Nosso objetivo principal, nesta tese, é fornecer um esboço de reconstrução programática do livro Os Limites da Liberdade, escrito por James Buchanan, aplicando os recursos da Metodologia da Teoria da Ciência e do Programa de Pesquisa, visando, especificamente, definir a nossa estrutura conceitual, que pretende reconstruir o problema e o modo de organizar a concepção de Estado ou da ordem constitucional, na perspectiva do autor James Buchanan. O núcleo da concepção deste autor é baseada na tese ontológica que considera o indivíduo uma entidade livre, auto-interessada e racional, dentro de uma perspectiva analógica, ligada com a noção econômica do mercado. O processo de reconstrução, deste trabalho, acompanha a idéia de emergência da cooperação, traduzida na ordem política pela noção do meio-termo entre a Anarquia e o Leviatã. Isto é feito buscando-se as regras metodológicas e as teses programáticas que controlam o equilíbrio ou balanço democrático da ordem política, em relação a esses dois extremos ou limites institucionais. A imagem deste equilíbrio, que é modelada pela analogia com a idéia econômica de mercado, está definida, apropriadamente, na expressão anarquia ordenada. A regra fundamental deste sistema institucional propõe otimizar a delegação de autoridade para o cidadão controlar poderes políticos, resgatando as premissas fundamentais da democracia, no sentido de evitar qualquer possibilidade da anarquia e do controle excessivo do Leviatã. A idéia básica da anarquia ordenada consiste em valorizar a racionalidade e a capacidade de negociação dos indivíduos, que são conhecedores de seus próprios interesses e limitados pelo interesse dos outros participantes. A operacionalização da anarquia ordenada é fundamentada no desenvolvimento de um projeto institucional que disponibiliza tecnologias, regras, sistemas e critérios de decisão que, supostamente, podem resolver problemas relacionados ao conflito dos interesses públicos e privados, através da interação democrática dos indivíduos. Nesta perspectiva, são elementos relevantes no contexto público do desenho institucional da anarquia ordenada, os sistemas político e judiciário, onde as tecnologias legais e as inovações legislativas podem desempenhar significativo papel na implementação da visão democrática da anarquia ordenada. / Our first aim at this thesis is to provide an outline of a rational reconstruction of the book The Limits of Liberty by James Buchanan with the methodological resources of the Methodology of Theory of Science and the Research Program with the purpose of defining our conceptual framework out of which we pretend to build up the problem and the specific way of organizing the conception of state or institutional order in Buchanan\'s view. The core of this conception is based upon the ontological thesis according to which the only entity existing is the individual, free, self interested and rational and also the guideline of pursuing the analogy with the notion of market in economics.This process of reconstruction follows, therefore, the idea of a emergency of cooperation that it is translated into the notion of political order as a middle way between anarchy and Leviathan. This is done pursuing the methodological rules and theses that controls its balance or skewness at the political order towards one of the boundaries.The image of this balance, that is moulded by this analogy with the idea of market, is properly defined as ordered anarchy. The main rule coordinating the other rules, a radical one, is that one should optimize the delegation of authority for citizen to control the political powers in order to work out the basic postulates of democracy in order to avoiding, on the one hand, any possibility of anarchy and in the other hand, Leviathan\'s excessive control. It follows the basic idea of valuing the rationality and capacity of negotiation of the individual who knows best its own interest but it is also limited by the interest of the others. The operationalization of this rule is based upon the development of a institutional design with resources of technologies, rules and systems and criteria of decision that are suposed to solve the problems related to the conflict of public and private interests coming from the interactions among the individuals in the ordered anarchy. In this perspective, a relevant element of this institutional design is that one of the electoral and judiciary system inside of which the technologies and its innovations will play a very meaningfull role for implementing this view of ordered anarchy.

O objetivo desta pesquisa é realizar uma aplicação da Metodologia da Teoria da Ciência, elaborada pelo prof. José R. Novaes Chiappin, no campo do direito internacional. Essa metodologia procura desenvolver mecanismos racionais para análise e solução de problemas. Tais mecanismos permitem uma melhor compreensão teórica das variáveis envolvidas num problema dado, de modo a fornecer orientações mais seguras para a ação prática. Selecionei o problema da justiça internacional para mostrar como a solução de problemas depende de estruturas teóricas prévias. Mais especificamente, pretendo demonstrar que a criação do Tribunal Penal Internacional representa a emergência do primeiro regime de direito internacional penal, no qual os princípios fundamentais desdobram-se em normas e regras detalhadas e são operacionalizados por mecanismos de tomada de decisão. Diversas outras iniciativas, consubstanciadas em documentos internacionais significativos, já haviam condenado o uso da força nas relações internacionais, afirmado os direitos da pessoa e criminalizado a violação dos mesmos, mas nenhuma obtivera efeito prático satisfatório. Em contrapartida, o TPI apresenta instrumentos concretos para a operacionalização da normativa internacional de direitos humanos. A análise dos documentos constitutivos do TPI à luz da Metodologia da Teoria da Ciência permite identificar a função dos componentes do Tribunal e situá-los com relação ao direito internacional penal como um todo. / The purpose of this research is to make an application of the Methodology of the Theory of Science, created by professor José R. Novaes Chiappin, in the field of international law. This methodology strives to develop rational mechanisms for the analysis and solution of problems. Such mechanisms help to attain a better theoretical understanding of the variables involved in a given problem, thus providing more reliable orientations for practical action. I have chosen the problem of international justice to show how problem solving depends on previous theoretical structures. More specifically, I intend to demonstrate that the creation of the International Criminal Court represents the emergence of the first regime for international criminal law, in which the fundamental principles unfold in detailed norms and rules and are made operative by decision-making devices. Several other initiatives, contained in significant international documents, had already condemned the usage of force in international relations, sustained human rights and transformed their violation into a crime, but none had obtained satisfactory practical effect. On the contrary, the ICC presents concrete instruments to make international human rights law operative. The analysis of the constitutive documents of the ICC in the light of the Methodology of the Theory of Science helps to identify the function of the components of the Court and to situate them in relation to international criminal law as a whole.

The thesis investigates how the notion of ‘ontology’ has been used in the field of medical informatics and knowledge representation. Partly to investigate what an ‘ontology’ can be said to represent and what requirements we can have on a good ‘ontology’. The author studies the already existing medical terminologies and ‘ontologies’ to elucidate what theories they are based on. The terminological theories of Eugen Wüster and his legacy in medical informatics are studied. It is noted that terminological theories handling linguistic entities are not suited for describing and representing medical theories, since these are assumed to refer to the real world, which consists of more than linguistics entities. In order to find a metaphysical theory in accordance with the world view that medical theories describe, the author turn to the critical realism of Karl Popper, Roy Bhaskar and Ilkka Niiniluoto. These theories, taken together with the metaphysical theories regarding universals of David M Armstrong and Ingvar Johansson, are used as a basis to find out what an ‘ontology’ can be said to represent, and what criteria and requirements we can have on a good ‘ontology’. Among the requirements presented in the thesis are stability, interoperability and the requirement that a good ‘ontology’ must be in accordance with our best available theories. Finally, it is discussed how these requirements and criteria can come into conflict with one another, and how one should reason when handling these trade-offs. The author emphasises the importance of including the medical expertise in the process of creating ‘ontologies’, in order to produce as useful and relevant ‘ontologies’ as possible. / Avhandlingen undersöker hur begreppet ’ontology’ används inom den medicinska informatiken och kunskapsrepresentation. Dels ämnar avhandlingen att utreda vad en ’ontology’ kan sägas representera och dels vilka krav man kan ställa på en god ’ontology’. Utifrån historiska studier av redan existerande medicinska terminologier och ontologier studeras vilka teorier som ligger till grund för dessa. Bland annat studeras Eugen Wüsters teorier rörande terminologi och hur dennes efterföljare inom medicinsk informatik ser ut. Författaren konstaterar att terminologiska teorier som behandlar språkliga entiteter inte är lämpliga för att beskriva och representera medicinska teorier, då dessa antas handla om en verklighet bestående av mer än språkliga entiteter. För att hitta en metafysisk teori som stämmer överens med den världsbild som de medicinska teorierna beskriver, vänder sig författaren till Karl Poppers, Ilkka Niiniluotos och Roy Bhaskars syn på kritisk realism, vad det gäller vetenskapliga teorier. Detta tillsammans David M Armstrongs och Ingvar Johanssons metafysiska teorier rörande immanent realism och universalia, används som grund för att försöka analysera vad en ’ontology’ kan sägas representera, och vilka krav vi kan ställa på en god ’ontology’. Bland de krav som presenteras i avhandlingen finns stabilitet, interoperabilitet och kravet på att en god ’ontology’ ska vara i enlighet med de bästa tillgängliga vetenskapliga teorierna. Avslutningsvis diskuteras hur dessa krav kan komma i konflikt med varandra, och hur man bör resonera när man hanterar dessa ’trade-offs’. Författaren poängterar vikten av att man tar med medicinska expertisen i skapandeprocessen av ’ontologies’, för att man ska producera så användbara och relevanta ’ontologies’ som möjligt.

Bakgrund: Hypertoni eller högt blodtryck är vår tids vanligaste folksjukdom då runt 1,8 miljoner svenskar har diagnos förhöjt blodtryck. Att många människor har liten kunskap om hur ett förhöjt blodtryck påverkas av kost, fysisk aktivitet, stress mm och hur detta ökar risken för att insjukna i hjärt- och kärlsjukdomar är genomgående i den forskning som finns idag. Samtidigt finns det lite forskning generellt och i synnerhet rörande kvinnor som belyser hur det är att lära sig leva och få ett bra liv trots sin sjukdom hypertoni. Syfte: Att belysa kvinnors upplevelse av att få diagnosen högt blodtryck. Metod: Intervjustudie med kvalitativ ansats baserad på semistrukturerade intervjuer med intervjuguide. Texterna analyserades enligt manifest innehållsanalys. Resultat: Av resultatet framkom att beskedet mottogs av kvinnorna med känslor som lättnad, rädsla och oro. Oron och rädslan handlade om vad som kunde ha drabbat kvinnorna innan och efter upptäckten av hypertonin i form av insjuknande i hjärt- och kärlsjukdomar. Kvinnorna upplevde att de kände trygghet efterhand som hypertonin reducerats och stabiliserats till ett normalt värde med hjälp av kost- och motionsförändringar samt medicinering. Alla kvinnorna upplevde mötet med vården i samband med hypertonin som god och hälsofrämjande. Slutsats: Eftersom hypertoni är en av våra vanligaste folksjukdomar borde större resurser läggas på den förebyggande hälsovården för att minska risker för kommande ohälsa och sjukdomar. Viktigt är också att individanpassat stöd och information ges efter upptäckten av hypertonin för att lindra individernas rädsla och oro inför vad som kan ske och vad som skulle tänkas kunna ske. Kontinuerliga uppföljningar av blodtryckkontroller där patienten får möjlighet att träffa samma personal varje gång ger ökad trygghet, skapar tillit och förtroende mellan patient och sjukvårdspersonal.

Bakgrund: I bakgrunden beskrivs viktiga begrepp som hälsa, lidande, övervikt, konsekvenser av övervikt, behandling, utsatthet och betydelse av aktivitet. Detta för att läsaren ska kunna förstå vidden av problemet. Studien kommer att inrikta sig på överviktiga barn och ungdomar.Problem: Övervikt hos barn och ungdomar är ett växande problem som leder till flera negativa konsekvenser, många fysiska men även psykiska, andliga och sociala.Syfte: Att beskriva överviktiga barn och ungdomars upplevelser av hälsa och lidande.Metod: En kvalitativ litteraturstudie med en induktiv ansats och manifest innehållsanalys baserad på Graneheim & Lundmans (2004) metodartikel. Studien är utförd på självbiografier där vuxna människor beskriver sina upplevelser av att växa upp med övervikt.Resultat: Studien visar överviktiga barn och ungdomars upplevelser på grund av sin övervikt avseende hälsa och lidande. Resultatet presenteras under kategorierna självkänsla, självförakt, desperation, utsatthet, utanförskap och kärlek.Slutsats: Många barn och ungdomar med övervikt upplever ett stort lidande och knappt någon hälsa. De har dålig självkänsla och upplever självförakt och desperation. De blir ofta retade och utsatta för mobbning vilket kan leda till utanförskap. De upplever att de inte kan finna den riktiga kärleken på grund av sin övervikt. / Background: In the background important concepts as health, suffering, obesity, consequences of overweight, treatment, vulnerability and importance of activity are described. This for the reader will be able to understand the extent of the problem. The study will focus on overweight children and adolescents. Problem: Overweight in children and adolescents are a growing problem, leading to a number of negative consequences, many physical but also psychological, spiritual and social. Objective: To describe overweight children and adolescents experiences of health and suffering. Method: A qualitative literature study with an inductive approach and manifest content analysis based on Graneheim & Lundmans (2004) methodology article. The study was conducted in autobiographies for adults to describe their experiences of growing up with being overweight. Results: The study shows that overweight children and adolescents experiences on the basis of its overweight relating to health and suffering. The results are presented in categories of self-esteem, self-loathing, despair, vulnerability, alienation and love. Conclusion: Many children and adolescents with overweight are experiencing considerable suffering and barely any health. They have poor self-esteem and are experiencing self-loathing and desperation. They are often teased and subjected to bullying which can lead to alienation. They feel they cannot find the true love because of their overweight.

The Internet was initially seen as a metaphor for democracy itself. However, commercialisation, incorporation into existing hierarchies and patterns of daily life and state control and surveillance appear to have undermined these utopian dreams. The vast majority of online activity now takes place in a handful of commercially owned spaces, whose business model rests on the collection and monetisation of user data. However, the upsurge of political action in the Middle East and North Africa in 2010 and 2011, which many argued was facilitated by social media, raised the question of whether these commercial platforms that characterise the contemporary Internet might provide better venues for political speech than previous types of online spaces, particularly in authoritarian states. This thesis addresses the question of how the commercialisation of online spaces affects their ability to provide a venue for political speech in different political systems through a mixed-methods comparison of the U.S. and China. The findings of this thesis support the hypotheses drawn from existing literature: commercialisation is negative for political speech but it is less negative, even potentially positive, in authoritarian systems. However, this research uncovers a surprising explanation for this finding. The greater positivity of commercialisation for political speech in authoritarian systems seems to occur not despite the government but because of it. The Chinese state's active stance in monitoring, encouraging and crafting ideas about political speech has resisted its negative repositioning as a commercial product. In contrast, in the U.S., online political speech has been left to the market that sells back the dream of an online public sphere to users as part of its commercial model. There is still hope that the Internet can provide a venue for political speech but power, particularly over the construction of what it means to be a political speaker in modern society, needs to be taken back from the market.

O objetivo desta pesquisa é realizar uma aplicação da Metodologia da Teoria da Ciência, elaborada pelo prof. José R. Novaes Chiappin, no campo do direito internacional. Essa metodologia procura desenvolver mecanismos racionais para análise e solução de problemas. Tais mecanismos permitem uma melhor compreensão teórica das variáveis envolvidas num problema dado, de modo a fornecer orientações mais seguras para a ação prática. Selecionei o problema da justiça internacional para mostrar como a solução de problemas depende de estruturas teóricas prévias. Mais especificamente, pretendo demonstrar que a criação do Tribunal Penal Internacional representa a emergência do primeiro regime de direito internacional penal, no qual os princípios fundamentais desdobram-se em normas e regras detalhadas e são operacionalizados por mecanismos de tomada de decisão. Diversas outras iniciativas, consubstanciadas em documentos internacionais significativos, já haviam condenado o uso da força nas relações internacionais, afirmado os direitos da pessoa e criminalizado a violação dos mesmos, mas nenhuma obtivera efeito prático satisfatório. Em contrapartida, o TPI apresenta instrumentos concretos para a operacionalização da normativa internacional de direitos humanos. A análise dos documentos constitutivos do TPI à luz da Metodologia da Teoria da Ciência permite identificar a função dos componentes do Tribunal e situá-los com relação ao direito internacional penal como um todo. / The purpose of this research is to make an application of the Methodology of the Theory of Science, created by professor José R. Novaes Chiappin, in the field of international law. This methodology strives to develop rational mechanisms for the analysis and solution of problems. Such mechanisms help to attain a better theoretical understanding of the variables involved in a given problem, thus providing more reliable orientations for practical action. I have chosen the problem of international justice to show how problem solving depends on previous theoretical structures. More specifically, I intend to demonstrate that the creation of the International Criminal Court represents the emergence of the first regime for international criminal law, in which the fundamental principles unfold in detailed norms and rules and are made operative by decision-making devices. Several other initiatives, contained in significant international documents, had already condemned the usage of force in international relations, sustained human rights and transformed their violation into a crime, but none had obtained satisfactory practical effect. On the contrary, the ICC presents concrete instruments to make international human rights law operative. The analysis of the constitutive documents of the ICC in the light of the Methodology of the Theory of Science helps to identify the function of the components of the Court and to situate them in relation to international criminal law as a whole.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-16T15:23:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1112772 bytes, checksum: 88c5be93fb55192b6f614c00a101fd75 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This research describes the profile of scientific production of the Graduate Program in Science of Information of Federal University of Paraiba, whose objective was to analyse thematic tendencies, the theoretical authors and the methods of research used in thesis produced in the period between 2008 and 2010, by students of this Graduate Program, taking into account the existent research lines: Ethics, Managing and Politics of Information and Memory, Organization, Access and Use of Information. It is a descriptive research, of a quantitative nature, developed with the bibliographical and bibliometric methods, whose studied universe was of 30 thesis. From the data obtained with this research, it is evident that the production of thesis, when compared to the objectives of the existing research lines in the Graduate Program referred, presents coherence between the studied themes and the interests of the research lines. It is important to point out the hole of CAPES which has contributed with the performance of Graduate Programs of Brazil with its evaluation criteria. So, when the results of this research were confronted with the requirements established by evaluations made by CAPES, they revealed a good level of quality of the thesis produced by the students of this program. Thus, through this research, one can conclude that, this program has a scientific production of quality which contributes to the consolidation of the Science of Information in Brazil. / Esta pesquisa descreve o perfil da produção científica do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Informação da Universidade Federal da Paraíba PPGCI/UFPB, cujo objetivo foi analisar as tendências temáticas, os teóricos e os métodos de pesquisa utilizados nas dissertações produzidas no período compreendido entre os anos de 2008 a 2010, pelos discentes pertencentes ao PPGCI/UFPB, levando-se em consideração as linhas pesquisas existentes: Ética, Gestão e Políticas de Informação e Memória, Organização, Acesso e Uso da Informação. Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva, de natureza quantitativa, desenvolvida através dos métodos bibliográfico e bibliométrico, cujo universo estudado foi constituído por 30 dissertações. A partir dos dados obtidos nesta pesquisa, evidenciou-se que a produção das dissertações, quando comparadas aos objetivos das linhas de pesquisa existentes no referido Programa, apresenta coerência entre os temas estudados e os interesses das linhas. É importante ressaltar a atuação da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior CAPES, a qual tem contribuído com o desempenho dos Programas de Pós-Graduação do Brasil a partir de seus critérios de avaliações. Sendo assim, quando os resultados desta pesquisa foram confrontados com as exigências estabelecidas pelas avaliações realizadas pela CAPES, eles revelaram um bom nível de qualidade das dissertações produzidas pelos discentes do PPGCI/UFPB. Assim, através desta pesquisa conclui-se que o PPGCI/UFPB possui uma produção discente de qualidade, envidando esforços para a manutenção da mesma, contribuindo, assim, para a consolidação da Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Informação no Brasil.

Nosso objetivo principal, nesta tese, é fornecer um esboço de reconstrução programática do livro Os Limites da Liberdade, escrito por James Buchanan, aplicando os recursos da Metodologia da Teoria da Ciência e do Programa de Pesquisa, visando, especificamente, definir a nossa estrutura conceitual, que pretende reconstruir o problema e o modo de organizar a concepção de Estado ou da ordem constitucional, na perspectiva do autor James Buchanan. O núcleo da concepção deste autor é baseada na tese ontológica que considera o indivíduo uma entidade livre, auto-interessada e racional, dentro de uma perspectiva analógica, ligada com a noção econômica do mercado. O processo de reconstrução, deste trabalho, acompanha a idéia de emergência da cooperação, traduzida na ordem política pela noção do meio-termo entre a Anarquia e o Leviatã. Isto é feito buscando-se as regras metodológicas e as teses programáticas que controlam o equilíbrio ou balanço democrático da ordem política, em relação a esses dois extremos ou limites institucionais. A imagem deste equilíbrio, que é modelada pela analogia com a idéia econômica de mercado, está definida, apropriadamente, na expressão anarquia ordenada. A regra fundamental deste sistema institucional propõe otimizar a delegação de autoridade para o cidadão controlar poderes políticos, resgatando as premissas fundamentais da democracia, no sentido de evitar qualquer possibilidade da anarquia e do controle excessivo do Leviatã. A idéia básica da anarquia ordenada consiste em valorizar a racionalidade e a capacidade de negociação dos indivíduos, que são conhecedores de seus próprios interesses e limitados pelo interesse dos outros participantes. A operacionalização da anarquia ordenada é fundamentada no desenvolvimento de um projeto institucional que disponibiliza tecnologias, regras, sistemas e critérios de decisão que, supostamente, podem resolver problemas relacionados ao conflito dos interesses públicos e privados, através da interação democrática dos indivíduos. Nesta perspectiva, são elementos relevantes no contexto público do desenho institucional da anarquia ordenada, os sistemas político e judiciário, onde as tecnologias legais e as inovações legislativas podem desempenhar significativo papel na implementação da visão democrática da anarquia ordenada. / Our first aim at this thesis is to provide an outline of a rational reconstruction of the book The Limits of Liberty by James Buchanan with the methodological resources of the Methodology of Theory of Science and the Research Program with the purpose of defining our conceptual framework out of which we pretend to build up the problem and the specific way of organizing the conception of state or institutional order in Buchanan\'s view. The core of this conception is based upon the ontological thesis according to which the only entity existing is the individual, free, self interested and rational and also the guideline of pursuing the analogy with the notion of market in economics.This process of reconstruction follows, therefore, the idea of a emergency of cooperation that it is translated into the notion of political order as a middle way between anarchy and Leviathan. This is done pursuing the methodological rules and theses that controls its balance or skewness at the political order towards one of the boundaries.The image of this balance, that is moulded by this analogy with the idea of market, is properly defined as ordered anarchy. The main rule coordinating the other rules, a radical one, is that one should optimize the delegation of authority for citizen to control the political powers in order to work out the basic postulates of democracy in order to avoiding, on the one hand, any possibility of anarchy and in the other hand, Leviathan\'s excessive control. It follows the basic idea of valuing the rationality and capacity of negotiation of the individual who knows best its own interest but it is also limited by the interest of the others. The operationalization of this rule is based upon the development of a institutional design with resources of technologies, rules and systems and criteria of decision that are suposed to solve the problems related to the conflict of public and private interests coming from the interactions among the individuals in the ordered anarchy. In this perspective, a relevant element of this institutional design is that one of the electoral and judiciary system inside of which the technologies and its innovations will play a very meaningfull role for implementing this view of ordered anarchy.

The numerous and varied conspiracy theories which circulate in the contemporary discourse are subject to hyperstition, insofar as they are grouped into wider, more elaborate structures. Some of them become hierarchic to such a degree, that they may, in Michael Barkun's typology, be labeled as "superconspiracy" constructs. No author is more prolific and systematic in the crafting of these constructs than the guru of anglophone conspiracy theory belief, David Icke. The work attempts to keep as its object of study the work of David Icke and his "reptoid hypothesis," as it is effectively one of the most elaborate and baroque conspiracy theories which populate contemporary political discourse. It is Icke's oeuvre which this thesis attempts to recontextualize within the confines of critical social theory and Žižekian psychoanalysis. The existence of a "paranoid style" as professed by Richard J. Hofstadter can be noted throughout the history of western culture, from the Homeric gods, scheming behind the scenes, to its modern incarnations culminating in the superconspiracy constructs of David Icke, Alex Jones, and others. The work focuses not on specific conspiracy theories and their claim to facticity, but rather attempts to trace the structural features of Icke's construct and establish their underlying...