At the core of this study there lays a paradigm that existing explanation of regionalism and inter-regionalism process neglect the essential, and arguably the most advanced level of it – the cognitive level of regionalism. The theoretical contribution of this study is the concept of “cognitive”/ conscious regionalism”. This dissertation argues that without that element, regional and inter-regional cooperation cannot be advanced and they remain shallow processes. This study argues that the gap between Asia and Europe is a cognitive one, rather than physical. The Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM) has been facing severe criticism because of the low effectiveness of its governance. This dissertation explains the reason behind the limits of ASEM in looking into the deeper levels that determine the inter-regional cooperation: level of cognition of the actors involved. The research not only explains the limits but also identifies the contributions of the ASEM as a bridge between the regions and their peoples’. Creating the venue for interaction contributes to the realization and awakening of the perception of what is “Asia” and what is “Europe” in Asia-Europe Meeting. Incorporating cultural and intellectual agenda of cooperation and including the civil society into the process not only creates the mutual understanding and acquisition of exchanged knowledge but also to pluralization of actors involved in the inter-regional process. Both in terms of actors and of cultural factors of cooperation, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) plays the pivotal role in the ASEM process. The process of sustainable interaction shows institutional learning happening between ASEAN and ASEM that proves the idea of acquisition cognition through interaction also between institutions. This dissertation’s theoretical contribution is offering the concept of ‘cognitive regionalism’. Cognitive regionalism is explained and analyzed through ideas of awakening, acquisition and affiliation. The analysis is done on four levels of inter-regional, sub-regional, member government and civil society. The aspects included in these levels are: regional identity formation, institutional representation, member government’s commitment to ASEM process and civil society inclusiveness in “bottom-up” inter-regionalism. The empirical contribution of this research is in the richness of extensive interviews with various stakeholders including Track 1, 1½, 2 and 3 representatives from both across Asia and Europe. Methodology is a combination of interpretative, policy-tracing of official documents, official press releases and an essential participatory observation and field work. The originality of this study is twofold: (1) the comprehensive explanation of the role of culture, and norms in the inter-regional cooperation focusing on the third pillar of ASEM particularly and (2) taking the ASEAN’s perspective in analysis.

This qualitative research study aims to investigate how eight members of the Society of Friends (also known as Quakers) experience a divine presence in their Meeting for Worship. The purpose is also to find out how their identity as Quakers has been created, and to see how they look at their Meeting of Worship when it comes to ritual as a concept. The method used in this study is individual, semi-structured interviews and observations of Meeting of Worship. The results show a relatively homogeneous group of individuals from a secular upbringing who as adults sought out a community where silence is appreciated and used to achieve an experience of a divine presence. Berger and Luckmann's theories of socialization have been applied to the results and the discussion reveals how the secondary socialization has been essential in the process of forming the individual into being a Quaker. There is however one exception, in the form of one participant who grew up in the Society of Friends. Catherine Bell’s ritual theory, that no ritual can be defined without its context, can be applied to the Quaker’s view of a ritual. The view Bell has on rituals can be used to understand the views shared by the participants in the study.

Bakgrund: I denna studie defineras etnicitet som ett samlingsbegrepp för ursprung medan kultur som ett socialt inlärt beteende och är föränderlig i sitt sammanhang. I litteraturen framkommer att patienter med annan etniskt och kulturell bakgrund objektiviseras av sjukvårdpersonalen, individen betraktas som en representant för sin kultur. I Sverige finns många människor med annan etnisk och kulturell bakgrund. Människor som emigrerar drabbats av psykisk ohälsa i högre grad än genomsnittsbefolkningen de löper större risk för stress, oro och ångest. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att beskriva specialistsjuksköterskors möte med en patient som har en annan etnisk och kulturell bakgrund och vårdas för psykisk ohälsa. Metod: Datainsamlades via intervjuer av fem specialistsjuksköterskor. I denna studie används en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Två kategorier framkommer ur resultatet. Svårigheter sjuksköterskor står inför och sjuksköterskornas sätt att hantera svårigheter. I första kategorin finns en subkategori sjuksköterskornas svårigheter i mötet med patienter med annan etnisk och kulturell bakgrund. I andra kategorin sjuksköterskornas sätt att hantera svårigheter finns fyra subkategorier hjälp av tolk, anhörigas hjälp, hjälp av kollegor och andra sätt att kommunicera. Diskussion: Språkbarriären var det främsta svårigheten som beskrevs i mötet och hur sjuksköterskor hanterade svårigheten i mötet med hjälp av tolk, anhöriga, kolleger och andra sätt att kommunicera. / Background: In this study, defined ethnicity as a collective term for origin while culture is socially enrolled into the character of one’s behavior and is changeable in context. In the literature it is clear that patients with a different ethnical and cultural background are subject to objectification by healthcare professionals. The individual in many cases is seen as a representative of his or her cultural and ethnical inherence. In Sweden there are many people with different ethnic and cultural backgrounds. People who emigrate affected by mental illness to a greater degree than the average population they are at greater risk for stress, worry and anxiety. Aim: The purpose of this study is to describe the specialist nurses' encounter with patients with different ethnic and cultural backgrounds and cared for mental illness. Methods: Data was collected through interviews with five specialist nurses. This study uses qualitative content analysis. Results: Two categories emerge from the results. Difficulties nurses face and the nurses' way of handling difficulties. The first category is a sub category of nursing difficulties in meeting with patients of different ethnic and cultural backgrounds. In the second category of nursing ways to handle difficulties are four subcategories help of an interpreter, relatives help, the help of colleagues and other ways to communicate. Discussions: The language barrier was the main difficulty which was described in the meeting and how the nurses dealt with the difficulty of the encounter with the aid of an interpreter, relatives, colleagues, and other ways to communicate.

Writing a thesis is like writing a story book, this book is a story of the 17-year-old Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM). It serves as a case-study of inter-regionalism, one of the newest cooperative mechanism in today’s international arena. Among a variety of cooperative frameworks, namely, multilateral global governance, effective multilateralism, regionalism, regionalisation, inter-regionalism is much less explored. This research determines how the rise of inter-regionalism influences the actors in the international arena and vice-versa. The key actors in inter-regionalism and their interaction are explored. Existing studies in the field of inter-regionalism in general and on the ASEM process in particular have been theory-led. There is a significant deficit of empirically-driven research in the field. In order to comprehensively understand inter-regionalism and the ASEM process, this research incorporates a substantial empirical focus. An unprecedented array of primary data is used. A variety of quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis methods are employed to generate this unique and comprehensive empirical analysis of ASEM. Ultimately, this thesis demonstrates the persistent state-centrism and lack of actorness of regions and regional organisations as independent actors in the ASEM process. Nation-state remains the primary actor in inter-regionalism; yet, they turn to bilateralism when more concrete cooperation or affairs have to be handled. The proliferation of sideline meetings, although as by-product, becomes one of ASEM’s key added-value to international relations. The empirical analysis also finds that inter-regional fora like ASEM offer participants regular information and views updates and promote socialisation among government officials in the official track and among the involved individual from civil society in the unofficial track.

Bakgrund: Tidigare forskning visade på att sjuksköterskor tenderade att ha en negativ bild av missbrukare, samtidigt som de uttryckte att de ändå gav god omvårdnad. Missbrukspatienterna ansågs ha ett stort eget ansvar för sin sjukdom. De negativa attityderna sågs ofta som direkt orsakade av kunskapsbrist. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva hur några sjuksköterskor uppfattade mötet med missbrukare på en akutmottagning i en svensk storstad. Metod: Intervjustudie med kvalitativ ansats, där det manifesta innehållet analyserades. Resultat: Kunskapsbrist inom området beroendelära ansågs vara en faktor som påverkade mötet negativt. Sjuksköterskorna visade respekt för patienten och poängterade vikten av att ha empatisk förmåga. Patientgruppen ansågs generellt som svårhanterlig på grund av ovilja att samarbeta och de hotfulla situationer som ibland uppkom i samband med alkohol och narkotikapåverkan. Hopplöshet infann sig inför det faktum att sjuksköterskan försökte göra allt för denna patientgrupp, men inte såg några framsteg. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskorna hade en generellt sett positiv uppfattning av mötet och de viktigaste delarna för att skapa ett gott möte var kunskap, empati och respekt. Utbredd kunskapsbrist inom beroendelära var ett hinder för att skapa ett bra möte. / Background: Previous research showed that nurses tended to hold a negative image of substance abusers, but they still provided good care for the group. Substance abusers held a great responsibility for their own illness. The negative attitudes were often seen as directly caused by lack of knowledge. Aim: To describe how some nurses perceived the meeting with substance abusers at an emergency room in a Swedish city. Method: Interview-study with a qualitative approach, where the analysis was conducted with content analysis on the manifest contents. Result: Lack of knowledge about addiction affected the meeting in a negative way. The nurse showed respect for the patient and empathized the need for empathetic ability in nursing. Overall substance abusers were seen as an unwieldy group due to their inability to cooperate and the threatening situations which sometimes occurred. The fact that the nurse tried to do everything in her power to help the patient, but didn't see any progress generated feelings of hopelessness. Conclusion: The nurses had an overall positive perception of the meeting and the most important components to create a good meeting were knowledge, empathy and respect. Lack of knowledge about addiction was a hindrance for creating a good meeting.

No description available.

The purpose of this study was to find an explanation for why Amnesty International in Sweden has seen an increasing number of members, while the number of participants at the national annual meeting has decreased. The method of the study was done with an inductive approach in which the problem has affected the choice of theory and empirical data. The empirical data has been collected through both qualitative and quantitative method in which the analysis was implemented with support by statistics and interviews. To strengthen the arguments in the paper, sociological theories on organizations are used and also theories about social movements. The conclusion of the study is that Amnesty International Sweden has undergone a transformation towards a decentralized organization because it is not longer relevant for people who are members to achieve the purpose of the organization to participate at the annual meeting. This because that these members accesses the recourses they want to achieve by working on a local level. The main conclusion of this study is that Amnesty has moved towards being an organization that to some extent are working as a social movement, where there is no longer any clear link between local work and the central board of Directors.

Bakgrund:Sverige förändras och blir ett mer mångkulturelltsamhälle. Sjuksköterskan behöver arbeta utifrån ett helhetsperspektiv för attkunna ge en patientcentrerad vård. Utmaningar kan uppstå när det finnskommunikationssvårigheter på grund av språkbarriären och olika kulturellatraditioner, vilket kan medföra olika värderingar om vad hälsa -och sjukvårdinnebär. Syfte: Att belysa sjuksköterskors upplevelser av kulturmötenmed patienter. Metod: En litteraturstudie med grund i kvalitativ ansats.Resultat: Kulturskillnader var något som väckte en reaktion hossjuksköterskorna i mötet med patienten. Det berodde bland annat på annorlundavärderingar, traditioner och attityder. Det mest framträdande varspråkbarriären och även anhörigas deltagande i omvårdnaden, en aspekt som mångasjuksköterskor upplevde att det försvårade möjligheten till en individanpassadomvårdnad. Andra skillnader var matkulturen, religion samt känslomässigauttryck och beteenden. Slutsats: Resultatet överensstämde med tidigareforskning som gjorts inom valt fenomen. De sjuksköterskor som sällan mötte patienterfrån andra kulturer upplevde oftast större utmaningar inom omvårdnaden medan desjuksköterskor som hade mer frekventa kulturmöten samt mer erfarenhet av attvårdat patienter med en annan kulturellbakgrund uppvisade en högre grad avkulturkompetens Det behövs ytterligare kunskap och utbildning om andrakulturer, något som skulle kunna implementeras under sjuksköterskeutbildningen föratt på så sätt förbereda sjuksköterskorna inför kulturella vårdmöten. En mervarierad personaluppsättning med olika kulturella bakgrunder skulle kunnaberika och underlättar omvårdnaden. Kliniskbetydelse: Det finns bådekunskapsbrist och kommunikationssvårigheter vid kulturmöten inom vården.Professionell tolk bör inkallasvid behov och utveckla kulturmedvetenheten genomklinisk utbildning hos sjuksköterskor och övriga vårdpersonal. / Background: Sweden is changing and becoming a more diverse society. Nurses need to work holistically in order to provide a patient-centered care. Challenges may arise when there are communication difficulties due to language barriers and different cultural traditions, which may cause different values about what health-care involves. Aim: To illuminate nurses' experiences of cultural encounters with patients Method: A literature review with grounding in qualitative approach. Results: A cultural difference was something that brought a reaction of the nurses in the encounter with the patient. Something that was partly due to different values, traditions and attitudes. The most prominent was the language barrier and also relatives' participation in their care; one aspect that many nurses felt that it hindered the possibility of an individualized care. Other differences were food culture, religion, and emotional expression and behavior. Conclusion: These results were consistent with previous research undertaken in the chosen phenomenon. The nurses who rarely met patients from other cultures usually experienced major challenges in nursing, while those nurses who had more frequent cultural encounters and more experience tended patients with a different cultural background showed a higher level of cultural competence. The need for further knowledge and education about other cultures is something that could be implemented during nursing education in order to prepare nurses to cultural care encounters. A more diverse set of staff with different cultural backgrounds could enrich and facilitate nursing care. Clinical significance: There is both a lack of knowledge and communication difficulties in cultural encounters in health care. Professional interpreter should convene when necessary and develop cultural awareness through clinical training of nurses and other healthcare professionals.

De senaste årtiondena har flyktingströmmar från länder som praktiserar kvinnlig könsstympning (FGM) kommit till länder i västvärlden. I mötet med den nya vården riskerar kvinnorna att få fel diagnos, omvårdnad och bemötande. Syftet var att belysa könsstympade kvinnors möte med vården i västvärlden, utifrån följande frågeställningar: hur erfar kvinnorna mötet med vårdpersonalen? Hur erfar vårdpersonalen mötet med kvinnor som genomgått FGM? Studien genomfördes som en litteraturstudie, baserad på 15 artiklar av kvalitativ design. Analysen resulterade i sju teman utifrån de två frågeställningarna. Resultatet visade att kvinnorna upplevde mötet med vårdpersonalen som diskriminerande, ångestfullt och oroande. Brist på stöd ledde till känslor av ensamhet och kvinnorna kände sig annorlunda i den nya kulturen. Vårdpersonalen upplevde mötet med kvinnor som genomgått FGM som stressande och såg kvinnorna som okunniga och outbildade. Språkbarriärer var en försvårande faktor i kommunikationen. En god kommunikation och förståelse är viktigt för att skapa ett tryggt vårdmöte. Sjuksköterskan bör ta hänsyn till såväl kroppsliga som kulturella faktorer. Undervisning om FGM bör inkluderas i samtliga grundutbildningar för sjuksköterskor och övrig vårdpersonal. Vidare forskning bör belysa interventioner om ökad kunskap om FGM, fokusera på de könsstympade kvinnornas möte med olika vårdprofessioner, samt den åldrande gruppen som genomgått FGM och är i behov av vård. / The last decades a large number of refugees from countries where female genital mutilation (FGM) is practiced have come to countries in the West. The risk in the health care meeting is that the woman gets the wrong diagnosis, therapy and treatment. The aim was to highlight genitally mutilated women's encounters with the health care in the Western world, based on the following questions: how do the women experience the meeting with the caregivers? How do the caregivers experience the meeting with women who have undergone FGM? The study was conducted as a literature study, based on 15 articles with qualitative design. The analysis resulted in seven themes based on the two questions. The results showed that women felt the meeting with caregivers as being discriminatory, anguished and upsetting. Lack of support led to feelings of loneliness and the women felt different in the new culture. The nursing staff felt that meetings with the women were stressful and saw the women as unexperienced and uneducated. Language barriers were an aggravating factor in communication. Good communication and understanding is important in order to create a safe care meeting. The nurse should take into account both physical and cultural factors in order to build a good relationship. Education about FGM should be a part of the basic education of nurses and other health care professionals. Further research should shed light on interventions of increased knowledge about FGM, focus on the mutilated woman's encounter with various health care professions, as well as the aging group who have undergone FGM and is in need of care.

Bakgrund: Av befolkningen i Sverige 9,7 miljoner är fyra till sex procent drabbade av diabetes. Nästan nittio procent av dessa personer har diabetes typ två. I omvårdnadsprocessen ingår undervisning och att förmedla information som en del av sjuksköterskans arbete. För att omvårdnaden av diabetes som syftar till att stabilisera HbA1c skall uppnå goda resultat, krävs en förändrad livsstil. Forskning har visat att mötet med sjuksköterskan har betydelse för att personen skall kunna förändra sin livsstil. Syfte: var att beskriva personer med diabetes typ två upplevelse av mötet med sjuksköterskan. Metod: Studien genomfördes som en allmän litteraturstudie som baserades på femton kvalitativa artiklar. Analysen genomfördes med inspiration av Friberg (2012). Resultat: presenteras i tre kategorier med subkategorier: upplevelsen av det första mötet, upplevelsen av information i mötet, upplevelsen av sjuksköterskans undervisning i mötet. De viktiga faktorerna i mötet som framkom var; samarbete, kontinuitet, delaktighet, undervisning och individuell information. Diskussion: Tre delar som diskuterades var; faktorer i det första mötet som främjade att en relation utvecklades, betydelsen av att få individuell information och betydelsen av sjuksköterskans undervisning. Slutsats: Det finns ett behov av att belysa hur personer upplever mötet med sjuksköterskan. Genom att sjuksköterskan utbildas att ge personer stöd och individuellt anpassad information och undervisning kan det leda till en förbättrad egenvård. / Background: Of the population in Sweden 9.7 million are four to six percent injured by diabetes. Almost ninety percent of these persons have diabetes type two. In the nursing process includes support as a part of the nurse's work. In the nursing process includes education and to convey information as a part of the nurse's work. The goal with the care of diabetes is to stabilize HbA1c and to achieve good results is it necessary to change lifestyle. Research has shown that the meeting with the nurse is important for the person to be able to change their lifestyle. Aim: The aim was to describe people with diabetes type two experience of meeting with the nurse. Methods: The study was conducted as a literature study based on fifteen qualitative articles. The analysis was performed with the inspiration of Friberg (2012). Results: Presented in three categories with subcategories: the experience of the first meeting, the experience of information in the meeting, the experience of the nurse's teaching in the meeting. The important factors in the meeting that emerged were: cooperation, continuity, participation, education and individual information. Discussion: Three sections that were discussed; factors in the first meeting that promoted a relationship developed, the importance of getting individual information and the role of the nurse's teaching. Conclusion: There is a need to describe how people experience the meeting with the nurse. If the nurse are trained to give persons support and individual information and education can it lead to a better self-care.