O contexto de conflitos e violências no espaço escolar desafia a sociedade, formuladores de políticas públicas, gestores e academia a repensar possibilidades de ativação de formas de entendimento mediadas pela palavra. A pesquisa propõe um olhar comunicacional para os relacionamentos no interior da escola, com foco na gramática estudantil de ação e conversação. Seu método é o estudo de caso realizado em um estabelecimento público (estadual) de ensino na cidade de São Paulo, em que foram realizados 14 debates envolvendo 94 alunos de ensino médio. Elementos conceituais e normativos de comunicação pública fundamentam toda a investigação. O modelo metodológico é o da mediação transformativa, baseado no paradigma do construcionismo social, que se orienta para a facilitação de diálogos. As técnicas de condução dos debates (tratados como argumentos conversacionais) e as análises de dados incluem dois vetores fundamentais, que são a autoafirmação dos sujeitos e o reconhecimento de seus interlocutores. A pesquisa guia-se ainda pela perspectiva de fortalecimento da percepção coletiva na escola como comunidade de comunicação. Com apoio da pragmática da linguagem, as conclusões apontam para a emergência de enlaces argumentativos entre os estudantes, permitindo formas narrativas de complemento e apoio entre si. As subjetividades encontraram formas de se manifestar por meio de debates, recebendo a acolhida de colegas e, com eles, formando correntes discursivas - o que se configurou como uma gramática especial de argumentação. Da mesma forma, foram registradas expressões de desrespeito que terminaram reguladas pela fala. A pesquisa encontrou na escola conflitos de gênero, expressões de exclusão em diferentes campos e demandas reprimidas de escuta entre as autoridades educacionais. Os debates mediados apresentaram-se como oportunidades de encontros, de formação e de negociação entre os estudantes, o que permite a indicação de recomendações para novas pesquisas e encaminhamentos comunicacionais na escola. / The context of conflicts and violence in the school challenges society, policymakers, managers and scholars to rethink the possibilities of activating forms of mutual understanding by the mediation of word. The research proposes a communicative look at relationships within school, with a focus on student´s grammar of action and conversation. Its method is the case study carried out in a public (state) teaching establishment in the city of São Paulo, where 14 debates were held involving 94 high school students. Conceptual and normative elements of public communication support the whole investigation. The methodological model is that of transformative mediation, based on the paradigm of social constructionism, which is oriented towards the facilitation of dialogues. The techniques of conducting the debates (treated as conversational arguments) and the data analysis include two fundamental vectors, which are the self-affirmation of the individuals and the recognition of their interlocutors. The research is also guided by the perspective of strengthening the collective perception in the school as a community of communication. With the support of discourse pragmatics, the conclusions point to the emergence of argumentative links between students, allowing narrative forms of complementing and supporting among themselves. Individualities found ways to manifest themselves through debates, receiving the reception of colleagues and, with them, forming a discursive chain - which has been configured as a special grammar of argumentation. In the same way, expressions of disrespect were registered and were regulated in the speech. The research found in the school a range of conflicts of gender, expressions of exclusion in different fields and repressed demands of listening by the educational authorities. The mediated debates were presented as opportunities for comprehension, communicative training and negotiation among students, which allows the indication of recommendations for new research and communication referrals in the school.

Submitted by Joel de Lima Pereira Castro Junior (joelpcastro@uol.com.br) on 2017-06-05T21:41:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Mariana Aylmer.pdf: 1237418 bytes, checksum: 22377ea65a133ce40be2285e5cef6435 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Biblioteca de Administração e Ciências Contábeis (bac@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-06-06T20:17:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Mariana Aylmer.pdf: 1237418 bytes, checksum: 22377ea65a133ce40be2285e5cef6435 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-06T20:17:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Mariana Aylmer.pdf: 1237418 bytes, checksum: 22377ea65a133ce40be2285e5cef6435 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta dissertação buscou expandir a compreensão a respeito da dinâmica de confiança entre o jovem e seu líder. Para isso, dentre as categorias de confiança interpessoal de Reina e Reina (2006) analisaram-se quais eram as mais utilizadas pelos jovens entrevistados na relação com seus superiores, no contexto dos bancos públicos e privados brasileiros. O primeiro capítulo introduziu a problemática da pesquisa, a delimitação do tema, os objetivos e as suposições do estudo, e sua relevância. No segundo capítulo, revisou-se a literatura pertinente. Apresentouse o conceito de confiança interpessoal e suas características, os fatores associados à sua construção e sua quebra, e as categorias do estudo (confiança transacional e confiança transformadora). Em seguida, debateu-se sobre a juventude e a confiança no contexto brasileiro, discorre-se sobre o conceito de coorte geracional e os desafios de um ambiente de trabalho multigeracional, sobre as gerações no ambiente de trabalho brasileiro; também sobre o processo de socialização dos jovens recém-chegados e o papel do líder no mesmo. A revisão da literatura se encerra com a discussão sobre os bancos brasileiros, seu contexto, e as questões decorrentes da reestruturação do sistema bancário na década de 1990, seus efeitos sobre o sistema de trabalho, o ambiente de trabalho, e sobre o trabalhador bancário, além da questão do conflito geracional nos bancos brasileiros. No terceiro capítulo, apresenta-se a metodologia do estudo, que, em quatro bancos brasileiros, encontrou dez jovens nascidos após 1980, sendo cinco de bancos públicos e cinco de bancos privados. A coleta de dados se realizou com a combinação de três técnicas: entrevista semiestruturada, CIT (Critical Incident Technique) e LSP ( Lego® Serious Play). A codificação e análise do material coletado se deu sob as diretrizes de Saldaña (2013), e seu enfoque principal foram as expressões e os valores usados pelos próprios sujeito. Dentre os padrões observados, destacou-se a distinção nas percepções da confiança transacional e transformadora entre os bancos públicos e privados; as perspectivas sobre as ações do chefe, e quais comportamentos geram construção e quebra de confiança; a relação entre o cargo de chefia e o distanciamento da equipe nos bancos públicos; a empatia como um fator catalisador da construção de confiança; e a relação entre confiança e faixa-etária no discurso dos sujeitos entrevistados. / This research aimed to broaden the understanding on the dynamics of trust between the young and their leader. For that, we analyzed, among Reina & Reina’s (2006) categories of interpersonal trust, those that were most used by the young workers of public and private banks interviewed. The first chapter presents the research’s problem, the delimitation of the subject, goals and assumptions of the study as well as its relevance. In the second chapter, the theoretical basis is discussed. Initially the concept of interpersonal trust is presented, along with its main aspects; then, the factors associated with its construction and breaches; and the categories of the study are exposed (transactional trust and transformative confidence). Further, we debate youth and trust in the Brazilian context, discussing the concept of generational cohorts, and the challenges of a multigenerational workplace; and the socialization process of young newcomers in the workplace, its relation to trust building and the leader’s role in the process. The theoretical framework finishes with the discussion of Brazilian banks, and the issues arising from the restructuring of the banking system in the 1990’s, and from generational conflict in the Brazilian banks. The third chapter presents the methodology of the study, through which ten young people born after 1980 were interviewed, five from public banks and five from private ones, in four Brazilian institutions. Data was collected with the combination of three techniques: semi-structured interview, CIT (Critical Incident Technique) and LSP (Lego® Serious Play). The coding process of the material was taken under the guidelines of Saldaña (2013), and its main focus was in the expressions used by the subjects themselves, and the values present in his speeches. Among the observed patterns, a few are worth highlighting: the distinction in perceptions of transactional trust and transforming between public and private banks; the perspectives on the actions and behaviors of the leader that generate construction and breaches of trust; the relation between the leadership position and the detachment of the team in public banks; empathy as a catalyst factor of building trust; and the relationship between trust and age in the speech of the participants.

Abstract This dissertation focuses on global education (GE) and on its implementation in lower level basic education in Finland. The aim of my research was to investigate the present position of GE in basic education schools; identify the practices and problem areas in the implementation of GE; find practical solutions to facilitate the implementation; and consequently, to contribute to subsequent decision making regarding successful integration of GE in national basic education in Finland. The research may best be described as a pragmatic, qualitative dominant mixed research study that also had at the beginning features of action research. GE has served as my theoretical foundation and social learning theory has been used for studying teaching and learning from GE perspective. The main research methods were content analysis of the National Core Curriculum for Basic Education (2004) and the GE 2010 programme and research questionnaires that were sent to basic education principals, teachers, and pupils to collect data from the field. A study on textbook research has also been conducted and representatives of the two main textbook publishers in Finland were interviewed for the research. The main findings of the research suggest that GE is not systematically implemented in basic education schools in Finland even though many of the areas of GE are considered important. The main problems in implementation were seen to be the lack of conceptual clarity and the fact that GE was perceived as an additional burden for the schools rather than as an integral part of all school activities. As GE was not an explicit part of the official curriculum, it was not considered mandatory and the schools were not sufficiently resourced for teaching it. All in all, the findings focus on discussing the operational culture of schools and the role of diverse transactions in realising the aims of GE. The role of educational policy documents and the relationship between national and local curricula is found to be complex on many levels. Efficient policy implementation needs attention. This dissertation also gives suggestions on how to improve the current situation. These include clarifying the GE concept, including GE explicitly in the curriculum, defining the short-term objectives and assessment policies, training teachers and principals, resourcing the schools and teachers appropriately to teach GE. / Tiivistelmä Tämän väitöskirjatutkimuksen aiheena on globaalikasvatus ja sen täytäntöönpano suomalaisen perusopetuksen alakouluissa. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli kartuttaa tietoa globaalikasvatuksen teoreettisesta perustasta ja nykyisistä käytännöistä erityisesti Suomen kontekstissa. Tutkimuksen tehtävänä oli selvittää perusopetuksen globaalikasvatuksen tila, tunnistaa ongelmakohdat globaalikasvatuksen täytäntöönpanossa, löytää käytännön ratkaisuja täytäntöönpanon helpottamiseksi sekä täten myötävaikuttaa päätöksentekoon, jolla globaalikasvatus saadaan onnistuneesti yhdistettyä kansalliseen perusopetukseen Suomessa. Tutkimusta voi parhaiten kuvailla pragmaattisena, pääasiallisesti kvalitatiivisena ”mixed research” -tutkimuksena, jossa alussa oli myös toimintatutkimuksen piirteitä. Globaalikasvatus muodostaa työni teoreettisen perustan ja sosiaalisen oppimisen teoriaa on käytetty tutkittaessa opettamista ja oppimista globaalikasvatuksen näkökulmasta. Pääasiallisina tutkimusmetodeina on käytetty sisällönanalyysia, jolla on analysoitu Perusopetuksen opetussuunnitelman perusteita 2004 ja Kansainvälisyyskasvatus 2010 -ohjelmaa sekä tutkimuskyselyitä, joilla kerättiin tietoa perusopetusta antavien koulujen rehtoreilta, opettajilta ja oppilailta. Lisäksi tutkimusta varten on haastateltu kahden suurimman oppikirjavalmistajan edustajia sekä analysoitu tutkimuksia, joita on tehty Suomen perusopetuksen oppikirjoista. Tutkimuksen päätulokset osoittavat, että globaalikasvatusta ei ole systemaattisesti huomioitu Suomen perusopetusta antavissa kouluissa, vaikka monia globaalikasvatukseen kuuluvia aihealueita pidetäänkin perusopetukselle tärkeinä. Suurimmiksi ongelmiksi kentällä nähdään käsitteen tuntemattomuus ja epämääräisyys sekä se, että globaalikasvatusta ei liitetä kiinteästi kaikkeen koulun toimintaan. Sen sijaan se nähdään ylimääräisenä satunnaisena lisänä, jolla ei ole keskeistä roolia kouluissa. Koska globaalikasvatus ei eksplisiittisesti ole osa virallista opetussuunnitelmaa, sitä ei pidetty ensisijaisen velvoittavana eikä globaalikasvatuksen toteuttamiseen katsottu olevan riittävästi resursseja. Kaiken kaikkiaan tuloksissa pohditaan kouluyhteisön toimintakulttuuria ja moninaisten vuorovaikutusten roolia globaalikasvatuksen tavoitteiden saavuttamisessa. Tärkeäksi muodostuu myös koulutuspoliittisten asiakirjojen asema sekä valtakunnallisen ja koulukohtaisesti toteutetun opetussuunnitelman suhde globaalikasvatuksen toteuttamisessa. Tässä väitöskirjassa esitetään tilanteeseen parannusehdotuksia. Ehdotuksiin sisältyy käsitteen avaaminen, kiinteän yhteyden rakentaminen opetussuunnitelman ja käytännön välille, globaalikasvatuskompetenssien ja niihin liittyvien arviointiperiaatteiden määritteleminen, opettajankoulutuksen ja koulun johtajien koulutuksen kehittäminen sekä koulujen ja opettajien varustaminen globaalikasvatusta varten.

Abstract The aim of the research was to explore the possibilities and limitations to foster teacher empowerment and promote Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer (GLBTQ) educational equity in schools. The context of the research was the GLBTQ Educational Equity (GLEE) Project funded by European Union (EU) during 1999–2002. Using an action research approach a Leadership Training Course (LTC) for teachers was developed with an international training team. The aim of the course was to empower teachers to develop action plans for their schools to promote GLBTQ equity. After the course teachers were supported in their actions by an internet-based support network called GLEENET. There was a LTC in 2000 and 2002 in Oulu, Finland. The starting point for developing an empowering pedagogy for the LTC was critical pedagogical theories. The results from the LTC along with the post-course actions were used to further develop the pedagogical theory, followed by another course and further theoretical development. The focus of the dissertation is on: (1) evaluating the empowerment of course participants, (2) developing principles of web-assisted transformative pedagogy, and (3) evaluating the methodological approach as a counter-heteronormative praxis. In addition, new tools for conceptualising empowerment are developed. There was evidence that the participants were empowered by the LTC, and that GLEENET after the course further empowered them. Following the LTC all the teachers engaged in some form of activism such as workshops for colleagues, curriculum development and student activities. Also, some of the participants carried out transnational projects funded by the EU. The first was the Inequality in School Project 2001–2002 and the second was the Towards an Inclusive School Project 2003–2006. Despite the empowerment of teachers and their actions to transform their schools, the research concluded that there were limitations. In particular, resistance and barriers were faced including opposition from headteachers and colleagues, as well as having a lack of time. There is a need for wider EU anti-discrimination legislation, action on the part of educational authorities, and pre and in-service teacher training to break down cultural and structural barriers to promoting GLBTQ educational equity. / Tiivistelmä Tämän tutkimuksen päämäärä oli selvittää mitä mahdollisuuksia ja rajoitteita liittyy homojen, lesbojen, biseksuaalien sekä transgender- ja queer-henkilöiden (GLBTQ) yhdenvertaisuuden edistämiseen koulumaailmassa opettajien voimaannuttamisen kautta. Tutkimuksen konteksti oli Euroopan unionin (EU) rahoittama GLBTQ Educational Equity (GLEE) -projekti vuosina 1999–2002. Toimintatutkimuksellista lähestymistapaa käyttämällä kansainvälinen kouluttajatiimi kehitti opettajille suunnatun johtajuuskurssin (LTC), jonka päämäärä oli voimauttaa opettajat kehittämään kouluilleen toimintasuunnitelmat GLBTQ-yhdenvertaisuuden edistämiseksi. Kurssin jälkeen opettajat saivat tukea toimilleen GLEENET-internetyhteisön kautta. Kaksi LTC-kurssia järjestettiin Oulussa vuosina 2000 ja 2002. Kriittisen pedagogiikan teoriat olivat lähtökohtana LTC-kurssin voimauttavalle pedagogiikalle. Ensimmäisen LTC-kurssin tuloksia sekä osallistujien kurssin jälkeisiä toimia käytettiin pedagogisen teorian jatkokehittämiseen, minkä jälkeen seurasi toinen LTC-kurssi sekä teorian edelleen kehittämistä. Tämä väitöskirja keskittyy: (1) arvioimaan kurssin osallistujien voimaantumista, (2) kehittämään web-avusteisen transformatiivisen pedagogian perusperiaatteita, sekä (3) arvioimaan metodologisen lähestymistavan soveltuvuutta heteronormatiivisuuden vastaiseksi praksikseksi. Lisäksi kehitetään uusia työkaluja voimaantumisen käsitteellistämiseen. Havainnot ja tutkimusaineisto tukevat sitä, että osaanottajat voimaantuivat LTC-kurssilla, ja että kurssin jälkeen GLEENET voimaannutti heitä lisää. Kurssin jälkeen kaikki osallistuneet opettajat aktivoituivat esim. pitämään työpajoja kollegoilleen, kehittämään koulunsa lukujärjestystä tai järjestämään opiskelija-aktiviteetteja. Lisäksi jotkut osallistujat perustivat EU:n rahoittamia kansainvälisiä projekteja, joista ensimmäinen oli Inequality in School vuosina 2001–2002, ja toinen Towards an Inclusive School vuosina 2003–2006. Vaikka opettajat voimaantuivat ja pyrkivät toimillaan muuttamaan koulujaan, tutkimustulokset kertovat myös rajoitteiden olemassaolosta. Erityisesti ongelmia aiheutti rehtorin tai kollegoiden vastustus sekä ajan puute. Tarvitaan EU:n syrjinnän vastaisten lakien laajentamista, koulutuksesta vastaavien viranomaisten toimia sekä opettajien koulutusta ja jatkokoulutusta, jotta kulttuuriset ja rakenteelliset esteet GLBTQ-yhdenvertaisuuden edistämisen tieltä saadaan raivatuksi.

This thesis attempts to formally connect the fields of sustainability and responsibility. It considers first the larger context of business sustainability and responsible leadership, and evaluates the value and need for a common transformative space for these fields and what such a space might look like. As such, the thesis investigates the relation between sustainability and responsibility from an organizational and personal development perspective. This developmental perspective emerges from research in the domain of business education and the role of business schools in terms of educating responsible leaders for a sustainable world. The research suggests a concrete approach, the ‘Collaboratory’ for such a common space of transformation and critically evaluates its effectiveness to develop responsible leaders. The key contribution of this thesis lies in the interconnection of two fast evolving fields of research: the development of responsible leadership and business sustainability, providing a model for practitioners and scholars to reflect on and debate the larger forces and dynamics at play. Most research to date has focused on considering personal and organizational transformation separately. On the one hand, research scholars have studied effective learning environments to enable responsible leadership, and on the other hand, we have studied if and how organizations can advance from their current mode of operations to become “truly sustainable”. The thesis contributes a model to describe the interdependency of these two, and proposes the ‘Collaboratory’ as a means to realize this interdependency in practice. Chapter 1 is a new article theorizing the whole argument; subsequent chapters are previously published articles in these inter-connected fields and addressing methods and approaches to connect personal and organization development, drawing from a body of literature that considers the human spirit in large social change; and using the ‘Collaboratory’ as an illustrative and timely example for such methods.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The aim of the research was to establish the factors relevant to the delivery of education support to the Khomani San school community, and to propose a model for appropriate education support to the Khomani San school community. In order to reach this aim I strove to answer the following questions: What ethics need to be considered to guide research with this indigenous community? What are the key policy guidelines for education support services in South Africa? Is there a link between community psychology and education support services in the South African context? How are education support services understood and currently delivered to the Khomani San school community? What suggestions can be proposed for relevant education support services delivery to the Khomani San school community? / South Africa

Magister Legum - LLM / The financing of public schools in South Africa is dependent on school fees to a great extent. However, the legislative process governing the charging of school fees perpetuates the entrenched inequality in the education system and violates the constitutional rights of those learners who are unable to afford school fees and other educational costs. This study examines the impact of the school funding system on the right to basic education of these learners, who are in most instances black and/or poor. / South Africa

L’étude de l’histoire constitutionnelle comparée montre l’essor de la protection du fond et la forme de la Constitution politique. Pour ce faire, le développent des conditions de la création l’implémentation progressive du contrôle a posteriori entre le XVIIIème et XXème, a permis la création d’une actio popularis. Le droit constitutionnel français que le droit constitutionnel colombien possèdent de mécanismes processuels dont les composants favorisent et relient la citoyenneté aux processus qui étaient auparavant à l’usage exclusif de ses représentants. Le but de cette étude est donc de réfléchir sur l’origine des fondements de l’incidence du droit du contentieux constitutionnel dans la préservation de la Constitution comme base de l’État. / If we analyze a posteriori constitutional review of legislation in Comparative law, it will show that State preservation can be made from the individual point of view by an action popularis. Therefore, both the French and the Colombian constitutional law whose components have procedural mechanisms foster a new citizenship in processes that were previously in the hands of their representatives. This essay aims to consider the influences of Procedural Constitutional Law in the preservation of the Constitution as the State’s cornerstone.

In South Africa today a constant stream of demands characterise higher education. The global employment market expects graduating students to be flexible, adoptable and prepared to take responsibility for their own learning and their own continuous professional development. The pace of technological change in health sciences and the volume of available information highlight the need to develop students’ critical reflective thinking. A paradigm shift is required in health science education from one of providing instruction to one of promoting effective and lifelong learning. Educators in health sciences need to revisit, rethink and evaluate criteria for health practice. The challenge of this research is to investigate the integration of critical reflection as a learning strategy in the outcomes of learning programmes within a transformative education approach; the integration of theory and practice through a reflective learning approach; the development and implementation of different learning tools to facilitate effective learning; the importance of establishing an understanding of the link between the learning styles of students and critical reflection as a learning strategy; and the value of the integration of critical reflection to promote lifelong learning. A mixed methods research approach was primarily utilised to monitor facilitation of learning initiatives and appropriate activities for strengthening the learning-centred approach, through reflective journals and reflective learning groups. A quantitative and qualitative study was used in which a pilot study questionnaire, observations, structured interviews and questionnaires were conducted and completed. The findings of this investigation indicate that critical reflection adds value to the effectiveness of learning. The investigation also revealed the value of sharing learning experiences in a small learning group and proved that the learning environment for radiography education allows enough opportunities to integrate an alternative learning strategy such as critical reflection. All role players in health science education need to build their own skills to function effectively as whole brain thinkers with a view to maximizing learning effectiveness. Reflective practice enhances lifelong learning and can also be utilised as a tool for quality control of the learning programme. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Curriculum Studies / unrestricted

In this study an exploration was conducted of change and transformation at an institution of higher education in South Africa using Anstey’s conceptual framework. This framework incorporated the work of major change theorists as well as the balanced scorecard of Kaplan and Norton. A quantitative and exploratory approach was used. The research question for this study was formulated as follows: How successful was the organizational transformation process at the newly established university in the period 2003 – 2007? The first objective of the study was to describe the organizational transformation process as it unfolded at the newly established university. The second objective was to evaluate the success of the organizational transformation process by using Anstey’s conceptual framework. Eight factors were identified in Anstey’s framework according to which the success of the merger was analyzed. These factors were: constructive unease; harnessed urgency; clear purpose; challenging vision with clear measurable objectives; champions at all levels; culture and community; competitive competencies; coherent strategy, and communication and consultation. A computerized survey tool was utilized to design a structured questionnaire with both fixed response and open-ended questions. Some 13 percent of the employees responded to the questionnaire. The internal consistency of the scores derived from the instrument was confirmed using Cronbach’s alpha. Descriptive statistics revealed that 62.5 percent of factor scores were neutral and 37.5 percent negative with regard to staffs’ perceptions of the merger. Inferential statistics disclosed that academic staff viewed the merger more negatively on factor 3 challenging vision with clear measurable objectives than their administrative colleagues. The total success of the merger can be summarized by the following statement of one of the participants ‘If the NMMU merger is compared to other mergers in Higher Education in South Africa then it is clear that, from a systems and procedural perspective, it was managed satisfactory. Unfortunately the ‘people’ dimension of the merger did not feature as a priority and many staff members were alienated as a result of this.’ The limitation of the study was the small sample size. This study was also contextual in nature, meaning that it focused on the transformation process as it unfolded at a specific university in South African between the years 2003 – 2007. No results generated in this study can be generalized as they only presented a shot-in-time reflecting the transformation process at a particular organization at a particular period in time. This study also confirmed the usefulness of Anstey’s conceptual framework in assessing transformation at an institution of higher education.