Using a number of structurally innovative novels from the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s as a basis for study, this dissertation examines the representation of communities in postmodernist American fiction. While novels have often been critically studied from the standpoint of the individual and society, here the often neglected category of community is put under scrutiny. Yet rather than considering it from a sociological point of view, which can potentially favour historical, economic or political grounds for community, this study focuses on the ontological binds formed between individual and community. On one level this study connects formal qualities of postmodernist novels to a representation of community – especially literary conventions from the past that are foregrounded in the present texts. On another level it interrogates the limits of the individual in relation to others – how we emerge from others, how we are discrete from others, how much we can actually share with others, at what cost we stay or break with the others who have most influenced us. The primary novels studied here, each of which is deeply invested in the community as a locus for ontological interrogation, are Robert Coover’s "Gerald’s Party" (1985) and "John’s Wife" (1996), Gilbert Sorrentino’s "Crystal Vision" (1981) and "Odd Number" (1985), Harry Mathews’s "Cigarettes" (1987), Joseph McElroy’s "Women and Men" (1987), and Toni Morrison’s "Paradise" (1997). Despite their varied representations of and attitudes toward the individual in community, these texts share a common spectre of American Romanticism that inflects how we read the possibility of community in the postmodernist period.

Using a number of structurally innovative novels from the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s as a basis for study, this dissertation examines the representation of communities in postmodernist American fiction. While novels have often been critically studied from the standpoint of the individual and society, here the often neglected category of community is put under scrutiny. Yet rather than considering it from a sociological point of view, which can potentially favour historical, economic or political grounds for community, this study focuses on the ontological binds formed between individual and community. On one level this study connects formal qualities of postmodernist novels to a representation of community – especially literary conventions from the past that are foregrounded in the present texts. On another level it interrogates the limits of the individual in relation to others – how we emerge from others, how we are discrete from others, how much we can actually share with others, at what cost we stay or break with the others who have most influenced us. The primary novels studied here, each of which is deeply invested in the community as a locus for ontological interrogation, are Robert Coover’s "Gerald’s Party" (1985) and "John’s Wife" (1996), Gilbert Sorrentino’s "Crystal Vision" (1981) and "Odd Number" (1985), Harry Mathews’s "Cigarettes" (1987), Joseph McElroy’s "Women and Men" (1987), and Toni Morrison’s "Paradise" (1997). Despite their varied representations of and attitudes toward the individual in community, these texts share a common spectre of American Romanticism that inflects how we read the possibility of community in the postmodernist period.

This study examines intersectionality, white privilege and essentialism in Toni Morrison’s stories The Bluest Eye and “Recitatif”. Moreover, intersectional markers are taken into consideration to analyze how the characters are advantaged or disadvantaged in the white dominant society of the two novels. Additionally, white privilege is compared to the lack of privilege that the black characters experience and how that further affects them is discussed. Furthermore, the issues that critical race theorists acknowledge with the essentialized approach in movements for social justice will be connected to Morrison’s stories. More specifically, the tendency to overlook intersectionality when essentializing women’s experiences will be connected to how the realities of Morrison’s multidimensional female characters cannot be generalized. In addition, the negative effects white standards of beauty have on the black female characters in The Bluest Eye are examined. It is concluded that black female subjectivity makes the reader better understand the intersectional experiences of the characters and this subjectivity also makes white privilege visible in the stories. Additionally, in “Recitatif”, where the reader does not know the specific race of the characters, conclusions can be made about how race and class intersect by considering historical aspects and how signs of white privilege show up in the story. Although, more important than deciding the race of Morrison’s characters, is for the reader to acknowledge the challenge she creates of considering intersectionality in the story.

Wherever we go in the world, we encounter racism- something that oppresses people in our daily lives in workplaces, stores, schools, hospitals, housing and other places. This serious issue provokes many musicians, writers and artists to show the social and personal effects of racism they experience. In the United States, many black women writers dealt with this issue, having seen it as essential to write about its violence and injustice. Toni Morrison is one of the most respected authors in America who is black and female. She writes with all her senses to portray those who suffer from racism. The Bluest Eye is Morrison's first novel; it raises issues that are specific and very essential to Black women. This novel is narrated by Claudia who is nine years old. She is black, sensitive and frustrated about the injustice that she has seen in her childhood. She narrates the events that happen to her friend Peco la Breedlove. She is the opposite of Pecola; she learns from her mother how to be strong to face any oppression in this world. The Bluest Eye is about the Breedlove family, which consists of the father Cholly, the mother Pauline, the son Sammy and the daughter Pecola. The whole family suffers from ugliness that they cannot escape from.

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In her book In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens Alice Walker addresses black American women's lack of opportunities to write their experiences for later generations. Walker points out that because black women historically were not allowed to write and often were unable to share their creative thoughts or experiences, black women's literary history has been less available. Walker suggests that women of color look back to their mothers and the oral traditions of their ancestors to recreate that lost history and thus create a more complete historical account that has been absent from white canonical representations of African American history. This undergraduate thesis examines three contemporary African American women's novels and demonstrates that they employ maternal genealogical experiences to reclaim and retell Afro-American women's history. Toni Morrison's Beloved, Octavia Butler's Kindred, and Gayl Jones' Corregidora are postmodern, postcolonial slave narratives ( often called "neo-slave narratives") that trace a broad historical memory of slavery through maternal genealogy. While scholars have addressed the presence of the mother in these texts, they have overlooked the importance of the matrilineal tradition of inherited memory as a tool to revisit and reclaim history.

Color (sub)Conscious explores the African American female's experience with colorism. Divided into three distinct sections. The first section is a literary analysis of such works as Toni Morrison's The Bluest Eye, Gloria Naylor's The Women of Brewster Place, Maya Angelou's I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings and Alice Walker's "If the Present Looks Like the Past, What Does the Future Look Like?" an essay from her collection In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens. The second section is a research project based on data gathered from 12 African American females willing to share their own experiences and insights on colorism. The final section is a creative non-fiction piece of the author's own personal pain growing up and living with the lasting effects of colorism.

In this paper, Kait Spong examines alternative practices of mothering that are strategic nature, heavily analyzing Patricia Hill Collins’ concepts of “othermothering” and “preservative love” as applied to Toni Morrison’s 1987 novel, Beloved and Harriet Jacob’s 1861 slave narrative, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. Using literary analysis as a vehicle, Spong then applies these West African notions of motherhood to a modern context by evaluating contemporary social movements such as Black Lives Matter where black mothers have played a prominent role in making public statements against systemic issues such as police brutality, heightened surveillance, and the prison industrial complex.

Uppsatsen är en komparativ och narratologisk karaktärs- och motivstudie av de svarta karaktärerna Manne i Pija Lindenbaums småbarnsbilderbok Jag älskar Manne (2012) och Lilla Hjärtat i Stina Wirséns småbarnsbokserie om Brokigagänget som består av sex böcker utgivna mellan 2010-2012. Den kronologiska ordningen på Brokigaböckerna är Hej! och Oj! (2010), Aj! och Bang! (2011) och Gul! och Sov! (2012). Uppsatsen syfte är att undersöka hur de svarta karaktärerna Manne och Lilla Hjärtat framställs och porträtteras i böckerna för att sedan analysera hur och om det kan ha påverkat böckernas skilda mottaganden under 2012. Under året 2012 nominerades Jag älskar Manne till Augustpriset för Årets svenska barn- och ungdomsbok, medan Brokigaböckerna efter en het debatt under hösten 2012 på författarens egen begäran drogs tillbaka från den svenska bokmarknaden Uppsatsens fokus ligger på olika aspekter och element i böckerna som har tagits upp och påverkat debatten kring Lilla Hjärtat och undersökningen är därefter indelad i fyra avdelningar: Den svarta karaktärens utseende, Mångfaldsaspekten, Genusaspekten och Den svarta karaktären som ett berättartekniskt verktyg. Varje avdelning avslutas med en kort och jämförande sammanfattning och hela uppsatsen avslutas med en slutdiskussion. Uppsatsens undersökning bygger på både text och bild i böckerna med grund i svensk- och engelskspråkig teoretisk litteratur, där bland annat Toni Morrisons och Richard Dyers teorier om hudfärg och ras i litterära och visuella framställningar är centrala. Uppsatsens undersökning visar att den svarta karaktären kan ha haft avgörande betydelse för böckernas mottaganden under 2012, då framför allt hur den svarta karaktärens utseende har tecknats i bild kan bidra till skilda uppfattningar om den svarta karaktären är en bild av en svart stereotyp eller en illustration av ett svart barn, vilket i sin tur kan ha påverkat det skilda mottagandet av böckerna. Undersökningen visar även att böckernas skilda djur- och människosammanhang där den svarta karaktären framställs kan ha påverkat och bidragit till böckernas skilda mottaganden. Uppsatsen studerar också hur hudfärg och ras kan fungera som ett berättartekniskt verktyg för vad författaren vill förmedla eller framställa i sitt verk, vilket framkommer tydligast i en närstudie av Jag älskar Manne. Uppsatsens bisyfte är även att undersöka hur några svenska barnböcker utgivna på 2010-talet framställer och arbetar med sina svarta karaktärer.

This thesis is a consideration of the intertextual relationship between William Faulkner's Absalom, Absalom! and Toni Morrison's Song of Solomon. It considers the objectification and destruction of women and female-coded men in the service of the male protagonist's journey to selfhood, with particular focus on the construction of race, gender, and class performances.