de « déplacé climatique » s’est construite dans la communauté internationale et quelles sont les implications pour sa gouvernance. Le présent travail est scindé en deux parties. La première passe en revue une partie de la littérature scientifique abordant les questions relatives aux « déplacés climatiques ». À travers ces écrits, nous sommes en mesure d’identifier plusieurs conceptualisations du « déplacé climatique » et ainsi d’établir une typologie originale qui catégorise ces personnes selon trois caractères de discours, à savoir : médiatique, juridique et humanitaire. La deuxième partie consiste en une étude de cas du Haut-Commissariat pour les Réfugiés (HCR). En appliquant notre typologie de discours, nous analysons l’évolution de ses pratiques de gouvernance et démontrons les différents niveaux d’influence que l’émergence de la catégorie de « déplacé climatique » a sur son programme d’action. Nous établissons que, par l’adoption d’approches collaboratives, le HCR s’engage à protéger les personnes concernées, à défaut d’être en mesure de le faire par l’attribution d’un statut juridique. / The adverse effects of climate change are having an exponential impact on human displacement. In recent years, stakeholders from the international community have recognized the urgency of the situation, leading to a surge of awareness in the political and public spheres. However, the complex causal nature of displacement creates political tensions which affect the development of a stable governance. In this paper, we seek to explore how the “climate-displaced persons” category is constructed within the international community and what the implications for its governance are. This study is divided into two parts. The first part reviews the body of scientific research that addresses the issues related to said “climate-displaced persons”. Through these writings, we are able to identify various conceptualizations and thus establish a typology that categorizes these persons according to three types of discourses, namely: media, legal and humanitarian. The second part consists of a case study of the United-Nations High-Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). Using our discourse categorization, we analyze the evolution of its governance practices and demonstrate the levels of influence that the emergence of the “climate-displaced persons” category has on its agenda. We establish that, through its collaborative approaches, the UNHCR engages in protecting the persons of concern, not being able to do so through the granting of a legal status.

[pt] Esse artigo argumenta que diferente do Estatuto do Estrangeiro (Lei número 6.815/80) e seu viés securitizador, que esteve em vigor até 2016, a Lei número 13.445/17, que institui a Lei de Migração, garante o direito ao acesso igualitário e livre do migrante à educação pública em território nacional, vedada qualquer discriminação em razão da nacionalidade e da condição migratória. Contudo, mediante o levantamento e o mapeamento de iniciativas e programas implementados para refugiados e solicitantes de refúgio até outubro de 2020 nas 69 universidades federais brasileiras, podemos observar que as políticas públicas educacionais de acesso e integração local nem sempre são iguais, sendo um dos maiores problemas a descoordenação e a falta de integração dessas políticas entre as universidades federais. As iniciativas e programas identificados como recorrentes foram agrupados em categorias de mesma espécie e verificou-se não só a distribuição territorial dessas categorias por regiões, como também as categorias que carecem de maior atenção por parte do poder público e da sociedade civil. Verifica-se que as iniciativas e programas são direcionados para público-alvos variados e que isso pode influenciar na distribuição ou na concentração de migrantes de diferentes status migratórios nas regiões do país. Os resultados da análise indicam também que muitas dessas informações estão esparsas, desatualizadas e majoritariamente em Língua Portuguesa em múltiplos websites institucionais o que dificulta a mensuração e o acesso de refugiados e solicitantes de refúgio a essas políticas. / [en] This paper argues that different from the Statute of the Foreigner (Law number 6.815/80) and its securitizing bias, which was in effect until 2016, the Law number 13,445/17, which institutes the Migration Law, guarantees the migrant s right to equal and free access to public education in the national territory, prohibited any discrimination on grounds of nationality and migratory status. However, by surveying and mapping initiatives and programs implemented for refugees and asylum seekers until October 2020 at the 69 Brazilian federal universities, we can see that public educational policies for local access and integration are not always the same, being one of the biggest problems the lack of coordination and the lack of integration of these policies between federal universities. The initiatives and programs identified as recurring were grouped into categories of the same kind and it was verified not only the territorial distribution of these categories by regions, but also the categories that need more attention on the part of public authorities and civil society. It seems that the initiatives and programs are aimed at different target audiences and that this can influence the distribution or concentration of migrants of different migratory status in the regions of the country. The results of the analysis also indicate that much of this information is sparse, outdated and mostly in Portuguese on multiple institutional websites, which makes it difficult the measurement and the access for refugees and asylum seekers to these policies.

國際社會目前面臨如何減少全世界難民數量的問題，同時也面臨許多難民帶來的問題。為了要使國際社會的難民問題得到緩解，越來越多的國際人道救援機構在難民問題相當嚴重的區域，進行著人道救援行動，期望能改善大多數難民的生活狀況，並在許多方面給予難民支援，最終目標希望能根本減少全世界的難民數目，或是讓難民也能正常生活。 剛果民主共和國正是目前國際人道救援行動的主要目標之一，因為剛果民主共和國的鄰國多為長期內戰衝突的國家，因此有大量的難民逃至剛果民主共和國境內。再加上剛果民主共和國內部的種族衝突也在大國因為自身國家利益考量，未能及時阻止衝突蔓延的情況下，剛果民主共和國內戰也延續了十年，造成剛果民主共和國政府自身難保，而境內的難民問題亦日趨嚴重。 為協助剛果民主共和國政府處理相關的難民問題，國際人道救援行動投入大量人力與物力安頓難民的生活，並協助逃往國外的難民回到剛果民主共和國境內。在聯合國安理會的維和部隊，以及國際人道救援機構，如聯合國難民署與人權觀察等組織的協助之下，受到剛果民主共和國內戰衝突的難民，皆逐漸在剛果民主共和國境內衝突趨緩之際，重新回到家園或原居住地生活。而藉著國際人道機構對於剛果民主共和國難民的救援行動，也發現國際人道救援救援網絡漸形完整，因而一方面讓許多原本隱而不顯的人道危機，得到更多外界的關心與幫助，使國際人道救援行動能更加順利，快速改善當地的難民處境，另外一方面則也顯現出國際人道救援機構在難民問題上的重要地位。 / International society now is facing the difficulties of how to reduce the number of refugees and also the problems that caused by refugees. To help the refugees, more and more international humanitarian aid agencies conducting the humanitarian aid operations in the conflict zones. Their operations are to ameliorate the conditions of refugee’s life and the most important thing is help them repatriated to their homeland. The bloody conflict in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) made the international humanitarian aid agencies aware that the government of DRC had no ability to manage the influx of the refugees from neighbors. So the humanitarian aid agencies spend lots of energy to help the refugees from DRC or in DRC to be repatriated or to help them integrate with locals. On the aid operations that international humanitarian aid agencies did to the refugees in DRC, we found that the network of international humanitarian aid becomes more and more complete. Those operations helped gather more attention from publics, so we can avoid the humanitarian crisis in the future or make the refugee’s situations better. And the importance of international humanitarian aid agencies is also evident in the case of refugee problem in DRC.

In this study I have studied the European Unions suggestion about disembarkation of refugees from a human rights perspective - especially the perspective of human value and human dignity. Human dignity is central. It is expressed in the preamble to the UN Human Rights, as well as in its first paragraph; “Everyone has the right to dignity, and it shall not be violated.” I have studied refugees that have previously spent time in large refugee camps outside Europe, in Jordan and in Libya. In my study I use Libya as an example on what refugees can face in camps in third-world countries. The subject caught my attention since the Norwegian ship MS Tampa picked up refugees on international water outside Australia. The Norwegian captain tried to leave them on Australian land but was refused to do so. Australia sent a military boat to pick them up and left them at an island outside Australia. Moreover European politicians have discussed the idea of off-shore, placements of refugees at disembarkation camps as a way of solving the problem of huge number of refugees that are looking for asylum in Europe as well as the many deaths at the Mediterranean Sea. There has also been a discussion on quota refugees chosen by the UNHCR. This made me wonder how the situation would be for the remaining refugees that will stay in these large camps, maybe for years, as well as how their human rights are respected in camps outside Europe where Europe have no control? How does this correspond to the principle of human value? In my qualitative study I started by making a literature study. Thereafter continued with an interview study where I interviewed refugees that have stayed at camps outside Europe. The purpose of the interview and the study was to take part of their narratives and to make their voices heard. I found that the narrative of refugees is not heard, this makes them feel less valued as human, or not even a human. Their dignity is violated, and their human rights are not respected. Their interests have been forced to give way to the interest of the state.

My thesis is based on description of asylum policy of Czech Republic after year 1989, as well as the fact about influence of entering Czech Republic in EU, according to asylum policy and the number of immigrants. There is a description of immigration after year 1989. There is also a description of the number of immigrants and the common view of these questions. This situation is compared with the situation in similar Belgium. The main purpose of my thesis is to make description in the domain of immigration in both countries and further comparation in the domain of asylum policy, the number of immigrants and their nationality origin. My thesis also includes common asylum and migration policy of EU. According to a fact that immigration to Belgium started earlier and that Belgium is called the "Land of asylum", this country was always very attractive destination with many new opportunities and better standards of life. There was also a big immigration influence to local culture. There is a big difference between Belgium and Czech Republic, because Czech Republic has not had yet open approach to other nationalities. The immigration to Czech Republic started much later and there is no important influence to czech culture. The nationalities of incoming immigrants to both countries are also different.