A dissertação procura compreender os acontecimentos musicais derivados do contato da denominada Música Experimental com realidades musicais Nativo Ancestrais Indígenas do continente sul-americano. Para isso, realiza uma contextualização histórica da evolução do experimentalismo musical desde 1950, seguindo um percurso linear até a atualidade, onde se destacam trabalhos e pesquisas de compositores ativos, que têm abordado especificamente as relações entre música, cosmovisão indígena e o xamanismo dentro do processo de experimentação sonoro/musical. Nesse contexto, se evidencia a criação de relações transculturais, produzidas entre duas realidades heterogêneas que, na contemporaneidade, se complementam. Para finalizar a presente pesquisa apresenta o trabalho prático, decorrente da criação de partituras gráficas e instruções verbais, desenvolvidas com o grupo de pesquisa em improvisação e experimentação musical Orquestra Errante (ECA-USP), onde foram utilizados elementos conceituais e sonoro/musicais nativo-indígenas e eco-escuta em práticas regulares de improvisação livre, evidenciando as dificuldades e possíveis estratégias para a conjunção entre o nativo-natural e o experimental. / The thesis seeks to understand musical events derivate from the contact of the so called Experimental Music with musical realities of Indigenous Native-Ancestry of the South American continent. To do so, it performs a historical context of the evolution of musical experimentation since 1950, following a linear path to the present, which features work and research of active composers who have specifically addressed the relationship between music, indigenous worldview and shamanism within the process of sound/musical experimentation. In this context, it highlights the creation of cross-cultural relations, produced between two heterogeneous realities that, in contemporary times, complement each other. Finally this research presents the practical work, arising from the creation of graphic scores and verbal instructions, developed with the research group in improvisation and musical experimentation Orchestra Errante (ECA-USP), where are used conceptual and sound/musical elements forma indigenous native-ancestry of South America and eco-listening in regular practices of free improvisation, highlighting the difficulties and possible strategies for the conjunction between two antagonistic elements, native-experimental.

A dissertação procura compreender os acontecimentos musicais derivados do contato da denominada Música Experimental com realidades musicais Nativo Ancestrais Indígenas do continente sul-americano. Para isso, realiza uma contextualização histórica da evolução do experimentalismo musical desde 1950, seguindo um percurso linear até a atualidade, onde se destacam trabalhos e pesquisas de compositores ativos, que têm abordado especificamente as relações entre música, cosmovisão indígena e o xamanismo dentro do processo de experimentação sonoro/musical. Nesse contexto, se evidencia a criação de relações transculturais, produzidas entre duas realidades heterogêneas que, na contemporaneidade, se complementam. Para finalizar a presente pesquisa apresenta o trabalho prático, decorrente da criação de partituras gráficas e instruções verbais, desenvolvidas com o grupo de pesquisa em improvisação e experimentação musical Orquestra Errante (ECA-USP), onde foram utilizados elementos conceituais e sonoro/musicais nativo-indígenas e eco-escuta em práticas regulares de improvisação livre, evidenciando as dificuldades e possíveis estratégias para a conjunção entre o nativo-natural e o experimental. / The thesis seeks to understand musical events derivate from the contact of the so called Experimental Music with musical realities of Indigenous Native-Ancestry of the South American continent. To do so, it performs a historical context of the evolution of musical experimentation since 1950, following a linear path to the present, which features work and research of active composers who have specifically addressed the relationship between music, indigenous worldview and shamanism within the process of sound/musical experimentation. In this context, it highlights the creation of cross-cultural relations, produced between two heterogeneous realities that, in contemporary times, complement each other. Finally this research presents the practical work, arising from the creation of graphic scores and verbal instructions, developed with the research group in improvisation and musical experimentation Orchestra Errante (ECA-USP), where are used conceptual and sound/musical elements forma indigenous native-ancestry of South America and eco-listening in regular practices of free improvisation, highlighting the difficulties and possible strategies for the conjunction between two antagonistic elements, native-experimental.

O presente trabalho apresenta uma tradução comentada de dois contos do autor sírio Rafik Schami, exilado desde 1971 na Alemanha. Com uma literatura socialmente engajada e transcultural, Schami propõe em sua obra um amálgama de tradições e traz em questão o debate acerca da diversidade cultural e da convivência entre as culturas. O objetivo de ressaltar na tradução a alteridade do texto de partida somente pode ser concebido por meio de uma reflexão preliminar acerca dos conceitos de cultura e das relações transculturais. Estas questões jogam luz sobre a importância da atitude estrangeirizante de tradução e abrem espaço para uma discussão sobre seu caráter pós-criativo e como ela se alinha ao projeto sociocultural de Schami. / The thesis at hand presents a commented translation of two narratives by the Syrian author Rafik Schami, who has been living in exile in Germany since 1971. By making use of a transcultural and socially-engaged literature, Schami offers in his writings an amalgam of traditions and brings up for discussion the debate about the cultural diversity and the coexistence amongst cultures. The goal of emphasizing the foreignness in the translation may only be achieved through a preliminary thought about the concepts of culture and the transcultural relations. These matters cast light upon the importance of the foreignizing translation practices and also give place to a discussion about its post-creative nature and how it aligns with Schamis sociocultural project.

Je commencerai par la question de savoir s’il est oui ou non souhaitable, nécessaire ou même possible d’élaborer une théorie unifiée d’intermédialité ou de transmédialité. J’aimerais pour l’instant laisser cette question en suspens et rappeler que nous avons assisté à des tentatives remarquables ces dernières années, ou du moins depuis les années 1980. Passer en revue les publications les plus réussies des vingt dernières années nous montre, qu’à cause des interrelations complexes et du chevauchement d’une grande variété et diversité de stratégies médiatiques et de formes de production, la tentative voulant présenter de façon claire les différenciations et les fonctions des relations intermédiales et transmédiales, a conduit dans certains cas à des définitions similaires, certains termes ayant des constituants similaires voire même identiques. Ces tentatives incluent tous types de définitions d’intermédialité et de transmédialité (ou dans une certaine mesure des termes comme "références aux médias" ("Medienbezüge"), "combinaison de médias" ("Medienkombination") et "changement de médias" ("Medienwechsel") (Rajewsky 2002 : 18 sqq.) ou le mélange de termes issus de la critique littéraire, comme l'intertextualité ou la "dialoguicité" avec des termes de la théorie médiatique.

For the originality that surround it the whole of literary works inspired in the Amazonian universe represent an interesting aspect in the Brazilian literature panorama. The exuberant and portentous nature of this region, geographically characterized by vast immeasurable lands, have always suggested fascination and admiration of all those who have proposed to discursively register it. Despite of the esthetical/ideological orientations that guide these authors, there is a cohesion element that closes up such representations and gives them a unity: the emphatic characterization of the geographic environment used as a way of affirming/exalting local values. Having a contrary point of view about this position which is based in a restrictive perspective of the narrative content to a determined space, Milton Hatoum elects the Amazon as a scenery of coexistence and intercrossing of languages, cultures and traditions. Inhabited by immigrants, the fiction universe of the Amazonian Author is highlighted by the apprehension of a universe marked by the dissolution and the rupture, elements that represent a privileged horizon in his work. Essentially marked by the sign of exclusion, the narrator of Two Brothers goes through the affective way that guides him to the past, a time where the father s identity is purposely hid. Such an ambiguity has never been undone in the nar / As obras literárias inspiradas nas sugestões do universo amazônico representam, em seu conjunto, um aspecto interessante no panorama da literatura brasileira em função dos traços de originalidade que as circunscrevem. A natureza exuberante e portentosa da região, caracterizada geograficamente pela vastidão incomensurável de seus domínios, suscitou desde sempre o fascínio e a admiração de todos quantos se propuseram a registrá-la discursivamente. A despeito da diversidade de orientações estético/ideológicas que orientaram seus autores, um elemento de coesão aproxima tais representações, conferindo-lhes, assim, unidade, qual seja: a caracterização enfática do meio geográfico como forma de afirmar/enaltecer valores locais. Posicionando-se contrariamente a essa postura exótica, porque fundamentada numa perspectiva restritiva da substância narrativa a um espaço determinado, Milton Hatoum elege a Amazônia como cenário da coexistência e do entrecruzamento de línguas, de culturas e de tradições. Habitado por imigrantes, o universo ficcional do autor amazonense destaca-se pela apreensão de um espaço/tempo marcado pela dissolução e pela ruptura, elementos que avultam como horizonte privilegiado em sua obra. Indelevelmente marcado pelo signo da exclusão, o narrador de Dois irmãos percorre o itinerário afetivo que o conduz ao passado no qual, supostamente, esconde-se a identidade paterna, uma ambigüidade jamais desfeita na fatura narrativa.

This study highlights the experiences of minority individuals who have attended the Swedish primary and/or secondary school. The aim has been to describe their situated experiences with regards to intercultural sensitivity and solidarity. Previous research presents different findings that are related to the social and value-based aspect of schools. One study found that integration and respect among a diverse student group is achieved through intended strategies that seek to promote student interactions and collaborative inquiry across various types of boundaries. Another study found that children with minority backgrounds generally have poorer experiences of school climates. Through narrative interviewing, six women told stories of their school experiences. The stories were then analysed through Schütze’s methodology for narrative data analysis, explained by Jovchelovitch and Martin (2000). Theories of interculturality, transculturality and different conceptions of solidarity were used as frameworks for a thematic analysis. The results show that the majority of the interviewees experienced a general lack of intercultural sensitivity and solidarity in interaction with both peers and adults, and that their ethnic backgrounds made them targets for racial ostracism or prejudiced understanding. The interviewees also told stories of the individuals who made a difference in their lives because of the intercultural sensitivity and solidarity they had cultivated and the care they had for making the students feel respected as they are. This study shows that more awareness and understanding of intercultural sensitivity and solidarity in schools is needed and that the goals of inter- and transculturality are useful paradigms in multiple ways. One of them is that it can be used to create a deeper understanding of the unique ways that individuals interpret intercultural sensitivity and solidarity with regards to their intersectional experiences and perspectives in the world.

[pt] Esta dissertação propõe observar e discutir a obra O Templo de Oxalá, criada pelo artista plástico soteropolitano Rubem Valentim (1922-1991) e exposta pela primeira vez ao público no ano de 1977, na XIV Bienal Internacional de São Paulo, no segmento intitulado O muro como suporte de Obras. Visto que, esta obra não responde mais as especificidades dos meios da arte, tais como pintura e escultura como práticas puras que justificam a autonomia do objeto como obra de arte moderna, buscamos compreender as implicações estéticas que possibilitam uma leitura pós-moderna da obra em proximidade com a Instalação. Os trabalhos de Valentim carregam influências tanto das vanguardas construtivas europeias que penetraram no Brasil e desdobraram-se nos movimentos de arte Concreta e Neoconcreta, quanto de elementos culturais dos povos africanos de língua Yorubá, vivenciados no interior das religiões afro-brasileiras. Deste modo, não só, a obra O templo de Oxalá, mas as pinturas, os relevos e as esculturas criadas por Rubem Valentim, ricas em símbolos afro-religiosos transformados em uma linguagem poética visual signográfica estreitaram laços entre a estética e a antropologia. A presença dos elementos culturais oriundos dos povos africanos (o mito e a simbologia) abriram caminhos para refletir sobre o conceito de arte afrobrasileira na contemporaneidade, em conjunto com a ideia de Transculturalidade que vem sendo discutida como: unificação, combinação e relação das experiências culturais modernas, dos negros no Ocidente. O Templo de Oxalá como um acontecimento da arte brasileira inserida em novas linguagens contemporâneas, corrobora, sobretudo, com o posicionamento político assumido pelo artista, através de seu Manifesto Ainda Que Tardio (1976). / [en] This dissertation proposes to observe and discuss the work The Temple of Oxalá, created by the plastic artist, borned in Bahia, Rubem Valentim (1922- 1991) and exposed for the first time to the public in 1977, at the XIV International Biennial of São Paulo, in the segment entitled The wall as support for works. Since, this work no longer responds to the specifics of art media, such as painting and sculpture as pure practices that justify the object s autonomy as a work of art, I seek to understand the aesthetic implications that make possible a post-modern reading of the work in proximity to the Installation s concept. However, Valentim had an existence endowed with an artistic sense, he started producing in the 40 s and only stopped in 90 at the time of his death. His works carry influences both from the European constructive avant-garde that penetrated Brazil and unfolded in the Concrete and Neoconcrete art movements, as well as cultural elements of the Yoruba-speaking African peoples, experienced within Afro-Brazilian religions. In this way, not only the work The Temple of Oxalá, but the paintings, reliefs and sculptures created by Rubem Valentim, rich in Afro-religious symbols transformed into a visual signographic poetic language, strengthened ties between aesthetics and anthropology. The presence of cultural elements from the African peoples (the rite and the symbolism) opened the way to reflect on the concept of Afro-Brazilian art in contemporary times, together with the idea of Transculturality that has been discussed as: unification, combination and relation of modern cultural experiences, of black people in the West. The Temple of Oxalá as an event of Brazilian art inserted in new contemporary languages, corroborates, above all, with the political position assumed by the artist, through his Manifesto Although Late (1976).

Cette thèse a pour objectif d’examiner l’œuvre romanesque du Togolais Sami Tchak (de son vrai nom Sadamba Tcha Koura). Parmi les écrivains africains francophones dits de la nouvelle génération, il se distingue par une esthétique qui s’inscrit essentiellement dans une dynamique transgressive et transculturelle. À travers un recours systématique au matériau de la sexualité, Sami Tchak construit une poétique, qui, au-delà de son audace transgressive, de son aspect délibérément choquant et provocateur, s’attache à interroger l’existence humaine, à mettre en évidence les misères et les faiblesses de l’Homme. En outre, cette poétique de la sexualité est porteuse de sens du social : elle sert de prétexte à l’auteur pour dépeindre l’existence de ceux qu’il appelle des « vies sans horizon », des « vies sans relief », mais aussi pour déconstruire la doxa. Mû par le désir de s’imposer comme une voix individuelle, de s’éloigner du dogme enfermant de l’africanité, Sami Tchak choisit de marquer son propre territoire littéraire par le biais d’une démarche transculturelle, en ancrant son œuvre dans la mémoire de la littérature. Cet ancrage se double d’une construction polysémique de l’espace. La présente étude s’appuie sur une triple approche, intertextuelle, sociocritique et transculturelle. Par exemple, elle montrera que, contrairement à une certaine critique qui le soupçonne de tourner le dos à l’Afrique, le projet romanesque de Sami Tchak procède d’une conscience à la fois africaine et universelle : même dans les romans qui se déroulent dans l’espace latino-américain, on remarquera que l’auteur possède l’art d’évoquer l’Afrique, surtout à travers des discours allusifs, implicites. / This thesis aims to examine the novels of the Togolese writer Sami Tchak (whose real name is Sadamba Tcha Koura). Among the so-called New Generation of francophone African writers, he is noted for his fiction that lies within a transgressive and transcultural dynamics. Through a systematic use of sexuality, Sami Tchak creates a poetics that, on the other side of his transgressive boldness and his deliberately shocking and provocative aspect, seeks to examine human existence, to highlight human misery and weaknesses. In addition, this poetics conveys social meaning: sexuality serves as a pretext for the author to depict the lives of those he calls “lives without horizon” or “lives without depth”, and also to deconstruct the doxa. Sami Tchak wants to be heard as an individual voice. He wants to distinguish himself by diverging from the dogma of “Africanity”. Thus, he marks his own literary territory through transcultural features: literary memory assumes a central place in his fiction, which is also characterized by a polysemic configuration of space. The theoretical framework used in this study concerns intertextuality, sociocriticism and transculturality. For instance, the thesis will show that contrary to the literary criticism which suspects him of turning his back on Africa, the fiction of Sami Tchak proceeds from an African and universal consciousness: even in the novels that take place in the Latin American countries, we notice that the author has a talent for talking about Africa, especially through allusive discourse.

Cette thèse a pour objectif d’examiner l’œuvre romanesque du Togolais Sami Tchak (de son vrai nom Sadamba Tcha Koura). Parmi les écrivains africains francophones dits de la nouvelle génération, il se distingue par une esthétique qui s’inscrit essentiellement dans une dynamique transgressive et transculturelle. À travers un recours systématique au matériau de la sexualité, Sami Tchak construit une poétique, qui, au-delà de son audace transgressive, de son aspect délibérément choquant et provocateur, s’attache à interroger l’existence humaine, à mettre en évidence les misères et les faiblesses de l’Homme. En outre, cette poétique de la sexualité est porteuse de sens du social : elle sert de prétexte à l’auteur pour dépeindre l’existence de ceux qu’il appelle des « vies sans horizon », des « vies sans relief », mais aussi pour déconstruire la doxa. Mû par le désir de s’imposer comme une voix individuelle, de s’éloigner du dogme enfermant de l’africanité, Sami Tchak choisit de marquer son propre territoire littéraire par le biais d’une démarche transculturelle, en ancrant son œuvre dans la mémoire de la littérature. Cet ancrage se double d’une construction polysémique de l’espace. La présente étude s’appuie sur une triple approche, intertextuelle, sociocritique et transculturelle. Par exemple, elle montrera que, contrairement à une certaine critique qui le soupçonne de tourner le dos à l’Afrique, le projet romanesque de Sami Tchak procède d’une conscience à la fois africaine et universelle : même dans les romans qui se déroulent dans l’espace latino-américain, on remarquera que l’auteur possède l’art d’évoquer l’Afrique, surtout à travers des discours allusifs, implicites. / This thesis aims to examine the novels of the Togolese writer Sami Tchak (whose real name is Sadamba Tcha Koura). Among the so-called New Generation of francophone African writers, he is noted for his fiction that lies within a transgressive and transcultural dynamics. Through a systematic use of sexuality, Sami Tchak creates a poetics that, on the other side of his transgressive boldness and his deliberately shocking and provocative aspect, seeks to examine human existence, to highlight human misery and weaknesses. In addition, this poetics conveys social meaning: sexuality serves as a pretext for the author to depict the lives of those he calls “lives without horizon” or “lives without depth”, and also to deconstruct the doxa. Sami Tchak wants to be heard as an individual voice. He wants to distinguish himself by diverging from the dogma of “Africanity”. Thus, he marks his own literary territory through transcultural features: literary memory assumes a central place in his fiction, which is also characterized by a polysemic configuration of space. The theoretical framework used in this study concerns intertextuality, sociocriticism and transculturality. For instance, the thesis will show that contrary to the literary criticism which suspects him of turning his back on Africa, the fiction of Sami Tchak proceeds from an African and universal consciousness: even in the novels that take place in the Latin American countries, we notice that the author has a talent for talking about Africa, especially through allusive discourse.

Continuant notre réflexion sur la transmédialité et la transculturalité, nous voulons donner quelques exemples issus de la littérature qui soient capables d’illustrer pars pro toto ce que nous avons élaboré dans la première partie, dans L’Éducation sentimentale de Flaubert par exemple, dans les nouvelles de Borges : "L’Aleph" et "Le jardin aux sentiers qui bifurquent", dans l’oeuvre de Frida Kahlo, mais aussi dans d’autres oeuvres qui ne seront pas traitées ici, telles que les romans de Robbe-Grillet Le Voyeur, La jalousie, La Maison des Rendez-vous, Pour une révolution à New York ou d’Italo Calvino, Se una notte d’inverno un viaggiatore ; dans les travaux des années 90 de Robert Wilson que j’ai appelés "spectacularité", tels que Cosmopolitan greetings, Parzival auf der anderen Seite des Sees ou Black Rider. Mais aussi dans Carlos W. Saénz (1956- ) (2003) d’Alejandro Tantanián ou les "présentations- pseudo-prothèse" de Periférico de Objetos comme Variaciones sobre B... (1991), El hombre de arena (1992), Cámara Gesell (1993), Máquina Hamlet (1995), Zooedipo (1998) ou Monteverdi método bélico (2000).