Après les secteurs de la musique et de l’audiovisuel, c’est au tour du monde de l’édition de connaître sa révolution numérique. Le bon fonctionnement des industries culturelles repose notamment sur une législation ancienne en matière de propriété intellectuelle : le droit d’auteur. Celui-ci est appréhendé en économie comme le garant d’un équilibre subtil entre le maintien de l’incitation à la création des auteurs et la bonne diffusion de leurs œuvres. L’irruption du numérique bouleverse l’environnement économique dans lequel s’applique le droit d’auteur et en modifie donc les effets traditionnels. Cette thèse de doctorat en économie vise ainsi à saisir ces nouvelles conséquences sur le marché du livre afin d’évaluer la pertinence du droit d’auteur dans sa forme actuelle ainsi que celle de son éventuelle réforme. L’analyse des deux versants du droit d’auteur montre qu’il ne génère pas les mêmes effets dans l’univers du livre numérique que dans celui du papier : malgré l’abaissement des contraintes économiques, subsiste la rigidité du cadre juridique qui ne permet ni l’assurance du maintien de la rémunération des auteurs ni le saisissement des opportunités de diffusion du numérique. C’est pourquoi nous nous interrogeons sur l’avenir du droit d’auteur en proposant à la fois quelques principes généraux pour la forme future d’un droit d’auteur efficace et un exemple de disposition de droit d’auteur renouvelé qui permettrait de se saisir des opportunités ouvertes. / After the music and the audiovisual industries, it is the turn of the publishing world to start its digital revolution. The proper functioning of the cultural industries is based on a specific and old intellectual property law: the copyright. Economics usually identifies it as the guarantor of a subtle balance between the incentive for the creation of authors and good dissemination of their works. The emergence of digital technology modifies the economic environment in which copyright applies and therefore alters its traditional effects. This doctoral thesis in economics aims at seizing such new consequences on the book market in order to assess the relevance of copyright in its current form and its possible revision. The analysis of the two aspects of copyright shows that it does not produce the same effects in the market of digital books than in the traditional one: despite the decrease of economic constraints, the current legal framework remains rigid and challenges both the stability of author’s remuneration and the sound management of the dissemination opportunities on the digital book market. That is why we discuss some general principles applicable to an effective copyright and suggest some guidelines for the renewal of the copyright regulation allowing to seize opportunities offered by the digital technology both in terms of encouraging the creation and distribution of books.

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L’hypothèque légale de la construction est le principal mécanisme de protection des créances des intervenants de l’industrie de la construction. Par l’adoption de ce régime, le législateur a voulu protéger l’intégrité économique de cette industrie. Par contre, l’utilisation de notions mécaniques plus ou moins efficaces dans la mise en œuvre de l’hypothèque légale, la prolifération d’outils de contournement contractuels et les mécanismes de protection des propriétaires nuisent à l’efficacité du régime légal à protéger les créances des sous-traitants. Des correctifs pourraient néanmoins être apportés pour restaurer l’équité du régime légal. Par ailleurs, lorsqu’un immeuble appartient à l’État ou l’un de ses mandataires, il devient pratiquement impossible pour un sous-traitant d’exercer ses recours hypothécaires compte tenu des privilèges et immunités dont jouissent l’État et de ses mandataires. Les biens affectés à l’utilité publique des personnes morales de droit public non-mandataires de l’État jouissent également d’une grande protection, surtout dans le domaine municipal. Ceci rend bien illusoire tout recours hypothécaire intenté par un sous-traitant malgré le fait le législateur cherchait justement, par le maintien d’un régime légal, à protéger leurs créances. / The construction hypothec is the main mechanism for the protection of the claims of every participant in the construction industry. With the adoption of this legal regime, the Quebec legislator tried to protect the economic integrity of this industry. However, the use of notions more or less efficient for the execution of this legal regime, the increase of contractual mechanisms which avoid the application of the legal regime and legal dispositions which protect the owners harm the efficiency of the legal regime to correctly protect subcontractor's claims. Nevertheless, some correctives can be found to restore the legal regime's equity. Moreover, when a immoveable is owned by the State or any of its agents, it is practically impossible for a subcontractor to exercise his hypothecary rights because of the State's privileges and immunities. The property appropriated to public utility of the legal persons established in the public interest which are not agents of the State enjoy also a strong protection, particularly in the municipal sector. In any case, it is rendering illusory the exercise by a subcontractors of any of his hypothecary rights despite the fact that the legislator's goal, by maintaining this legal regime, was precisely to protect their claims.

Após 15 anos de sua adoção pelos Membros da Organização Mundial do Comércio, o Acordo sobre os Aspectos da Propriedade Intelectual Relacionados ao Comércio (TRIPS) ainda permanece como um dos pilares das modernas instituições do sistema internacional da propriedade intelectual e merece contínua análise de seus efeitos sobre países em desenvolvimento. Nesse sentido, tendências expansionistas e níveis mais elevados de proteção dos direitos de propriedade intelectual, nas distintas esferas do multilareralismo, bilateralismo e regionalismo, são, no entanto, confrontadas com as necessidades reais dos países em desenvolvimento, que ainda devem explorar as flexibilidades existentes no Direito Internacional da Propriedade Intelectual. Isso parece ser evidente após a fase de transição do Acordo TRIPS. A implementação de obrigações relacionadas à proteção substantiva e procedimentos de aplicação efetiva da proteção (observância) dá lugar para controvérsias resultantes das demandas pelo acesso aos bens do conhecimento - bens da tecnologia e informação na ordem internacional. O presente trabalho oferece contribuição para o estudo do Direito Internacional da Propriedade Intelectual na Era Pós-OMC e propõe uma análise e reavaliação de seus elementos, princípios e objetivos. Enfatiza a tarefa imperativa de redefinição do equilíbrio intrínseco da propriedade intelectual e a manutenção e expansão do domínio público, concebidos como valores de ordem pública internacional. Nesse contexto, o trabalho propõe analisar os objetivos futuros de um regime internacional da propriedade intelectual, em parte consolidados pelos proponentes da Declaração de Doha sobre TRIPS e Saúde Pública e a Agenda da OMPI para o Desenvolvimento. Em sua estrutura, o trabalho divide-se em três partes. A primeira parte (Status Quo: O Presente e o Passado dos Direitos de Propriedade Intelectual na Ordem Internacional) analisa as políticas e objetivos justificam o regime internacional da propriedade intelectual, seus fundamentos no Pós-OMC/TRIPS e convergência das competências relacionadas à propriedade intelectual na ordem internacional. A segunda parte (O Passado Revisitado rumo ao Futuro dos Direitos de Propriedade Intelectual) aborda as implicações das tendências expansionistas e fortalecimento dos padrões de proteção da propriedade intelectual, concentrando-se em dois casos principais: a harmonização substantiva e os sistemas globais de proteção e observância dos direitos de propriedade intelectual. A terceira parte (Futuro dos Direitos de Propriedade Intelectual na Ordem Internacional) propõe a redefinição dos princípios e objetivos centrais do Direito Internacional da Propriedade Intelectual no Pós-OMC (equilíbrio, transparência, cooperação internacional e transferência de tecnologia) e a manutenção e expansão do domínio público, flexibilidades e opções para acesso aos bens da tecnologia e informação. / After 15 years from its adoption by the Member States of World Trade Organization, the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) still remains as one of the main pillars of the modern institutions of international intellectual property system and deserves a continuous assessment analysis of its overall impacts on developing countries, their innovation systems and developmental concerns. In this sense, expansionist trends and higher levels of protection of intellectual property rights (IPRs) in multilateral, regional and bilateral levels - are nevertheless confronted with the actual needs of developing countries in exploring existing and pending flexibilities within the international intellectual property legal regime. This appears to be true particularly after the post-transitional phase of TRIPS Agreement, where implementation of the multilateral obligations related to substantive protection and enforcement procedures gave rise to considerable contentious issues emerging from demands for access to global public goods, knowledge goods. This Doctoral Thesis offers a contribution to the current debate on International Intellectual Property Law in Post-WTO Era and proposes an analysis and reappraisal of its elements, principles and objectives. The work aims at focusing the imperative task of redefining the intrinsic balance of intellectual property and maintenance and expansion of the public domain as values of an international ordre public. In this context, we analyze the systemic objectives of a prospective international intellectual property regime, which were in part consolidated by the proponents of Doha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health of 2001 and WIPO Development Agenda. In the first part (Status Quo: Past and Present of Intellectual Property in International Order) we analyze the main development of the current international intellectual property regime, its foundations in Post WTO/TRIPS, and convergent intellectual property related competences in international legal order. The second part (Present revisited towards the future of intellectual property rights) approaches the implications of expansionist trends and strengthening of standards of IP protection. In this case, our work focuses on two particular cases: the substantive harmonization and global protection systems and enforcement of intellectual property rights. The third part (Future of Intellectual Property Rights in International Legal System) further analyses core objectives and principles of International Intellectual Property Law in Post-WTO (balance, transparency, international cooperation and transfer of technology) and proposals for the maintenance and expansion of public domain, flexibilities and options for the access to the knowledge goods.

Após 15 anos de sua adoção pelos Membros da Organização Mundial do Comércio, o Acordo sobre os Aspectos da Propriedade Intelectual Relacionados ao Comércio (TRIPS) ainda permanece como um dos pilares das modernas instituições do sistema internacional da propriedade intelectual e merece contínua análise de seus efeitos sobre países em desenvolvimento. Nesse sentido, tendências expansionistas e níveis mais elevados de proteção dos direitos de propriedade intelectual, nas distintas esferas do multilareralismo, bilateralismo e regionalismo, são, no entanto, confrontadas com as necessidades reais dos países em desenvolvimento, que ainda devem explorar as flexibilidades existentes no Direito Internacional da Propriedade Intelectual. Isso parece ser evidente após a fase de transição do Acordo TRIPS. A implementação de obrigações relacionadas à proteção substantiva e procedimentos de aplicação efetiva da proteção (observância) dá lugar para controvérsias resultantes das demandas pelo acesso aos bens do conhecimento - bens da tecnologia e informação na ordem internacional. O presente trabalho oferece contribuição para o estudo do Direito Internacional da Propriedade Intelectual na Era Pós-OMC e propõe uma análise e reavaliação de seus elementos, princípios e objetivos. Enfatiza a tarefa imperativa de redefinição do equilíbrio intrínseco da propriedade intelectual e a manutenção e expansão do domínio público, concebidos como valores de ordem pública internacional. Nesse contexto, o trabalho propõe analisar os objetivos futuros de um regime internacional da propriedade intelectual, em parte consolidados pelos proponentes da Declaração de Doha sobre TRIPS e Saúde Pública e a Agenda da OMPI para o Desenvolvimento. Em sua estrutura, o trabalho divide-se em três partes. A primeira parte (Status Quo: O Presente e o Passado dos Direitos de Propriedade Intelectual na Ordem Internacional) analisa as políticas e objetivos justificam o regime internacional da propriedade intelectual, seus fundamentos no Pós-OMC/TRIPS e convergência das competências relacionadas à propriedade intelectual na ordem internacional. A segunda parte (O Passado Revisitado rumo ao Futuro dos Direitos de Propriedade Intelectual) aborda as implicações das tendências expansionistas e fortalecimento dos padrões de proteção da propriedade intelectual, concentrando-se em dois casos principais: a harmonização substantiva e os sistemas globais de proteção e observância dos direitos de propriedade intelectual. A terceira parte (Futuro dos Direitos de Propriedade Intelectual na Ordem Internacional) propõe a redefinição dos princípios e objetivos centrais do Direito Internacional da Propriedade Intelectual no Pós-OMC (equilíbrio, transparência, cooperação internacional e transferência de tecnologia) e a manutenção e expansão do domínio público, flexibilidades e opções para acesso aos bens da tecnologia e informação. / After 15 years from its adoption by the Member States of World Trade Organization, the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) still remains as one of the main pillars of the modern institutions of international intellectual property system and deserves a continuous assessment analysis of its overall impacts on developing countries, their innovation systems and developmental concerns. In this sense, expansionist trends and higher levels of protection of intellectual property rights (IPRs) in multilateral, regional and bilateral levels - are nevertheless confronted with the actual needs of developing countries in exploring existing and pending flexibilities within the international intellectual property legal regime. This appears to be true particularly after the post-transitional phase of TRIPS Agreement, where implementation of the multilateral obligations related to substantive protection and enforcement procedures gave rise to considerable contentious issues emerging from demands for access to global public goods, knowledge goods. This Doctoral Thesis offers a contribution to the current debate on International Intellectual Property Law in Post-WTO Era and proposes an analysis and reappraisal of its elements, principles and objectives. The work aims at focusing the imperative task of redefining the intrinsic balance of intellectual property and maintenance and expansion of the public domain as values of an international ordre public. In this context, we analyze the systemic objectives of a prospective international intellectual property regime, which were in part consolidated by the proponents of Doha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health of 2001 and WIPO Development Agenda. In the first part (Status Quo: Past and Present of Intellectual Property in International Order) we analyze the main development of the current international intellectual property regime, its foundations in Post WTO/TRIPS, and convergent intellectual property related competences in international legal order. The second part (Present revisited towards the future of intellectual property rights) approaches the implications of expansionist trends and strengthening of standards of IP protection. In this case, our work focuses on two particular cases: the substantive harmonization and global protection systems and enforcement of intellectual property rights. The third part (Future of Intellectual Property Rights in International Legal System) further analyses core objectives and principles of International Intellectual Property Law in Post-WTO (balance, transparency, international cooperation and transfer of technology) and proposals for the maintenance and expansion of public domain, flexibilities and options for the access to the knowledge goods.

L’emploi largement répandu des licences Creative Commons, en vue de partager des oeuvres non logicielles, justifie le choix de leur consacrer une étude, afin d’apprécier leur rapprochement actuel au régime légale de la propriété littéraire et artistique et afin d’envisager de conciliations prospectives. L’étude relève la singularité de Creative Commons en tant que système de gestion des droits d’auteur ; ce dernier, composé d’une série de licences, est guidé par une association de promotion du partage d’oeuvres et mu par une idéologie fondée sur l’autonomie de la volonté des auteurs. L’hypothèse de notre étude repose sur la variété constatée des libertés accordées par les licences. Ces dernières se transforment en une série d’outils standardisés qui s’imposent progressivement comme une norme pour la jouissance partagée d’oeuvres – tout en se fondant sur les règles du droit d’auteur. En même temps, l’étude des conséquences de la mise en oeuvre de chaque licence illustre la création d’asymétries entre les acteurs du partage. Notamment, si la distinction entre utilisation commerciale et non commerciale – introduite par les licences – constitue un outil deconciliation du régime propriétaire avec celui du partage créatif, l’utilisation de la notion ambiguë d'utilisation non commerciale influence le sort des licences et complique le processus évolutif des oeuvres partagées. L’affinement de la variété des licences conduit l’étude à s’atteler à l’examen des mécanismes prospectifs afin d’aboutir à une coordination des licences avec le droit d’auteur qui serait fondée sur le principe fondateur de Creative Commons, à savoir l’essai de rééquilibrage des intérêts impliqués au droit d’auteur. / The widespread use of the Creative Commons licenses for the sharing of non-software works demonstrates the imperative to devote a study to the licenses in question. The goal of the study is to assess the current links of the licenses to the legal regime of intellectual property in order to suggest prospective ones. The study underlines the singularity of Creative Commons as a copyright management system, which consists of a series of licenses and is guided by an association promoting the sharing of works and by an ideology based on the autonomy of the authors. The premise of the thesis is founded on the variety of freedoms granted by the licenses. The licenses transform into a series of standardized tools that are gradually imposed as a standard for the sharing of works while relying on the rules of copyright. At the same time, the analysis of the consequences of the implementation of each license demonstrates the asymmetries created between the agents involved in the sharing process. In particular, our study shows that although the distinction between commercial and non commercial introduced by the licenses acts as a conciliation tool between the proprietary regime and that of the creative sharing, the introduction of an ambiguous concept - that of non-commercial use - influences the fate of licenses and complicates the evolutionary process of shared works. One way to resolve this tension proposed by our thesis is to review prospective mechanisms that would achieve a level of coordination between the licenses and copyright based on the founding principle of Creative Commons, which is the rebalancing of the interests involved in copyright.

Tant pour la jurisprudence (constitutionnelle et administrative) que pour une partie de la doctrine, l’encadrement de la passation et de l’exécution des contrats administratifs de l’État et de ses établissements publics ainsi que des marchés des collectivités territoriales et de leurs établissements relève du domaine du règlement. Et ce, car à l’origine, l’association du droit de la commande publique aux matières relevant traditionnellement du pouvoir réglementaire autonome, telles que la procédure administrative non contentieuse et l’organisation des services publics est un fait établi. Pourtant, le désordre normatif dans les sources législatives et réglementaires du droit des contrats de la commande publique est largement dû à la place marquée du pouvoir réglementaire. Malgré la consolidation jurisprudentielle de cette dernière, des textes législatifs destinés à s’articuler avec les textes réglementaires se sont multipliés, accentuant la complexité de la matière. En général, le mouvement ascendant des sources du droit des contrats administratifs de la commande publique dans la hiérarchie des normes ces dernières années, y compris sa dimension communautaire, exige l’intervention préalable du législateur. De la sorte, la réorganisation des sources textuelles du droit des contrats de la commande publique s’impose avec la plus grande acuité par la ré-détermination des fondements constitutionnels des compétences normatives en la matière et, consécutivement, des rapports entre la loi et le règlement en faveur de la première dans l’encadrement du régime de la passation et d’exécution des contrats respectifs. L’unification du fondement constitutionnel de la compétence de la loi en matière contractuelle sur le fondement de l’article 34 qui attribue au législateur le soin de déterminer les principes fondamentaux des obligations civiles contribuera décisivement à la cohérence et à la systématisation des sources du droit de la commande publique. Une fois la compétence de la loi sauvegardée, le règlement se limitera à son rôle habituel, à savoir, un rôle secondaire et subordonné à l’égard de celle-ci. / According to the case law of the Constitutional Council and the administrative courts as well as to some public law theorists, the definition of the rules governing the award and the performance of Government administrative contracts, administrative contracts of State-depended public bodies and public contracts of local authorities falls within the scope of the regulatory powers of Government. More specifically it is argued that public procurement law is part of the rules governing the procedure of administrative decision making and the organisation of public services which are matters traditionally reserved to the autonomous regulatory power. The lack of coherence within the legislative and regulatory sources of public procurement law is mainly due to the predominant role of regulations. Despite the latter’s consolidation by the French courts, the growing number of legislative texts intended to build a coherent set of rules in this field has become a source of complexity. The transformation of the sources of the law of administrative contracts in the last few years – including the Community law dimension – requires the prior intervention of the Legislature. Therefore, the provisions governing the law of public procurement contracts should necessarily be restructured. This could be achieved through the redefinition of the constitutional basis of legislative and regulatory powers in the field of public contract law and consequently through a new balance between law and regulation with the intention of safeguarding the predominance of the former. Drafting the rules on the basis of Article 34 of the French Constitution which enables the Legislature to define the fundamental principles of civil obligations will clearly contribute to a more coherent and systematic approach regarding the sources of public procurement law.. Should the powers of the Legislature be safeguarded, the regulations will then be confined to their usual role, which is secondary and subordinate to Parliamentary Acts.

Les rapports entretenus par le droit de l’Union européenne et le droit français de la propriété publique sont équivoques. Alors que l’article 345 TFUE témoigne, a priori, de la neutralité du droit de l’Union européenne quant aux régimes de propriété nationaux, le premier possède des incidences tangibles sur le second. La présente thèse s’applique d’abord à en démontrer les ressorts théoriques : compte tenu de l’emprise systémique et de la prééminence des règles concurrentielles, la portée de l’article 345 TFUE se révèle presque nulle. À cela s’ajoute une mutation conceptuelle des notions de propriété et de biens publics : redéfinissant et rompant le lien entre appropriation publique, intérêt général et satisfaction de l’utilité publique, le droit de l’Union européenne substitue une vision renouvelée de la propriété publique, englobant l’ensemble des biens contrôlés par les personnes publiques et ayant une valeur patrimoniale. À la neutralisation conceptuelle succède un infléchissement matériel de la propriété publique. Même si la réception en droit français est parfois incertaine ou insuffisante, l’application des règles de concurrence ou du droit des aides d’État altére les régimes d’acquistion, de gestion ou de cession des biens publics. Favorisant la fragmentation et la privatisation du droit de la propriété publique, le droit de l’Union européenne semble aussi en mesure de remettre en cause les privilèges d’insaisissabilité et d’incessibilité à vil prix. Accélérant la décomposition de la propriété publique, son influence n’en constitue pas moins une opportunité, celle-ci étant susceptible de permettre une refondation cohérente de l’édifice français. / Interactions between European Union law and French law can be confusing when it comes to public property. Although it a priori testifies of the neutrality with which the European Union law deals with public property regulations at national scale, article 345 TFUE actually has tangible impacts on them. This thesis first looks to demonstrate the theoretical aspects behind it: given the pre-eminence and systemic influence of competition rules, the reach of article 345 TFUE turns to be almost void. In addition to this arises a conceptual mutation in the notions of property right and public ownership: as it redefines and breaks the link between public appropriation, general interest and the satisfaction of public affectation, the European Union law brings a renewed vision of public property which encompasses all the assets controlled by a public-law person and having a heritage value. To the conceptual neutralization succeeds a substantive inflection of public property. Although its reception under French law is sometimes uncertain or insufficient, the application of competition or State aid rules alters the acquisition, operation and disposal schemes for publicly-owned assets. Since it fosters the fragmentation and privatization of the public property law, it appears that the European Union law is also able to question the privileges of unseizability and the principle according to which a publicly-owned asset cannot be sold at a price lower than its market value. Accelerating the decomposition of public property, its influence remains nonetheless an opportunity as it could lead to a comprehensive re-founding of the French edifice.

La présente thèse fait l’hypothèse que l’analyse juridique doit permettre de dégager le sens des interventions culturelles de l’État. Par-delà l’extrême diversité des objets dont elles se saisissent, les règles qui composent le droit de l’action culturelle des pouvoirs publics présentent en effet des caractéristiques communes. Leur examen montre que les principes auxquels elles obéissent dessinent les contours d’une figure:celle de l’État culturel. La démonstration s’articule en deux temps. Il est d’abord montré par quels moyens juridiques les dispositifs classiques des interventions culturelles de l’État sont orientés pour renforcer la cohésion nationale : l’État produit des institutions dans le but de mettre les individus en contact avec la culture et de fédérer autour de celle-ci ; il protège dans le même temps les biens et agents indispensables à l’inscription de ces institutions dans la durée. Il est ensuite montré que les réformes de l’État et les modifications du droit applicable dans le secteur culturel n’ont pas vraiment fait plier la logique initiale : les formes juridiques de l’action sont certes plus nuancées, mais elles transforment l’État culturel plus qu’elles ne le remettent en cause. / This thesis assumes that legal analysis should enlighten the global meaning of cultural actions of the State. Beyond the wide variety of objects concerned, rules composing law oncultural activities of public authorities show common features. Their review shows that principles they follow draw the outlines of a figure: the one of the cultural State. The demonstration is organized in two phases. It is first shown what legal mechanisms are concerned when conventional means of cultural interventions of the State are focused tostrengthen national cohesion: the State produces institutions in order to link people withculture and unite around it. In the same time, it protects the property and agents necessaryto assure these institutions in the long term. It is then shown that the State reforms and cultural law changes did not really bend the initial logic: the legal forms of action are certainly more nuanced, but they change the State culture more than they challenge it.