La synthèse d’une nouvelle famille d’ènediynes comportant un motif perfluoré a été réalisée en 6 à 7 étapes. Leur activité anticancéreuse a été étudiée sur un panel de lignées cellulaires provenant de différents tissus ; des IC50 de l’ordre du µM ont été obtenus. Leur réponse en IRM du fluor 19 a aussi été évaluée, dans le but d’impliquer ces composés en théranostique (association de la thérapie et du diagnostic). Une étude mécanistique a été menée afin de comprendre le mécanisme biologique en jeu au cœur des cellules.Les ènediynes ont souvent vu leur développement stoppé en raison d’effets secondaires trop importants. Afin d’anticiper cette problématique, des stratégies de ciblage ont été développées pour nos composés. Dans un premier temps, la réponse à l’irradiation UV de nos composés a été mesurée. Dans un second temps, leur encapsulation dans des micelles polymériques a été réalisée.Enfin, dans un projet plus fondamental, la réactivité de substrats ènediynes et diène-ynes a été étudiée. Des cycloisomérisations procédant avec double transfert de chiralité ont été développées, permettant l’accès à des benzofulvènes et indènes. Deux variantes d’une réaction tandem d’Alder-Ene conduisant à des allyl-indènes ont aussi été décrites. / Synthesis of a new family of enediynes bearing a perfluorinated moiety was reached in 6 to 7 steps. Their anticancer activity was studied on a cell line panel from different tissues; IC50 values in the µM range were obtained. Their 19 fluorine MRI response was also evaluated, in order to involve them in a theranostic strategy (association of therapy and diagnosis). A mechanistic study was conducted to understand the biological mechanism at stake inside cells.Enediynes often saw their development stopped because of harmful side effects. To anticipate this problem, targeting strategies were developed for our compounds. First, their response to UV irradiation was measured. We then succeeded in their encapsulation inside polymeric micelles.Finally, in a more fundamental project, reactivity of enediyne and diene-yne substrates was studied. Cycloisomerisations proceeding with a double chirality transfer were developed, allowing access to benzofulvenes and indenes. Two variations of a tandem Alder-Ene reaction leading to allyl-indenes were also described.

Theranostics is an emerging treatment approach that combines diagnostics with therapy in order to personalize treatment regimens for individual patients and decrease cancer mortality. Previously, nanoparticles entrapping conventional fluorescent dyes were developed for cancer theranostics, but fluorescent nanoparticles did not allow clinicians to significantly improve cancer treatments. The use of fluorescent dyes that are sensitive to solvent acidity (halo-fluorochromism) and polarity (solvato-fluorochromism) may overcome the limitations of fluorescent nanoparticles and improve cancer therapy by enabling researchers to detect chemical properties within the nanoparticle core environment. The model halo- and solvato-fluorochromic dye Nile blue was attached to the core of nanoscale drug delivery systems called polymer nanoassemblies (PNAs), which were created by tethering hydrophilic polymers and hydrophobic groups to a cationic polymer scaffold. The fluorescence of empty PNAs increased by 100% at pH 5.0 compared to pH 7.4, and the fluorescence of drug-loaded PNAs increased up to 300% compared to empty PNAs. A comparison of the fluorochromic properties between PNAs with various core properties indicated that both hydrophobic pendant groups and scaffold amines contributed to the fluorochromism of PNAs. The halo-fluorochromism of PNAs allowed investigators to minimize the detection of fluorescence signals in healthy organs such as the liver. Fluorescence imaging of halo-fluorochromic PNAs diffused into tissue mimics indicated that fluorescence of PNAs in tissues increased by 100% at pH 7.0 compared to pH 7.4. In addition, halo-fluorochromic PNAs identified the acidic perimeter surrounding metastatic tumors in orthotopic metastatic tumor models. Computational simulations of metastatic lesions verified that some halo-fluorochromic PNAs accumulate in the hypoxic/acidic regions of metastatic tumors following intravenous administration. These simulations also indicated that the accumulation of PNAs in the hypoxic regions of tumors doubles at 12 hours post-treatment compared to 1.8 hours post-treatment. The solvato-fluorochromism of PNAs enabled the fluorescence-based measurement of drug release from the nanoassembly core during dialysis-based drug release measurements. Solvato-fluorochromic methods indicated faster drug release rates than HPLC-based methods. Mechanistic modeling of drug release indicated that solvato-fluorochromic methods were unaffected by released drugs that interfered with HPLC-based methods. However, mechanistic modeling also indicated that drug rebinding and diffusion did not account for all of the differences between drug release rates determined by solvato-fluorochromic- and HPLC-based methods. Based on this evidence, it was hypothesized that solvato-fluorochromic drug release methods measure drug diffusion from near the scaffold of PNAs in a small region of the nanoassembly core, and that this process contributes to overall drug release but does not indicate apparent drug release rates for PNAs. In order to develop PNAs for potential clinical applications, ionizable amines were removed from the polymer scaffold to increase drug loading and sustain the release of model drugs carfilzomib and docetaxel. The removal of primary amines decreased drug diffusivity in the core of PNAs (D from 3.9*10-18 cm2/s to 0.1*10-19 cm2/s) and increased the drug release half-life (t1/2 from 4 to 26 hours). The controlled release of carfilzomib from PNAs reduced drug metabolism by 60% for up to one hour and sustained proteasome inhibition in cancer cells at 72 h post-treatment compared to free drug. Overall, this work provides insight into the design of theranostic nanoparticles with beneficial properties for improving cancer treatment.

Dans les tumeurs solides, l'hypoxie est un mécanisme de résistance à la radiothérapie bien connu. Il a déjà été démontré que, lorsque les microbulles (MB) sont exposées à une impulsion ultrasonore (US), celles-ci peuvent induire une vasodilatation dans les tissus musculaires. De plus, une impulsion thérapeutique peut être délivrée localement dans la tumeur en dirigeant le faisceau US. Cette approche est donc proposée comme thérapie provasculaire ciblée, guidée par l’imagerie ultrasonore dans les tumeurs afin de réduire l'hypoxie avant la radiothérapie. Le contrôle de la vasodilatation est induit par la production d'oxyde nitrique (NO) par la voie de signalisation cellulaire du eNOS dans les cellules endothéliales. Il a été démontré que l'augmentation de l'ATP extracellulaire active la voie de signalisation du eNOS. Il a aussi été démontré que l’oscillation des MB sous l’effet des US libèrent de l'ATP lorsque le tissu musculaire est traité. Cependant, les effets des différentes conditions ultrasonores et de MB sur la libération d'ATP n'ont pas encore été étudiés. Nous émettons donc l'hypothèse qu'il existe des conditions permettant de maximiser l’activation des voies de signalisation purinergiques (ATP) et d'optimiser leur durée d’activation pour une réponse provasculaire optimale. Les motivations de ce projet sont de tester divers paramètres et d'étudier les interactions MB/cellules dans des conditions d'écoulement, qui sont généralement difficile à mettre en place lorsqu'on utilise des boîtes de Pétri. Pour quantifier plus facilement les voies de signalisation, nous avons créé des puces microfluidiques avec quatre canaux parallèles dans lesquels des cellules ont pu être cultivées. Avec quatre canaux traités lors d’une même impulsion ultrasonore, nous avons aussi augmenté le nombre de données à traiter et nous pouvons observer les effets de plusieurs impulsions lorsque les MB étaient dans un écoulement. En outre, la puce que nous avons développé est capable de donner une concentration en MB différente dans chaque canal afin de pouvoir tester quatre concentrations de MB différente dans des conditions d’écoulement. Les objectifs de ce projet de maîtrise sont donc les suivants : (1) concevoir la puce microfluidique ; (2) être capable de cultiver des cellules dans les canaux microfluidiques ; (3) créer des protocoles pour mesurer la libération d'ATP et la viabilité cellulaire après une impulsion ultrasonore ; (4) observer la capacité de la puce à donner différentes concentrations de MB dans chaque canaux en conditions d’écoulement. Lors de la conception de la puce microfluidique, nous avons créé un environnement dans lequel les quatre canaux de la puce ont des concentrations différentes de microbulles fluides. Ainsi, nous avons atteint les objectifs du projet. Nous avons réussi à introduire dans le canal microfluidique des cellules endothéliales de cordon ombilical humain (HUVEC) et une lignée cellulaire de cancer du sein (4T1). Les monocouches cellulaires créées par chacune des deux lignées cellulaires ont été traitées avec succès par une impulsion thérapeutique ultrasonore lors de l’injection de MB. Nos résultats montrent qu'une augmentation du nombre de cycles et de la pression, libère plus d'ATP et induisent une mortalité cellulaire plus importante. En outre, nous avons établi un lien entre la libération d'ATP et la mortalité cellulaire en comparant différentes impulsions thérapeutiques ultrasonore. Cette analyse a permis de dégager deux tendances. Avec des impulsions à faible énergie, la libération d'ATP est augmenté et on constate une très faible augmentation de la mort cellulaire ; inversement, avec des impulsions à plus forte énergie, la libération d'ATP et la mortalité cellulaire ont augmentés et on atteint un plateau. Ainsi, nos résultats confirment que différents mécanismes de libération d'ATP peuvent être déclenchés par les thérapies MB et US. / In solid tumors, hypoxia is a well-known resistance mechanism to radiation therapy. It was previously shown that microbubbles (MBs), when exposed to an ultrasound pulse (US) can cause vasodilation in muscle tissue. Conceptually, the therapeutic pulse can be localized on the tumor by steering the US beam. This approach is therefore proposed as a targeted image-guided provascular therapy in tumors to reduce hypoxia before radiotherapy. However, the effects of US and MB conditions on the relative increase in tumor perfusion remain largely unknown. Vascular control is managed by the production of nitric oxide (NO) through the eNOS pathway inside the endothelial cells. Increases in extracellular ATP have been shown to be a signaling event for the activation of this pathway. Fittingly, MB and US have been shown to release ATP when muscle tissue was treated. However, the effects of therapeutic US and MB parameters on the treatment have not yet been described. We, therefore, hypothesize that there are conditions that will maximize the purinergic signaling pathways (ATP) and optimize their time course for an optimal provascular response. The motivation for this project came from the desire to test various parameters and study MB/cell interactions in flowing conditions, which are typically limited when using petri dish setups. To quantify more easily the signaling pathways, we created microfluidic chips with four parallel cell coated channels. This chip allowed us to increase the throughput when using a single US exposure in static conditions and with the ability to support multiple US exposures with MB replenishment in flowing conditions. Also, the custom-made chip multiplexes the bubble concentration to obtain four channels with different flowing microbubble concentrations. The goals of this master’s project were thus: (1) to design the microfluidic chip; (2) to demonstrate the capacity for cell culture; (3) create protocols for measuring ATP and cell viability after therapeutic pulses; (4) to demonstrate repeatable flowing conditions with the multiplexed MB concentration. On the design of the microfluidic chip, we were successful at creating an environment where four of the four channels in the chip have different concentrations of flowing microbubbles. Thus, fulfilling the project's goals. We have succeeded in seeding both Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) and a breast cancer cell line (4T1) into the microfluidic channel. The cell monolayers created by both cell lines were successfully treated with an US and MB therapeutic pulse. Our results support that an increase in both, cycles and pressure, release more ATP and cause more cell death. Further, we linked ATP release to cell death by comparing different therapeutic pulses. From this analysis, two trends appeared. With lower energy pulses, ATP release increased sharply with a very small increase in cell death; conversely, with higher energy pulses, ATP release continued to increase with cell death but reached a plateau. Thus, our results support that different mechanisms of ATP release can likely be triggered by MB and US therapy.

The triple helix model of innovation is a model that has gained popularity over time as it proposes methodologies for how to stimulate innovation in the knowledge-based economy. The model has been applied to entire economies as well as niche industries and has subsequently inspired change and identified discrepancies in existing innovation systems. This master thesis investigates whether the triple helix model of innovation can be applied in the case of theranostics, an up-and-coming cancer therapy and emerging field in nuclear medicine. Existing research predominantly captures perspectives from individual agents within theranostics and thus fails to capture the system level configurations, interorganisational collaborations and hybrid organisations driving the innovation and development. The thesis addresses this research gap through an exploratory, qualitative case-study with an abductive research approach. Desktop research was conducted followed by several in-depth interviews with representatives from a spectrum of institutions and agents in the theranostics' innovation system. The findings of this study suggest that theranostics does innovate and develop through the triple helix model of innovation considering its roots in academia and significant collaborative nature. It does, however, also indicate that there is reason for concern as certain agents are gaining significant influence over the innovation system. The findings also highlight that the cultural and social dynamics between the agents and institutions are immature and will potentially harmonize over time. / Trippelhelix (”triple helix model of innovation”) är en modell som har ökat i popularitet över tid då den föreslår metoder för hur innovationssystem ska stimulera innovation i en kunskapsbaserad ekonomi. Modellen har tillämpats på hela ekonomier såväl som nischade branscher och har följaktligen inspirerat till förändring samt identifierat falluckor i befintliga innovationssystem. Denna masteruppsats undersöker huruvida trippelhelix kan tillämpas på området teranostik, en framtida cancerterapi och ett framväxande område inom nuklearmedicin. Befintlig forskning fokuserar främst på enskilda aktörers perspektiv inom teranostik och misslyckar därmed att fånga systemnivåanalyser, interorganisatorisk samverkan och hybrid organisationer som driver innovation och utvecklingen framåt. Avhandlingen behandlar detta forskningsgap genom en utforskande, kvalitativ fallstudie med en abduktiv forskningsmetod. Research följt av ett flertal djupgående intervjuer genomfördes med representanter från ett brett spektrum av agenter och institutioner inom teranostiks innovationssystem. Resultaten av avhandlingen tyder på att teranostik faktiskt utvecklas genom trippelhelix eftersom den har starka rötter från akademin och betydande samverkande karaktär. Däremot påvisar resultaten också att det finns flera motsättningar till detta då vissa institutioner får för stort inflytande över innovationssystemet. Resultaten indikerar också att kulturella och sociala spänningar mellan institutionerna kan komma att mogna och harmoniseras i takt med att teranostik utvecklas.

Large clinical trials testing hydrocortisone therapy in septic shock have produced conflicting results. Subgroups may benefit of hydrocortisone treatment depending on their individual immune response. We performed an exploratory analysis of the database from the international randomized controlled clinical trial Corticosteroid Therapy of Septic Shock (CORTICUS) employing machine learning to a panel of 137 variables collected from the Berlin subcohort comprising 83 patients including demographic and clinical measures, organ failure scores, leukocyte counts and levels of circulating cytokines. The identified theranostic marker was validated against data from a cohort of the Hellenic Sepsis Study Group (HSSG) (n = 246), patients enrolled in the clinical trial of Sodium Selenite and Procalcitonin Guided Antimicrobial Therapy in Severe Sepsis (SISPCT, n = 118), and another, smaller clinical trial (Crossover study, n = 20). In addition, in vitro blood culture experiments and in vivo experiments in mouse models were performed to assess biological plausibility. A low serum IFNg/IL10 ratio predicted increased survival in the hydrocortisone group whereas a high ratio predicted better survival in the placebo group. Using this marker for a decision rule, we applied it to three validation sets and observed the same trend. Experimental studies in vitro revealed that IFNg/IL10 was negatively associated with the load of (heat inactivated) pathogens in spiked human blood and in septic mouse models. Accordingly, an in silico analysis of published IFNg and IL10 values in bacteremic and non-bacteremic patients with the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome supported this association between the ratio and pathogen burden. We propose IFNg/IL10 as a molecular marker supporting the decision to administer hydrocortisone to patients in septic shock. Prospective clinical studies are necessary and standard operating procedures need to be implemented, particularly to define a generic threshold. If confirmed, IFNg/IL10 may become a suitable theranostic marker for an urging clinical need.

Recent years have seen the establishment of several radionuclides as medicinal products in particular in the setting of theranostics and PET. [177Lu]Lutetium Chloride or [64Cu]Copper Chloride have received marketing authorization as radionuclide precursor, [68Ga]Gallium Chloride has received regulatory approval in the form of different 68Ge/68Ga generators. This is a formal requirement by the EU directive 2001/83, even though for some of these radionuclide precursors no licensed kit is available that can be combined to obtain a final radiopharmaceuticals, as it is the case for Technetium-99m. In view of several highly promising, especially metallic radionuclides for theranostic applications in a wider sense, the strict regulatory environment poses the risk of slowing down development, in particular for radionuclide producers that want to provide innovative radionuclides for clinical research purposes, which is the basis for their further establishment. In this paper we address the regulatory framework for novel radionuclides within the EU, the current challenges in particular related to clinical translation and potential options to support translational development within Europe and worldwide.

L’avènement de la microscopie biphotonique et des techniques dites de « super-résolution » ont permis d’améliorer les performances de la microscopie de fluorescence et de l’appliquer à l’imagerie intravitale et à l’analyse des tissus biologiques. Ces techniques requièrent néanmoins l’emploi de sondes aux propriétés optiques et biologiques optimisées.Plusieurs séries de colorants cationiques basés sur le motif vinyl-triphénylamine (TP) ont été développés pour le marquage d’ADN. Ces fluorophores rouges ou jaunes dont l’émission de fluorescence est commutée par l’interaction avec l’ADN sont des ligands de petit sillon de l’hélice B et possèdent des sections efficaces d’absorption à deux photons élevées.Les TP marquent l’ADN du noyau des cellules fixées ou en apoptose avec une intensité et un contraste élevés. Elles sont non-cytotoxiques, photostables et sont perméables à la membrane cellulaire. L’optimisation des propriétés a permis d’obtenir la TP-2Bzim, qui possède une brillance biphotonique parmi les plus élevées rapportées dans la littérature pour des molécules de faible poids moléculaire (383 GM) et permet une détection en microscopie biphotonique à basse concentration et à faible puissance d’excitation. En cellules vivantes, les TP sont localisées dans les mitochondries mais, sous excitation mono- ou bi-photonique constante, elles déclenchent l’apoptose de la cellule et se relocalisent dans le noyau. Le phénomène peut être imagé par fluorescence, et les TP pourraient donc être employées comme photosensibilisateurs théranostiques.Enfin, une stratégie de synthèse pour fonctionnaliser la TP-2Bzim a été développée. Elle a ainsi pu être couplée à des oligonucléotides et à un PNA pour la détection d’hybridation par fluorescence et à l’acide folique et à la spermidine pour le ciblage de cellules cancéreuses. / Significant advances were made in the field of in vivo fluorescence imaging thanks to the recent development of biphotonic microscopy and super-resolution techniques, rendering intravital imaging and biological tissues analysis possible. Those techniques however require the use of new probes with optimized optical and biological properties.Several series of cationic dyes for DNA staining were developed based on the vinyl-triphenylamine (TP) scaffold. Those new switchable yellow or red fluorophores bind in the minor-groove of DNA and display high two-photon absorption cross-sections. Two anionic derivatives were also designed for staining HSA.In fixed or apoptotic cells, the cationic dyes stain nuclear DNA with a high brightness and contrast. They are non-cytotoxic, photostable and cell permeant. The molecule with the most optimized properties, TP-2Bzim, has one of the highest two-photon brightness to date (383 GM in DNA), allowing sensible detection in biphotonic microscopy at low concentration and excitation power. In live cells, the dyes are localized in the mitochondria, but it appears that upon constant mono- or bi-photonic excitation they trigger cell apoptosis within a few minutes and are released in the nucleus. Since the phenomenon can be imaged by fluorescence microscopy, the TP dyes could thus be used as photosensitizers for theranostics.A synthetic pathway was also developed to functionalize the TP-2Bzim. It was then coupled by “click-chemistry” to short oligonucleotides or PNA sequences for fluorescence in situ hybridization, and to folic acid and spermidine for cancer cells targeting.

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No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ailton Antônio de Sousa Júnior - 2015.pdf: 8825071 bytes, checksum: 2c6c25961d11096534c7e36baa42c260 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / The purpose of this project is to synthesize and characterize heterostructures composed by manganese ferrite nanoparticles (MnFe2O4 NPs) and gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) able to: 1) respond to external alternating magnetic fields, what would enable their use in cancer diagnostic as contrast agentes for magnetic resonance imaging, as well as in cancer treatment via magnetic hyperthermia; 2) respond to eletromagnetic radiation, what would enable their use in cancer diagnostic as contrast agents for X-ray computed tomography (CT), as well as in cancer treatment via photothermal hyperthermia. We evaluate four MnFe2O4-Au heterostructures synthesis protocols. On Protocol 1, we use part of the energy of a laser beam (808 nm, 800 mW) to promote the nucleation of Au NPs at the surface of previously synthesized MnFe2O4 NPs covered by DMSA (dimercaptosuccinic acid). On Protocol 2, we use part of the energy of an alternating magnetic field (333,8 kHz, 17 mT) to promote this nucleation. We also perform an analysis of the influence of MnFe2O4 NPs covering layer, by comparing the ionic surfactants DMSA and sodium citrate. On Protocols 3 and 4, both the magnetic cores (MnFe2O4 NPs) and the metalic cores (Au NPs) are previously synthesized. Therefore, three Au NPs synthesis methods are evaluated. On Protocol 3, we promote the coupling between Au NPs and MnFe2O4-DMSA NPs using part of the energy from the same laser beam used on Protocol 1. On Protocol 4, we promote the coupling between cysteine-covered Au NPs and lysine-covered MnFe2O4 NPs via peptidic reaction between these two aminoacids. Finally, we conduct a comparative analysis between magnetic and photothermal hyperthermia, proposing a method for the determination of the optical SLP (Specific Loss Power). Moreover, we submit some of our samples to CT imaging. Protocol 1 is the best one in terms of covering the magnetic core by Au NPs. Protocol 2 allows the nucleation of Au NPs with diameters greater than the ones obtained via Protocol 1. Protocols 3 and 4 offer nanostructures with better potential with respect to their use as contrast agents in CT. However, the final yield of all four protocols is very low. Comparing magnetic and photothermal hyperthermia, we verify that the optical SLP is two to three orders of magnitude greater than the magnetic SLP under the assessed conditions, what suggests that protocols using laser beams have more energy available for the nucleation/coupling of Au NPs at the surface of MnFe2O4 NPs than those using alternating magnetic fields or simple heating on hot plate. / Este trabalho tem por objetivo sintetizar e caracterizar heteroestruturas compostas por nanopartículas de ferrita de manganês (NPs de MnFe2O4) e nanopartículas de ouro (NPs de Au), capazes de: 1) responder à aplicação de um campo magnético alternado, podendo ser utilizadas no diagnóstico de cânceres enquanto agentes de contraste no imagiamento por ressonância magnética, bem como em seu tratamento via hipertermia magnética; 2) responder à aplicação de radiação eletromagnética, podendo ser utilizadas no diagnóstico de cânceres como agentes de contraste no imagiamento por tomografia computadorizada de raios-X (CT), bem como em seu tratamento via hipertermia fototérmica. Nesse sentido, avaliamos quatro protocolos de síntese de heteroestruturas MnFe2O4-Au. No Protocolo 1, utilizamos parte da energia de um feixe de luz laser (808 nm, 800 mW) para promover a nucleação de NPs de Au à superfície de NPs de MnFe2O4 previamente sintetizadas, recobertas por DMSA (ácido dimercaptosuccínico). No Protocolo 2, utilizamos parte da energia de um campo magnético alternado (333,8 kHz, 17 mT) para promover essa nucleação. Fazemos também uma análise da influência da camada de cobertura das NPs de MnFe2O4, comparando os surfactantes iônicos DMSA e citrato de sódio.Nos Protocolos 3 e 4, tanto os núcleos magnéticos (NPs de MnFe2O4) quanto os núcleos metálicos (NPs de Au) são previamente sintetizados. Para tanto, três métodos de síntese de NPs de Au são avaliados. No Protocolo 3, promovemos o acoplamento de NPs de Au a NPs de MnFe2O4-DMSA utilizando parte da energia proveniente do mesmo feixe de luz laser utilizado no Protocolo 1. No Protocolo 4, promovemos o acoplamento de NPs de Au recobertas por moléculas cisteína a NPs de MnFe2O4 recobertas por moléculas de lisina via reações peptídicas entre esses dois aminoácidos. Finalmente, fazemos um estudo comparativo entre hipertermia magnética e hipertermia fototérmica, sugerindo um método para determinação do SLP (Specific Loss Power) óptico. Além disso, submetemos algumas de nossas amostras ao imagiamento por CT. O Protocolo 1 é o melhor do ponto de vista do recobrimento do núcleo magnético por NPs de Au. O Protocolo 2 permite a nucleação de NPs de Au com diâmetros superiores àqueles obtidos via Protocolo 1. Os Protocolos 3 e 4 oferecem nanoestruturas com melhor potencial quanto à sua utilização como agentes de contraste em CT. Entretanto, o rendimento de todos os protocolos avaliados é muito baixo. Na comparação entre hipertermia magnética e fototérmica, verificamos que o SLP óptico é de duas a três ordens de grandeza superior ao SLP magnético nas condições avaliadas, o que indica que protocolos que fazem uso de luz laser dispõem de mais energia para a nucleação/acoplamento de NPs de Au à superfície de NPs de MnFe2O4 do que aqueles que fazem uso de campos magnéticos alternados ou simples aquecimento em chapa térmica.

Le travail décrit dans cette thèse se concentre sur le développement de matériaux « durs et mous » ainsi que leur interaction avec les cellules biologiques pour une application finale dans le domaine de la théranostique couvrant l'imagerie, la détection, la thérapie génique et la thérapie du cancer. Dans ce contexte, nous avons tout d'abord étudié l'utilisation de complexes (II) de platine phosphorescents auto-assemblés comme sonde cellulaire. Nous avons étendu l'idée de bio-imagerie en introduisant un concept d’imagerie basée sur l’émission stimulée où nous étions en mesure de générer un laser provenant d'une cellule biologique unique sans utiliser de cavité optique conventionnelle. En outre, des nano-transporteurs multifonctionnels à base de matières poreuses dures à savoir des zéolithes L et des nanoparticules de silice mésoporeuse pour de la « drug delivery » (relargage de médicaments et d’oligonucléotides) in vitro ide ont été développés avec succès et testés pour le traitement du glioblastome. Un autre nano-vecteur, qui est construit à partir de silice biodégradable, a également été synthétisé et sa capacité d'encapsuler des protéines et de les libérer dans les cellules vivantes lors de la dégradation de la structure dans un environnement réducteur a été démontrée. Enfin, l'utilisation de nouveaux matériaux plasmonique sur la base de nanoparticules d'argent enrobées de silice cassable pour la détection d'agents réducteurs a été mise en valeur. / The work described in this thesis focuses on the development of soft- and hard-materials as well as their interaction with biological cells for applications in the field of theranostics covering imaging, sensing, and gene, and cancer therapy. In this context, we first investigated the use of phosphorescent self-assembled platinum(II) complexes as cellular probes. We extended the concept stimulated emission-based bioimaging by generating a laser-like emission coming from a single biological cell without using any conventional optical cavity. In addition, we successfully developed multifunctional nanocarriers based on porous hard materials, namely zeolites-L and mesoporous silica nanoparticles for drug and oligonucleotide delivery in vitro and they were tested to treat glioblastoma. Another nanovector, which is constructed from biodegradable silica, was also synthesized and its ability to encapsulate proteins and release them in living cells upon degradation of the structure in reductive environment was demonstrated. Finally, the use of novel plasmonic structures based on breakable silica-coated silver nanoparticles for detection of reducing agents was successfully investigated.

Ce travail expose deux stratégies pour le développement de nouveaux agents de contraste pour le diagnostic par IRM rehaussée par l’effet Overhauser.Le premier thème de ce travail est consacré au développement d’une sonde radicalaire, de type nitroxyde, capable de modifier sa signature RPE (Résonance Paramagnétique Electronique) en fonction d’une activité enzymatique. Cette modification, due à un changement conformationnel, a permis une irradiation microonde sélective de la sonde libérée par protéolyse. Cette particularité a pu être appliquée à l’IRM rehaussée par l’effet Overhauser et une amélioration du contraste de l’image de 1200% in vitro a été observée après hydrolyse enzymatique. Du fait de contraintes techniques, une amélioration du contraste de 600% a été obtenue in vivo alors que de nos jours,les agents de contraste les plus courants en clinique, basés sur des complexes de GdIII, améliorent le contraste de l’image d’environ 50 %. Le second thème aborde la synthèse et l’étude physico-chimique d’alcoxyamines, précurseurs de nitroxydes, pour le diagnostic par IRM rehaussée par l’effet Overhauser. Le point clé de cette approche repose sur l’activation de ces molécules afin de libérer rapidement le nitroxyde in situ. Les résultats de monoactivation chimique étant encourageants, la double activation chimique de ces nouvelles alcoxyamines a permis d’abaisser drastiquement le temps de demi-vie de l’une d’entre elles pour obtenir des valeurs compatibles avec des applications en diagnostic. Un pseudo-peptide sélectif de la chymotrypsine a également été greffé,ce qui a permis d’aboutir à une alcoxyamine modèle qui permettra de valider le concept de diagnostic recherché. / This work promotes two strategies for the development of new contrast agents for the diagnosis by Overhauser enhanced MRI. Two approaches have therefore been addressed.The first approach is devoted to the development of a nitroxide-type spin label, which is capable to change its EPR (Electron Paramagnetic Resonance) signature upon a non-radical enzymatic activity. This modification, due to a conformational change, allowed us to perform a selective microwave irradiation of the probe released by proteolysis. This feature was applied to Overhauser enhanced MRI and of the image after enzymatic hydrolysis of 1200% in vitro has been obtained. Due to technical hindrances, a contrast enhancement of 600% has been obtained in vivo, while nowadays, the most common clinical contrast agent, based on GdIII complex, improve image contrast around a value of 50%.The second topic deals with the synthesies and the physico-chemical study of alkoxyamines, as nitroxide precursors, for the diagnosis by MRI enhanced by the Overhauser effect. The key point of this approach is based on the activation of these molecules to quickly release the nitroxide in situ. Encouraged by the results of chemical monoactivation, we performed the double chemical activation of these new alkoxyamines to drastically reduce the half-life time of one of them to obtain values compatible with diagnostic applications. A selective pseudo-peptide of chymotrypsin has also been grafted, which allowed us to achieve an alkoxyamine model that will validate our concept of diagnosis.